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2K views37 pages2nd Year Physics Chapter 12 Notes
Uploaded by
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/ 37
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All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards
CHAPTER 12
10.
11.
12.
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ND
ELECTROSTATICS
‘The number of electrons in one coulomb charge is:
A.6.2x 10% B. 1.6 x 10?
©,6.2x 10 D.1.6x 10”
The charge on electron was determined by:
A. Ampere B. Maxwell C. Millikan, *“D. Bohr
The relation *Y = ¥ represents.
APO * B Gauss’s law
C. electric intensity D. electric flux
If atomic number of copper is 29 the contribution of electrons per
atom in the block of copper will be:
A. One 8. Two ©. Three D Zero
If the distance between two charged bodies is halved, the force
between them becomes:
A. Double 8. Half
C. Four times D. remains same
The value of «, for various dielectrics is always?
A. Less than one B. Greater than one”
C. Equal to one D. Zero
The unit of capacitance is.
A. coulomb 8 farad C. joule D. watt
ibs charge onan eatron was measured by Millikan in.
1880 1789 C. 1909 ©. 1921
the intensity of elnctiie field between two oppositely charged
paratlel plates close to each other is,
Aces as et ae
Electric field intensity an point is defined by the equation,
i Be=f C.E=qF DE==
F
Ifa charged body is moved against the electric field, it will a
APE BK.
©, mechanical energy D. Electric P.E
The word "Kerography” means.
A. To take photograph B, Dry writing
C. writing by machine D. To paint some thing
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
13. In the xerographic machine the heart of the machine the drum is
made of,
A ceramic B. semiconductor
C. strong plastic D. aluminium
14. When current of one ampere is flowing across any cross-section of
conductor in one second, the quantity of charge is:
A One coulomb B. Two coulomb
C. Three coulomb D. Half coulomb
15. The force per unit charge is known as:
=< A Electric flux B. Electric intensity
=> C. Electric potential D. Electron volt
16, An electric charge at rest produces:
© A. Only magnetic field B. Only electric field
: ©. Conservative field D. All above
© 17. Gauss's law can only be applied to:
. A Curved surface B. Flat surface
, -) C. Closed surface D. Any surface
YD 18. Work done in bringing unit positive charge from infinity to that
= 4} point in an electric field is:
Ci A Potential difference 8. Resistance
~s) C. Capacitance D. Absolute potential
O 19. The SI unit of electric flux is
— A.Nm?C* B.Nmc* |
=> Cc. Nec D.Nm?c!
— 20. When area is held perpendicular to the field. lines, then the
> magnitude of electric flux is |
7) A. Maximum B. Minimum
WY) C either Aor B D. Negative
a 21. Photocopier and inkjet printer are the applications of ;
L A. Electronics B. Electricity
C. Magnetism D. Electrosiatics
22, The expression for energy stored in a capacitor is given by
AE=CV 8B. e=-cv
CeE=icV
23. Aunt of electric charge is.
A volt B Henry C. coulomb D. weber
24, The value of va in Nm C7 is
A 9x 10° B.8x 10°
C.9.1* 10" D. 9x 10
25. The value of ¢, for transformer oil is.
A.20 B28 c.24 0.2.5
26. The Coulomb's force in a medium of relative permittivity , is given
by:
rego are. tt
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27.
28.
29.
< 5) 30.
Ol
* 32.
33.
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Crs oe D Fat hh
If an electron of charge "e” is accelerated through a potential
difference \,, it will acquire energy:
A Ve 8. Vi2 C.EN D. Ve?
‘The earth's potential is considered as:
A. Positive B. Negative ©. Zero D- Infinite
The absolute potential at a point distant 10cm from a charge of one
pCis:
A.9x10°V B.9* 10°V
C9 10'V 0.9% 10°V
The value of e, for distilled water is:
A 78.0 8.785 C. 80,0 D765
The value of <, for Germanium is
A115 B48 a7 D.16
A capacitor is a perfect insulator for:
A. Direct current 8. Alternating current
C.BohA&B ©. Electric charge
Coulomb/volt is called:
A Electron 8 Farad © Ampere D. Joule
Due to electric polarization of dielectric, the capacity of a capacitor:
A. Decreases B, Increases
C, Remains the same D, Becomes zero
Photocopier and inkjet printer are application of:
A. Magnetism B. Electricity
C, Electrostatics D, Thermo-electric effect
State and explain Coulomb's law. Calculate the coulomb's force in
(i) permittivity space ep (ii) ina medium of relative permittivity «2
Coulomb's law:
The force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of
the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them
Mathematical form of Coulomb's law:
Coulomb's iaw mathematically expressed as:
Fa he or F = kBe
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If the medium between the two point charges is free space and the system of
units is SI, then kis represented as
a
Where ey 's an electrical constant, known as permittivity of free space. In S!
units, its value is 8.85 x 107° Nm*C* Substituting the value of ¢y the constant
k= Pr 9x 10°Nmo?
i, Coulomb's force in free space:
Thus Coulomb's force in free space is
pene “
ii, Vectorial form of coulomb's law:
If Pay is the unit vector directed from q; to qz and Fy2is the unit vector directed
from goto g;, then
4 asaz
Fy = EY py...
ND Gag tO
1
Face
and Fu =
BF Pras.
It can be seen that #2; = -?12, 80 Eqs. Show that
m= Fe
Effect of medium between the two charges upon the Coulomb's force:
if the medium is an insulator, it is
usually referred as dielectric, !t has been found
that the presence of a dielectric always
reduces the electrostatic force as compared
with that in free space by a certain factor
which is @ constant for the given dielectric,
This constant is known as relative permittivity
and is represented by &,
iii, The Coulomb's force in a medium of
felative permittivity €, is given by
.
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Q2: Describe the values of relative permittivity of different dielectrics?
Ans: The values of relative permittivity of different dielectrics are given in Table
Material
&
1
7.0006
22-25
5-18
2.284
<— 16
= 48-10
>) Mica 3-75
oO Paraffined paper 2
- ) 3.40
oO —————
+a [ ___ Teflon
® _____ Transformer oil =
Ae, oI
y Q3: Which one reduces the Coulomb's force, transformer oil or distilled
- y) + water?
©) ane See
S {= ae
= This telation shows that presence of relative permittivity (2,) as ¢, for
> transformer oil is 21 and for distilled water 78.5 therefore Coulomb's force is
6 reduced by distilled water is more compared to transformer oil
mm Q4: Write the names of basic force of nature?
7 Ans: Basic forces in nature are:
< i. Gravitational force
ii, Electromagnetic force
‘Strong force
Weak nuclear force
Conemernes of basic forces:
e ce. ft WE : SF
y 10%: 10%: 10°
Note:
Strong force is responsible to hold the positively charged protons in the nucleus.
a Q5: Describe the Michael Faraday concept of electric field?
> ‘Ans: To describe the mechanism by which electric force is transmitted, Michael
Faraday (1791-1867) introduced the concept of an electric field According to his
theory, it is the intrinsic property of nature that an electric field exists in the space
around an electric charge. This electric field is considered to be a force field that
exerts a force on other charges placed in that field.
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ss Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamal
ae ese bake’ Wearapvieag oath. al baanlafia AABaRialL cot
PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
Q6: Determine the electric field intensity with the help of Coulomb's
law?
Ans: The field of charge q interacts with qo to produce an electrical force. The
Interaction between q and g, is accomplished in two steps:
i. The charge q produces a field and
ii, The field interacts with charge qoto produce a force F on Go.
We may define electric field strength or electric field intensity E at any point
in the field as Force per unit charge ;
est ro) cal
a a
Unit: toe
It is measured in newton per coulomb in
SI units. It is a vector quantity and its direction is oo
the same as that of the force F
Electric intensity due to a point charge:
Let we place a positive test charge qo at
this point. The Coulomb's force thet this charge we aS
will experience due to qis
=) ae
Fe Faget (2) wo
Where # is @ unit vector directed from the ist a oat os
point charge a to the test point where qo has Stipesisetnahais ene Smeewrea nee
been placed, ie., the point where the electric irr sarees, tots ne ameren pe
intensity is to be evaluated. By Eq. 4 Sas
* ee gt ote
“a te meet @
Q7: Define electrical field lines. Which type of information can be
determined by these lines?
Ans: Electrical field lines:
‘The electric field lines "map" also provides information about the strength of
the electric fieid,
i Field lines are closer to each other near the charges where the field is ‘strong
while they continuously spread out indicating a cortinucus decrease in the field
strength
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
ji, "The number of lines per unit area passing perpendicularly through an area
is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field”.
Q8: How can you find the electric field line for two identical charges?
Ans: i. The electric field lines are curved in case
of two identical separated charges. Fig, shows the
pattern of lines associated with two identical
positive point charges of equal magnitude.
ii. ‘It reveals that the lines in the region
between two like charges seem to repel each other.
The behaviour of two identical negatively charges
will be exactly the same.
iii, Zero field spot or neutral zone:
The middle region shows the presence of a
Zero field spot or neutral zone.
Q9: Draw electric field pattern for unlike charges?
‘Ans: The Fig, shows the electric field pattern
of two opposite charges of same magnitudes.
L The field lines start from positive
charge and end on a negative charge. The
electric fieid at points such as 1, 2, 3 is the
Tesuitant of fields created by the two charges
at these points.
ii. The directions of the resultant
intensities are given by the tangents drawn to
the field lines at these points.
Q10: Draw electric field of lines for parallel plate capacitor?
Ans: Electric field of lines for parallel plate capacitor:
In the regions where the field lines are parallel and equally spaced, the same
‘number of fines passes per unit area and therefore, field is uniform on all points
Inn the Comtral resnon of a
) plate ‘Capacitor
Deariaiter:
Fig, shows the field lines between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor.
Ths Feld is uniform in the middie region where field lines are ecu'si'y spaced
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
Qi1: Write down the properties of electric field lines?
Ans: Properties of electric field lines: |
1, Electric field lines originate trom positive charges and end on negative
charges
2. The tangent to a field line st any point gives the direction of the electric field
at that pont
3. The lines are closer where the field is strong and the lines are farther apart
where the field is weak.
4. No two lines cross each other. This is because E has only one direction at
any given point. If the lines cross, E could have more than one direction,
Q12: Enlist the applications of electrostatics?
‘Ans: Application of electro statistics:
i Xerography or photocopier
Hi. Inkjet printers
Q13: Explain the process of Xerography or photocopier? OR Describe the
construction and working of photocopier?
Ans: Xerography (photocopier):
The copying process is called xerography, from the Greek word "xeros” and
“graphos”, meaning “dry writing”. Pans cope ber re
Construction:
drum which is an aluminium cylinder
coated with a layer of selenium.
Aluminium is an excellent conductor
‘On the other hand. selenium is an
insulator in the dark and becomes a
conductor when exposed to light, it is
& photoconductor AS a result, f a
The heat of machine is a
positive charge is sprinkled over the
selenium it will remain there as long
Te me 9 rtacapney re nt ena dhe
as it remains in dark. eee e0 om stan tery Iw" cn ne he ee a
Working: Sree Deven econtyar
if the drum is exposed to light, the electrons from aluminium pass through
the conducting selenium and neutralize the positive charge.
Function of drum:
If the drum is exposed to an image of the document to be copied, the dark
‘and light areas of the document produce corresponding areas on the drum. The
positive charge and become neutral
In this way, @ positive chatge image of the document remains on the
‘selenium surface. Then @ special dry, black powder called “loner” is given a
negative charge and spread aver the drum, where it sticks to the positive charged
The toner from the drum is transferred on to a sheet of paper on which the
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
Function of toner:
Heated pressure rollers then melt the toner into the paper which is also given
an excess positive charge to produce the permanent impression of the document.
Q14: Describe the construction and working of inkjet printers?
Ans: Inkjet printers:
‘An inkjet printer is a type of printer which uses electric charge in its
operation.
Construction and working of inkjet printers: *
i, While shuttling back and forth across the paper, the inkjet printer “ejects” a
thin stream of ink. The ink is forced out of a small nozzle and breaks up into
extremely small droplets. During their fight, the droplets pass through two electrical
components, a "charging electrode” i and the "deflection plates” (a parallel plate
capacitor),
li. When the printhead moves over regions of the paper which are not to be
inked, the charging electrode is left on and gives the ink droplets a net charge. The
defiection plates divert such charged drops into @ gutter and in this way such drops
are not able to reach the paper.
ili. Whenever ink is to be placed on the paper, the charging control, responding
to computer, turns off the charging electrode. The uncharged droplets fly straight
through the deflection plates and strike the paper.
‘Charging Dafiection plates
=
see liee ad cee ee ees Wm»
=
Gutter
Anstivitons fom computer
Inkjet printers can also produce coloured copies.
Note:
An inkjet print head ejects a steady flow of ink droplets. The charging
electrodes are used to charge the dfoplets that are not needed on the paper.
Charged droplets are deflected into a gutter by the deflection plates, while
unchanged droplets fly straight onto the paper. : °
Q15: Define electric flux (9). Determine flux () when
i, Area is held perpendicular to the field of lines.
ii, Area Is held parallel to the field of lines.
ii, Area is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the field of lines?
Ans: Electric flux:
The number of the field lines passing through a certain element of area is
known as electric flux through that area. It is usually denoted by Greek letter $.
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
My
Elmctne ux through @ surmce rarer
Case I:
When area ts held perpendicular to the field lines then EA, fines pass
through it. The flux de in this case is
be = EA,
Where 4, denotes that the area ‘s held perpendicular to field lines
Mansrnum
Case II:
When area A is held parallel to field lines and as is obvious no lines cross |
this area, so that flux ¢, in this case is
te = EA=0
Where A; indicates that A is held parallel to the field lines.
Minimum
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PHYSICS FOR 2nP YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER. #12)
Case III:
When A is neither perpendicular nor parallel to field fines but is inclined at
angle @ with the fines. In this case we have to find the projection of the area which is
Perpendicular to the field lines. The area of the projection is A cos@. The flux @in
this case is
. = EA, cos
The electric flux @, through a patch of flat surface in terms of E and A is then
given by
=EAcosé = EA
‘Where @ is the angie between the field lines and the normal to the area.
Unit of electric flux (#):
Electric flux, being a scalar product, is a scalar quantity its St unit is Nm?C"
Q16: Show that flux through the closed surface (sphere) does not
depend upon shake or geometry of the closed surface?
Ans: Electric flux through a surface enclosing a charge:
i Let us calculate the electric flux through @ closed surface, in shape of a
Sphere of radius r due to a point charge q placed
at the centre of sphere.
ai Total surface area of the sphere is divided
into n small patches with areas of magnitudes
AA, BAy, BAy. aA,
The corresponding vector areas are 4A,, AAz,
AAy 00 QAy respectively The direction of each
iii, The electric intensities at the centers of
bee @reas OA, , GAz, DAs,.. OA, ae Es,
Rm
iv. The total flux passing through the closed ine sistas" te spare tee tm
Somenavermnnare
Ex Oty (1)
‘The direction of electric intensity and vector area is same at each patch
Moreover, because of spherical symmety, atthe surface of sphere,
(Ed = Fal = (El == El = B= @
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
EAA, +EAA, + EAA;+ .....+ EAA,
E * (QA)+OAy + OAs +... AAD)
Ex (lotal spherical surface area)
Since e-i+4
z
(3)
Note:
‘So we can conclude that totat flux through a closed surface does not depend upon
the shape or geometry of the closed surface. It depends upon the medium and the
charge enclosed.
Q17: State and prove Gauss’s law?
Ans: Gauss’s law:
“The flux through any closed surface is 1/eq times the total charge enclosed
init”
Explanation:
Suppose point charges qs, Ges Gays Qa are
arbitrarily distributed in an arbitrary shaped closed
surtace,
“The electric flux passing through the closed
surface is
1,4 Gt
= By By ET
e te G
doe Le (grat get
Ez x (total charge enclosed by closed surface)
be ie Owes OF |
Where Q = q; + q2 + qs +......* Qn, is the total charge enclosed by closed surface.
Q18: Enlist the application of gauss’s law?
Ans: Application of gauss’s law:
i. Gauss law is applied to calculate the electric intensity due to different
‘charge configurations. In all such cases, an imaginary closed surface is considered
which passes through the point at which the electric intensity is to be evaluated,
This closed surface is known as Gaussian surface. Its choice is such that the flux
through it can be easily evaluated.
ii, Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is calculated and finally the electric
intensity is computed by applying Gauss's law.
Q19: Ilustrate intensity of field inside a hollow charged sphere by using
Gauss’s law?
Ans: Intensity of field inside a hollow charged sphere:
i ‘Suppose that @ hollow conducting sphere of radius R is given a positive
charge q.
ii. Now imagine @ sphere of radius R'< R to be inscribed within the hollow
charged sphere. The surface of this sphere is the Gaussian surface
Applying Gaussian jaw, we have
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PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 12)
o&=i=0
Since, = B.A <0 a A¥O,
therefore, = E = 0
Note:
i, The interior of @ hollow charged metal sphere
field free region.
fi. As a consequence. ary soverets pace win: 2
metal enclosure is “shielded” from electoc
Q20: Tease Ghactte aceaty tice an ‘nftelensheot-of chergs: by
using Gauss's law?
Ans: Gechric intensity due to on loftaie sheet of charge: |
1. Suppose we have a plane sheet of infinte
‘extent on which positive charges are uniformly.
distabuted
li, ° The uniform surface charge density 1s say
2 Afinie part of thes sheet is snown in Fig
iil, To calculate the electric tensity E at 2 point
P. dose to the sheet, imagine @ closed Gaussian
Surtace in the form of a cylinder passing through the
‘sheet whose one flat face contains point P op aaa ae:
lv. From symmetry we can conclude that E iatamet acyreda whee 078 ce
points at night angle to the end faces and away from