@ Consolidate writing a fraction in its simplest form by cancelling common factors, @ Add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions, interpreting division as a multiplicative inverse, and cancelling common factors before multiplying or dividing Solve problems involving percentage changes, choosing the correct numbers to take as 100% or as a whole, including simple problems involving personal or household finance, e.g. simple interest, discount, profit, loss and tax. Fractions Writing a fraction in its simplest form To simplify a fraction, divide both the numerator and denominator by a common factor (a whole number This is often called that divides into both of them exactly). ‘cancelling’ To write the fraction in its simplest form, divide i the numerator and denominator by their highest common factor (the biggest number that divides into both of them exactly). Worked examples asa fraction in its simplest form The highest common factor of 24 and 84 is 12, ie. 12 is the largest number that divides into both 24 and 84 exactly 24412=2 8441 Therefore 3} simplifies to 2 The simplification can be done in steps if the highest common factor is not known form. 75+25=3 and 225+25=9 as a fraction in its common factor of 75 The highe and 225 Therefore & simplifies to 4© CHAPTER 15, Write each of the“following fractions in its simplest form. ali - r = ay aye 4 ‘ 144 13 od 136 2 3 Addition and subtraction of fractions You already know that adding or subtracting fractions with the same denominator is relatively straightforward. For example, aout = a8 it a7 = 17 Simply add the numerators together and keep the denominator as it is Adding or subtracting fractions with different denominators requires an extra step. For example, 4 344 a+§ Both fractions need to be converted into equivalent fractions with a common denominator. The lowest common multiple of both denominators is 72, ie. 72 is the smallest number that both 8 and 9 divide into. Therefore we need to find equivalent fractions to those given, with 72 as a denominator. Therefore $+ The same method applies when subtracting: it is also necessary to work with fractions with a common denominator. 1 Do the following calculations. Simplify your answers where possible aiti5 patd-t ofFRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES @ 2 Do the following calculations 3 Do the following calculations. Show your working clearly and simplify your answers where possible. attsko wits 91-123 as - 2 . 4 Do the following calculations. Simplify your answers where possible. 4,416 a) 5+ Multiplication of fractions Multiplying fractions is relatively straightforward. For example, a2 This can be read as “} of 3’ and is visually represented as follows: Ontce again the lowest common multiple of the ) Sof the >) denominators has been identified, i.e, 15. J Now 4 of th of the original rectangle. has been shaded. ~ 15 Therefore is 4 of 3 equal to A© cHarrEn 15 Doing this is equivalent to simply multiplying the numerators together and multiplying the denominators together to give the answer. For example, To keep calculations simple, it is helpful to look for common factors first. If there are common factors in fractions which are being multiplied, then these can be cancelled before doing the multiplication In the multiplication 3 x 3, for example, 3 is a common factor of the numerator and denominator and can be cancelled: Division of fractions ‘To understand division involving fractions, it can be helpful to look at the problem visually. For example, 3 into 37” a q NN Cancel the in stages, ~~, 3 is a common factor of 3 and 9. > € __4 is a common factor of 4 and 16. —> (tise common factor again. (This mutipication easy, > ec pica —— SST WN OO Without any cancelling, the } multiplication isgxdxie 4S \ This then can be simplified to = \\. (not a straightforward process). ee, can be read as ‘How many quarters go 7 ( common factors) jFRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES @ 15 equivalent to 3 is equivalent to & or 12 Therefore we are trying to see how many lots of 5 go into §. We can see from this diagram that there are 2? Another way of carrying out a division involving fractions is to transform it into a multiplication, For example, dividing by } is equivalent to multiplying by 4. So 8 bet q isequivalentto 3x4 A division can be changed to a multiplication by using the multiplicative inverse. “eyo ~~ Dividing by 7 és equivalent to multiplying by 4. 2 Dividing by 3 is equivalent to multiplying by 2. nett a ee Worked examples First re-write the divisions as < \_ equioalent multiplications, 5 5 and 7 are common factor ay = / Without any cancelling, the multiplication i: 98 y2 x8x2© CHAPTER 15 b) Work out 233 First write the mixed numbers <, as improper fractions. 5 Re-write the division as an \_ equivalent nuultiplication. 5 ‘ible to cancel more conumon factors. > In this exercise, factors first. simplify your calculations by cancelling any common 1 Do the following calculations. Give your answers in their simplest form. 5,3 S a exe Ae o x3 4 0*7 4 7 an 2 Do the following calculations. Show your working clearly and give your answers in their simplest form. 2. ove 4 Do the following calculations, Show your working clearly and give your answers in their simplest formFRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES @ Finance — discount, profit and loss, interest and tax Banks in Europe, America, Japan and many other places in the world will pay you money if you place your savings with them. They will also lend you money but will charge you to do so. The amount of money that you save or borrow is called the principal. The amount paid or charged by the bank is called interest The interest paid on money saved depends upon the amount of the principal, the amount of time you are prepared to leave it in the bank and the rate that the bank pays in percentage terms. The formula for calculating simple interest is ptr 100 where /is the interest paid by the bank pis the principal tis the time in years ris the rate per year (percentage). Worked examples a) Find the simple interest earned on a deposit of $400 saved for three years at a rate of 5% per year. ptr ~ 100 — 400x3x«5 100 So the simple interest paid is $60. b) How long will it take a principal of $200 to earn simple interest of $80 at 8% per year? = 60 pth 100 g0 = 20Uxtx 100 80 = 16F t 80+ 16 Therefore it will take five years.© CHAPTER 15 All the rates of interest in this exercise are annual rates of simple interest. 1 Calculate the interest paid in each of the following cases. a) principal $500 rate3% 30 b) principal $800 timed years rate 5% ©) principal $750 time 3 years rate 4% d) principal $400 time 6 years rate 2.5% e) principal $6000 time 2years_—_rate 3.75% 5 2 Calculate how many years it will take to earn the given amount of interest in each of the following cases. a) principal $200 rate 5% interest $30 34 b) principal $500 rate 2% interest $40 2, 4x4 ©) principal $750 rate 4% interest $150 S U-~s d) principal $2500 rate 3% interest $450 & e) principal $4000 rate 2.5% interest $350 3!) y Worked examples a) What percentage rate per year is paid for a principal of $400 to earn simple interest of $60 in three years? ie ~ 100 400% 3xr 60 = A00x3xr 100 60 =12r 5=r Therefore the rate is 5% per year. b) What principal will earn simple interest of $360 in three years at an annual rate of 8%? _ pir ~ 100 er 360 = BX3X8 360 =r : 3 36000 = 24p = 1500 =p The principal is $1500.FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES @ All the rates of interest in this exercise are annual rates of simple interest. 1 What rate of interest per year will earn the given amount of interest in each of the following cases a) principal $400 b) principal $200 ©) principal $850 4) principal $1200 e) principal $4000 time 4 years time 3 years time 5 years time 6 years time 3 years interest $80 > (0 interest $36 6°/c interest $340 & interest $540 7 interest $540 2 What principal will earn the given amount of interest in each of the following cases? a) interest $112 b) interest $224 c) interest $210 d) interest $340 time 4 years time 7 years time 6 years time 5 years rate7% $400 rate 4% 4&0 rate 75% 4 4 rate 8% Profit, loss and tax Things made in a factory are made at a cost price. They are then sold at a selling price. When the selling price is greater than the cost price, a profit is made. A loss is made when the selling price is less than the cost price A tax is a payment made to the government. In most countries people pay tax on income and a tax is added to the prices of goods and materials. Worked example a) Aman buysa box of 100 apples in a market for $44. He sells all the apples for 30 cents each. What is his profit or loss’ b) The same man buys a box of 100 oranges for $35 and sells them for 40 cents each, but 20 of the oranges are bad and he throws them away. What is his profit or loss? a) Cost price = $44 Selling price = 100 x 50 cents = $50 ) Profit = selling price — cost price $50 $14 = $6 7 His profit is $6 b) Cost price = $35 Selling price = 80 x 40 cents = $32 He has paid more than he received, so he has made a loss. His loss is cost price — selling price. $35 -$32=$3 His loss is $3© CHAPTER 15 Calculate the profit or loss in each of the following cases. 1 cost price $70 selling price $50 2 cost price $35 selling price $29 p 3 cost price $45 for 12 selling price $4 each 4 cost price $70 for 100 selling price 65 cents each | © 5 cost price $35 000 for 8 selling price $4200 each Loss ¢ Percentage profit and loss Profit and loss can be shown as a percentage using the formula below: profit or loss Percentage profit or loss =" Coy price x 100 Worked example A woman buys a car for $8000 and sells it the following year for $6000, What is her percentage loss? Loss = $8000 - $6000 = $2000 Percentage loss = 98s x 100 cost price 100 2000 5100 ooo 10° hano hanag Her percentage loss was 25%FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES @ A company produces kitchen equipment for the home. a) Work out the percentage profit on each of the following items. b) Tax at 15% is added to the selling price of each item. How much tax is addedin each case? yy 1 toaster cost price $20 Jo selling price $34 2 coffee maker cost price $30 “lo selling price $45. $ 6 7S” 3 food processor cost price $40 75% selling price $70 $!°°* 4 fridge cost price $60 selling price $75 6 5 freezer cost price $48, selling price $72 $1 6 cooker cost price $340 GO selling price $544 4 81-60 7 microwave cost price $44 25°/o selling price $35 4 & -25 8 washing machine cost price $240 7 So selling price $420 $62 9 dryer cost price $160 7S selling price $280 $42 10 dishwasher cost price $200 7010 selling price $340 4 5 1 Cars which are bought new and sold after 3 years are all worth less than they cost. This loss is called depreciation. Find the loss or depreciation on each of the following makes of cars as a percentage of its cost price ves Los 1 Ford cost price $8000 > selling price $3000 22 -S°/, 2 Vauxhall cost price $10000 G00° selling price $4000 02> 3 Fiat cost price $5000 2 selling price $2500 So‘), 4 Renault cost price $12000 366 selling price $8400 2o"7> 5 Toyota cost price $10800 3&6 selling price $7200 6 Nissan cost price $13440 3840 selling price $9600 7 Mazda cost price $18000 “7 260 selling price $10 800 8 Lexus cost price $24000 @t/erD selling price $15600 35% 9 Audi cost price $32000 134u0 selling price $18560 2% 10 Mercedes cost price $40000 | S& VY selling price $25000 37. S"lo ©