Introduction to Engineering

Materials
Program B.Sc. (Mechanical Engineering)
Course Code MScE 2101
Credit Hrs 3
Target group 2nd year SoMCME students
Semester Semester I
Mode of delivery Semester based

Instructor Mr. Yeshitla Tsegaw

Email yeshitla12345@gmail.com

Office B-532 R-10

Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction Willian D. Callister and David. G.

Rethwisch, John Wiley & Sons 2014 (9th edition)
 Chapter 1 Introduction

Outline
 Historic perspective

 Materials Science and Engineering

 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

 Classification of Solid materials

 Advanced Materials

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Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
1. List six different property classifications of materials that determine their
applicability.
2. Cite the four components that are involved in the design, production, and
utilization of materials, and briefly describe the interrelationships between these
components.
3. Cite three criteria that are important in the materials selection process.
4. (a) List the three primary classifications of solid materials, and then cite the
distinctive chemical feature of each.
(b) Note the four types of advanced materials and, for each, its distinctive
feature(s).
5. (a) Briefly define smart material/system.
(b) Briefly explain the concept of nanotechnology as it applies to materials.

February 1, 2023 MSE 3207 Introduction to Ceramics 3

 Historical perspective

 Materials closely connected to our culture (transportation, housing, closing, communication ..)
 The development and advancement of societies are dependent on the available materials
and their use
 Early civilizations designed by the level of materials development.

beginning of life –
3000 BC 1300 - 1950 AD
stone tools, skin, 1200 BC – 300 AD “Steel Age”
bone, wood Iron + steel, glass Steel + Al, other 1950 AD +
metals “Silicon Age”
3000 - 1200 BC 300 – 1300 AD
Silicon +
Bronze + clay “Porcelain Age” composite, Bio,
ceramics, gold, silk porcelain ceramic, & Nanoaterials
glass

 Initially human used natural materials and then develop techniques to produce
materials with superior qualities (heat treatments and addition of other substances)

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 Materials through the ages

Stone Age (beginning of life – Bronze Age (3000 BC – 1200 BC)

3000 BC) Copper and Tin alloy

Ability to modify
materials by refining
Feature: Using naturally (using heat), chemical
occurring materials with modifications (alloying)
only changes in shape and mechanical
deformation (cold
working)

Imperfection (Ch. 4) Diffusion (Ch. 5) Phase diagram (Ch. 9) Metal Processing (Ch. 11)

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 Materials through the ages
Iron Age (1200 BC – Present)
• Casting and alloying wasn’t perfected until 16th
century

• Mastery of Steel (Iron alloy) technology enables

Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th century

• Ability to heat treat at high temperature, control

microstructure at different length scale and
ability to design specific microstructures for
specific properties

Phase transformation (Ch. 10)

Plastic Age (1940 - Present)

Discovery of polymers, and the ability to synthesize and process polymers.

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 What is Materials Science and Engineering?

An interdisciplinary field that addresses the fundamental relationships between the

Processing, Structure and Properties of materials and develops them for the desired
technological application (Performance).

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 Material Science and Engineering
Materials Science
 Investigating the relationship between the structures and properties of
materials. Material
 to develop or synthesize new materials scientist

Materials Engineering

 On the basis of structure-property correlations, designing the structure of

materials to achieve specific properties.

 to create new products or systems using existing materials and/or Material

engineer
 to develop techniques for processing materials.

 In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are

involved in materials science and engineering ‘‘processing’’ and
‘‘performance’’.

Continued 8
 Material Science and Engineering

Materials
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Engineering

 The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their
interrelationship
 Each material possess a structure, relevant properties, which dependent on processing
and determines the performance.

 Processing: method of preparing materials, to control structure of materials

 Structure: relates the arrangement of its internal components

 subatomic (< 0.2nm) electrons
Structure
within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei
Properties
 atomic (0.2-10nm) encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another
 microscopic (1-1000mm) large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together
 Macroscopic (bulk) (> 1mm) viewed with the naked eye

Structure will depend on processing conditions.

February 1, 2023 Continued 9
  Properties: to evoke some type of response to the external stimuli,
 Important properties of solid materials grouped into six categories: mechanical, thermal.
electrical, optical, magnetic and deteriorative.

Stimulus Response
Mechanical Applied load deformation
Electrical Electrical field Electrical conduction
Magnetic Magnetic field Magnetization
Thermal Heat Heat conduction
Optical Light Reflection, absorption
Deterioration (Chemical) Chemicals Oxidation, corrosion

To obtain desired properties, the material must have the appropriate structure.
Structure Properties

 Performance: a function of its properties

 Biotechnology: medical implants, biocompatible, polymer biosensors…
 Infrastructure: Concrete, metal beams…

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 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 mm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 mm discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 mm
200 30 mm and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister & Rethwisch
8e.

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Transmittance
 All of the three specimens are the same material - aluminum oxide, but they
have different optical properties (transparent, translucent or opaque)

Grain structure is a function of “solidification” processing!

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THERMAL PROPERTIES

 Thermal Conductivity of Copper: It decreases when you add zinc!

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch

8e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing
Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p.
315.)
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 Why Study Material Science and Engineering?

 All engineering disciplines need to know about materials, because one way or
another they are exposed to design problems involving materials.
 Even software or system engineering depends on the development of new
materials.
Materials selection criteria
 There are thousands of materials available, many times selecting the right
materials for a specific application is most difficult task.

☞ To select the right material

① The in-service conditions must be characterized. e.g., strength and ductility
② Any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation.
e.g., wear, oxidation and corrosion nature of materials.
③ Economics: cost of the final products are also important for selecting the right
material for job.

Continued 14
 The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

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 Classification of Materials
 In general solid materials can be broadly classified as metals, polymers, ceramics
and composites, with each class having distinctive properties based on reflect the
differences in the nature of their bonding.

 Ferrous Metals  Thermoplastics  Advanced Ceramics  Metal matrix

 Alloy steels  PVC, nylon, etc.  Functional composites
 stainless steel ceramics
 cast iron  Thermosets  Structural ceramics
 Epoxies,  Ceramic matrix
phenolics, etc. composites
 Traditional Ceramics
 Nonferrous Metals  Elastomers  White ware,
 Aluminum, copper,  Rubbers, cements, tiles,  Polymer matrix
zinc, etc,… silicones, etc. bricks, etc. composites

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Metals
 Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (e.g., iron, aluminum, copper,
titanium, gold, nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen) in relatively small amounts.

 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner

• Some property of Metals:

– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

© William D. Callister, Jr.

Continued 17
 Metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials.
 One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the
environment, such as iron-oxide (corrosion).
 Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many
applications.

 Examples of metals
 Pure metal elements, a metallic element (e.g.,, Al, Cu, Ti, Au, Ni, etc. and trace
amounts of nonmetallic elements of C, N, O etc).
 Alloys (steel, brass, bronze, etc.)

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Polymers

 Polymers are a class of materials where many small molecules (monomers) are
bonded together by covalent bonds to form long chains or networks.

 Polymers are classified in many ways. The prime classification based on their
industrial applications: plastics and rubbers

 Plastic polymers are further classified based on the temperature dependence on

the structure
 Thermoplastics: plastics which softens up oh heating and hardens up on cooling,
the softening and hardening are totally reversible
─ Thermoplastics can be recycled
─ E.g., PP, PE, PET, nylon, PVC, etc.
 Thermosets: A cross-linked polymers that form 3D networks, hence are
strong and rigid
─ Thermosets cannot be recycled
─ E.g., epoxy, polyamides, phenotics
Continued 19
 Elastomers: These polymers are known for their high elongation, which are
reversible upon release of applied loads.
─ E.g., rubbers, silicones, polyurthanes

• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

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 Ceramics

 In ceramics, different types of bonding mechanism can occur:

 Ionic: e.g. in oxides and silicates (Al2O3, MgO, SiO2 )
 Covalent: e.g. in non-metallic carbides (SiC, WC) and nitride (Si3N4, BC)

 Based on their applications, ceramics are classified as:

 Traditional ceramics: these are clay based ceramics (silicates, cements,

abrasive & refractories)
 Advanced ceramics: highly purified ceramics (electro-ceramics & structural
ceramics)

Continued 21
 General properties of CERAMIC materials
 Brittle
 High hardness, wear resistance

© William D. Callister, Jr.

 High elastic modulus and high melting point
 Low electrical and thermal conductivity
 Relatively lower density compared to metals
 Low thermal shock resistance
 Resistance to high oxidation/corrosion
 Nonmagnetic and low toughness
These properties are, however, not common to ALL CERAMICS!!
 Ceramics as a group, they have a wide range of physical and chemical properties
 Some exceptions: YBa2Cu3O7- (superconductor), partially stabilized zirconia
(high toughness), (Ba, Sr)O.6Fe2O3 (hard magnet)

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 Composites
 A composite is made by combining two or more individual materials (metals,
polymers and ceramics).
 The composite can be defined as a combination of a matrix and a reinforcement,
whose combination produces properties superior to the individual components.

☞ Composite materials can be classified into many groups

① depending on the orientation of phases, such as particle
reinforced, fiber reinforced, etc.
② depending on the matrix; metal matrix, polymer matrix,
ceramic matrix

Fiberglass
 Glass fibers composites, small glass fibers are embedded
within a polymeric material (epoxy or polyester)

 E.g., Cement concrete, Fiberglass, CFRP, etc

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The material property charts: Strength - Density

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 Advanced Materials
 Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed
advanced materials.
 Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials and
nanomaterials.
Semiconductors
 Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors and insulators.
 The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the
presence of impurity atoms (dopant).
 P-type semiconductors, holes are the majority of carrier. E.g., Si
doped with boron or gallium, etc.
 N-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority of carrier.
E.g., Si doped with arsenic, antimony, etc..
 They are extensively used in electronics device and
computer industries.

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 Biomaterials
 Biomaterials are employed in components implanted
into the human body to replace diseased or damaged
body parts.
 The primary requirements of biomaterials:
biocompatibility with body tissue, nontoxic, inert.
 Important material factors: the ability to support the Shell
force, low friction and wear, reproducibility and cost.
Cup
Hip joints
Ball
 There are a few distinctive requirements of a hip joint:
 High stiffness
 Low wear resistance ball-cup
 Low friction ball-cup Femoral Stem:
 High lubrication stainless steel, Cr-
Co-Mo alloy, HDPE
 Some more examples of biomaterials that are utilized in
breast implant, heart valves, artificial teeth, kidney dialysis,
knee joints, contact lense ,etc.

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 Smart materials
 Smart materials are a group of state of the art materials possessing the adaptive
capabilities to external stimuli.
 Smart materials can be used as:
 Sensor - detects an input signal
 Optical fibers
 Piezoelectric materials
 Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) etc.
 Actuator - performs a change in shape, position, natural frequency, mechanical
characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric /magnetic fields
moisture, pH, etc.
 Shape memory alloy
 Piezoelectric ceramics
 Magnetostrictive materials
 Electro/-magneto-rheologic fluids

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 Nanomaterials
 The fundamental properties of matter change at the nanoscale.
 A nanometer (nm) is one billionth (10-9) of a meter.

 For comparison: size of human hair ~ 80 µm

the size of red blood cell ~ 7 µm
the size of hydrogen atom 0.04 nm

 The physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles can be quite different from
those of larger particles of the same substance.

 The properties of materials can be different at nano-scale for two reasons:

 Nanomaterials have a relatively large surface area when compared to the same
of materials produced at large form
 Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the
nanoscale

Continued 28
 Decrease in size results in the particles physical – chemical properties changing and,
consequently, the properties of nanomaterials are changed dramatically.

 What is the color of gold?

Size-dependent color of gold

100 nm gold particles 20 nm gold particles 1 nm gold particles

Color = purple-pink Color = red Color = brown-yellow

 Because of these unique and unusual properties, nanomaterials are finding niches
in electronic, biomedical, sporting, energy production, and other industrial
applications.

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 Question ?

THANK YOU!!

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