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Eng. Materials 1

Engineering Material Handout 1 provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It outlines the course grading structure and textbooks. The document then summarizes the history of materials from the Stone Age to modern advanced materials. It describes what materials science engineering involves - investigating the relationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. Finally, it classifies common material types such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites and provides examples of each.

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73 views29 pages

Eng. Materials 1

Engineering Material Handout 1 provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It outlines the course grading structure and textbooks. The document then summarizes the history of materials from the Stone Age to modern advanced materials. It describes what materials science engineering involves - investigating the relationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. Finally, it classifies common material types such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites and provides examples of each.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Engineering Material

Handout 1
Introduction
epxfm3@gmail.com
Introduction
Grading :

• Homework: 5%
• Lab report 10%
• Two lab exams 5%
• Two 1.5 hour tests: 15 %, 10%
• The final exam: 50%

Textbooks:
• W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction (John Wiley 2007, 7th edition)
Chapter Outline
Historical Perspective
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials
• What is Materials Science and Engineering ?
Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance
• Classification of Materials
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors, composites
• Advanced Materials
Electronic materials, superconductors, etc.
• Modern Material's Needs, Material of Future Biodegradable
materials, Nanomaterials, “Smart” materials
Historical Perspective
• Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make
tools from stone – Start of the Stone Age about two million
years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc
Historical Perspective
• The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze
in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one
element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be
hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying,
corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.
Historical Perspective
• The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use
of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically
daily life of a common person.
Historical Perspective
 Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of
materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers,
composites…).
 Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties,
processing, and performance of materials.
 Intelligent design of new materials.
• A better understanding of structure-composition properties
relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of
materials. Example is the dramatic progress in the strength to
density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of
new products, from dental materials to tennis racket.
What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

• Material science is the investigation of the relationship among


processing, structure, properties, and performance of
materials.
Structure
• Subatomic level (Chapter 2) Electronic
structure of individual atoms that defines
interaction among atoms (interatomic
bonding).
• Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3) Arrangement
of atoms in materials (for the same atoms
can have different properties, e.g. two
forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)
• Microscopic structure (Ch. 4) Arrangement
of small grains of material that can be
identified by microscopy.
• Macroscopic structure Structural elements
that may be viewed with the naked eye.
Length-scales
Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m
Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m
Micrometer = 1μm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m

Interatomic distance ~ a few Å


A human hair is ~ 50 μm
Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are
~ 0.5 μm wide, minimum 0.83 μm long, and 125 nm high
Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the
environment and external forces.
Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces,
strength, etc.
Electrical properties - response electrical and, conductivity, etc.
magnetic properties - response magnetic fields, conductivity, etc.
Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.
Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion resistance.
Types of Materials
Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound
together (Chapter 2).
1. Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in
an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile,
conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished.
2. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared
between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on
minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.
3. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and
are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of
metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon
(oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples:
glass, porcelain.
4. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der
Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at
moderate temperatures (100 – 400 C), and are lightweight.
Examples: plastics rubber.
Metals
Ceramics
Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance
combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.
Polymers
Polymers include “Plastics” and rubber materials
Composites
Polymer composite materials: reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix .
Semiconductors
Micro-Electrical- Mechanical
Systems (MEMS)

Si wafer for computer chip devices.


Future of materials science

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