Problem 3.

1
 

3.2:
Determine the specific volume of a two-phase liquid vapour mixture of a substance.
The pressure is 200 bar and the mixture occupies a volume of 0.3 m 3 . The masses of
saturated vapour and liquid are 3.5 kg and 4.5 kg, respectively. Also, determine the
quality of the mixture.

Solution:
Calculate the total mass of mixture (m) as follows:
m  m f  mg
Here, mg is mass of saturated vapour and m f is mass of saturated liquid.

Substitute 3.5 kg for mg and 4.5 kg for m f .

m  3.5 kg  4.5 kg
 8 kg

Use the following expression to determine the specific volume (v) of the mixture:
V
v
m
Here, V is volume of mixture.

Substitute 8 kg for m and 0.3 m3 for V.

0.3 m3
v
8 kg
 0.0375 m3 / kg

Thus, specific volume of the two-phase liquid vapour mixture is 0.0375 m3 / kg .

Use the following expression to determine the quality (x) of the mixture:
mg
x
m

Substitute 3.5 kg for mg and 8 kg for m.

3.5 kg
x
8 kg
 0.4375

Thus, the quality of the mixture is 0.4375 .

Problem 3.3

Problem 3.4

Problem 3.5
3.6
Problem 3.7
Problem 3.8

Problem 3.9
 

3.10

Revalued pressure Data

Pressure of two-phase liquid-vapor mixture is 160 bar
Volume occupies by two-phase liquid-vapour mixture is 0.4 m3
Mass of saturated liquid is 4.0 kg
Mass of saturated vapor present is 4.4 kg

Solution:

To determine the specific volume of the mixture, proceed as follows:

For the two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, the specific volume  v  is determined by the
following expression.
V
v
mf  mg
Here,
Mass of saturated liquid  mf  is 4.0 kg
Mass of saturated vapor present  mg  is 4.4 kg
Volume V  occupies by two-phase liquid-vapour mixture is 0.4 m3

Substitute 0.4 m 3 for V , 4.4 kg for mg and 4.0 for mf in the expression of specific
volume  v 
0.4 m3
v
 4.0  4.4  kg
0.4 3
 m /kg
8.4
 0.04762 m3 /kg
 

Thus, the specific volume of the mixture is 0.04762 m3 /kg .

 

3.11

Revalue data:
Temperature of the mixture is 140 C . Reading of saturated liquid is up to 30 on the
scale and total reading on the scale for the complete mixture is up to 50.

Solution:
Write the following expression for the quality (x) of the mixture:
mv
x …… (1)
mv  ml
Here, mv is mass of saturated vapours and ml is mass of saturated liquid in the
mixture.

Assume the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to be A sq units.

Use the following expression for the mass of saturated liquid:

V
ml  l
vf
Here, Vl is volume occupied by liquid and v f is specific volume of saturated liquid.

Substitute 30A for Vl .

30 A
ml 
vf

Use the following expression for the mass of saturated vapours:

V
mv  v
vg
Here, Vv is volume occupied by vapours and vg is specific volume of saturated
vapour.
 

Substitute 20A for Vv .

20 A
mv 
vg

30 A 20 A
Substitute for ml and for mv in equation (1).
vf vg
20 A
vg
x
20 A 30 A

vg vf
1

 30   v 
1    g 
 20   v f 

Refer the following values from the steam tables of saturated liquid at a temperature
of 140 C :
v f  0.00108 m3 / kg
vg  0.5085 m3 / kg

Substitute these values in above expression of x.

1
x
 30   0.5085 m / kg 
3
1    
 20   0.00108 m / kg 
3

 0.0014
 0.14%

Thus, quality of the mixture is 0.14% .

Problem 3.12
Problem 3.13
Problem 3.14
Problem 3.15
Problem 3.16
Problem 3.17

Problem 3.18
Problem 3.19
 

3.20

Revalue data:
1 kg of water vapor is compressed at a constant pressure of 1.4 MPa from a volume of
0.2 m3 to a saturated vapor state.

Solution:
Calculate the initial specific volume  v1  from the following expression:
V1
v1 
m
Here, V1 is initial volume and m is mass.

Substitute 0.2 m3 for V1 and 1 kg for m.

0.2 m3
v1 
1 kg
 0.2 m3 / kg

Look for the value of initial temperature T1  corresponding to v1  0.2 m3 / kg and a
pressure of 1.4 MPa in the steam table. The following value will be obtained:
T1  350 C

Thus, the temperature at the initial state is 350 C .

It is given that pressure remains constant so look for the value of specific volume of
saturated vapours at state 2 corresponding to pressure of 1.4 MPa in the steam table.
The following value will be obtained:
v2  vg  0.14078 m3 / kg

Now, look for the value of final temperature T2  corresponding to

v2  0.14078 m3 / kg and a pressure of 1.4 MPa in the steam table. The following
value will be obtained:
T2  195 C

Thus, the temperature at the final state is 195 C .

Calculate the volume at final state V2  from the following relation:
 

V2  mv2

Substitute 1 kg for m and 0.14078 m3 / kg for v2 .

V2  1 kg   0.14078 m3 / kg 
 0.14078 m3

Use the following expression to determine the work for the constant pressure process:
W  p V2  V1 

Substitute 1.4 MPa for p, 0.14078 m3 for V2 and 0.2 m3 for V1 .

W  1.4 MPa   0.14078 m3  0.2 m3 
 82.91 kJ

Negative sign indicates that work is done on the system and it is equal to 82.91 kJ .
Problem 3.21
Problem 3.22
Problem 3.23
Problem 3.23 (Continued)
Problem 3.24
Problem 3.25

Problem 3.26
Problem 3.27

Problem 3.28

Problem 3.29
Problem 3.30
Problem 3.31
 

3.32:
At 300 C and 100 kPa steam has a volume of 0.8 m3 . In a constant volume process
the pressure of steam changes to 50 kPa. Determine the heat transferred to the steam.

Solution:
The final pressure  p2  of the steam is 50 kPa. Refer the following values from the
steam tables corresponding to pressure of 50 kPa:
Temperature, T2  81.33 C
Specific volume of saturated liquid, v f 2  0.00103 m3 / kg
Specific volume of saturated vapour, vg 2  3.24 m3 / kg
Specific internal energy of saturated liquid, u f 2  340.42 kJ / kg
Difference in specific internal energy of saturated vapour and saturated liquid,
u fg 2  2143.4 kJ / kg

Similarly refer the following values corresponding to 300 C temperature and 100
kPa from the steam table of superheated vapours:
Specific volume at state 1, v1  2.6388 m3 / kg
Specific internal energy at state 1, u1  2810.4 kJ / kg

It is given that volume remains constant that is v1  v2 . Write the expression for v1 as
follows:
v1  v f 2  x2  vg 2  v f 2 
Here, x2 is dryness fraction at state 2.

Re-arrange above expression.

v v
x2  1 f 2
vg 2  v f 2

Substitute 2.6388 m3 / kg for v1 , 0.00103 m3 / kg for v f 2 and 3.24 m3 / kg for vg 2 .

2.6388  0.00103
x2 
3.24  0.00103
 0.8144

Use the following expression to determine the specific internal energy at state 2  u2  :
u2  u f 2  x2u fg 2

Substitute 340.42 kJ / kg for u f 2 , 0.8144 for x2 and 2143.4 kJ / kg for u fg 2 .

u2  340.42   0.8144  2143.4 
 2086 kJ / kg
 

Calculate the mass of steam (m) from the following expression:

V
m
v1
Here, V is volume of steam.

Substitute 0.8 m3 for V and 2.6388 m3 / kg for v1 .

0.8 m3
m
2.6388 m3 / kg
 0.3032 kg

Use the following expression to determine the heat (Q) transferred to the steam:
Q  m  u2  u1 

Substitute 0.3032 kg for m, 2086 kJ / kg for u2 and 2810.4 kJ / kg for u1 .

Q   0.3032 kg  2086 kJ / kg  2810.4 kJ / kg 
   0.3032 kg  724.4 kJ / kg 
 219.64 kJ

Negative sign indicates that heat will be lost by the steam and heat transfer is equal to
219.64 kJ .
Problem 3.33
 

3.34

Revalue data:
Initial temperature is 99.58 C and quality is 60%. Water is heated to a temperature of
250 C at constant pressure. Work during the process is +350 kJ.

Solution:

(a) Determine the initial specific volume  v1  of water from the following
relation:
v1  v f  x  vg  v f 
Here, v f is specific volume of saturated liquid water, vg is specific volume of
saturated vapour and x is quality.

Refer the following values from steam tables at 99.58 C :

v f  0.001042 m3 / kg
vg  1.6979 m3 / kg
Substitute these values and 0.60 for x in above expression of v1 .
v1  0.001042 m3 / kg   0.60  1.6979 m3 / kg  0.001042 m3 / kg 
 1.0192 m3 / kg

Look for the value of pressure in the same steam table corresponding to temperature
of 99.58 C . The value of pressure is found to be 100 kPa.

Look for the value of specific volume of water  v2  corresponding to a pressure of

100 kPa and a temperature of 250 C in the table of superheated water. The following
value will be obtained from the table:
v2  2.4062 m3 / kg

Use the following expression for work during the constant pressure process:
W  mp  v2  v1 
W
m
p  v2  v1 
Here, m is mass of water, p is pressure, and v1 and v2 are the initial and final specific
volumes, respectively.
 

Substitute 350 kJ for W, 100 kPa for p, 2.4062 m3 / kg for v2 and 1.0192 m3 / kg
for v1 .
350 kJ
m
100 kPa   2.4062 m3 / kg  1.0192 m3 / kg 
 2.523 kg

Thus, mass of water is 2.523 kg .

(b) Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.
KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transfer.

There is no change in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,

KE  PE  0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
Q  U  W

Substitute m  u2  u1  for U .
Q  m  u2  u1   W …… (1)

Determine the initial specific internal energy  u1  of water from the following
relation:
u1  u f  x  u g  u f 
Here, u f is specific volume of saturated liquid water and u g is specific volume of
saturated vapour.

Refer the following values from steam tables at 99.58 C :

u f  417.29 kJ / kg
u g  2505.5 kJ / kg

Substitute these values and 0.60 for x in above expression of u1 .

u1  417.29 kJ / kg   0.60  2505.5 kJ / kg  417.29 kJ / kg 
 1670.2 kJ / kg
 

Look for the value of specific internal energy of water  u2  corresponding to a

pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of 250 C in the table of superheated water.
The following value will be obtained from the table:
u2  2733.9 kJ / kg

Substitute 350 kJ for W, 2.523 kg for m, 2733.9 kJ / kg for u2 and 1670.2 kJ / kg for
u1 in equation (1).
Q  m  u2  u1   W
  2.523 kg  2733.9 kJ / kg  1670.2 kJ / kg   350 kJ
 2683.7 kJ  350 kJ
 3033.7 kJ

Thus, the heat transfer during the process is 3033.7 kJ .

3.36
 

3.37:
Initially steam is at 250 C and 300 kPa, it is compressed isothermally such that its
new volume becomes 1/18th of the original volume. Determine the heat transfer to
steam.

Solution:
Refer the following values for initial state from the steam tables at 250 C and 300
kPa:
Specific volume, v1  0.7964 kg / m3
Specific entropy, s1  7.5165 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the specific volume at final state  v2  from the following expression:
v1
v2 
18

Substitute 0.7964 kg / m3 for v1 .

0.7964 kg / m3
v2 
8
 0.04424 kg / m3
Use the following expression to determine the quality of steam  x2  at final state:
v2  v f 2  x2  vg 2  v f 2 
v2  v f 2
x2 
vg 2  v f 2
Here, v f 2 and vg 2 are specific volumes of saturated liquid and vapour, respectively at
250 C .

Refer the following values from the steam table at 250 C .

v f 2  0.00125 m3 / kg
vg 2  0.05013 m3 / kg

Substitute 0.04424 kg / m3 for v2 , 0.00125 m3 / kg for v f 2 and 0.05013 m3 / kg for

vg 2 in above expression of x2 .
0.04424  0.00125
x2 
0.05013  0.00125
 0.8795

Calculate the entropy of steam at final state  s2  from the following relation:
s2  s f 2  x2 s fg 2
Here, s f 2 and s fg 2 are specific entropy of saturated liquid and vaporisation,
respectively at 250 C .
 

Refer the following values from the steam table at 250 C .

s f 2  2.7927 kJ / kg  K
s fg 2  3.2808 kJ / kg  K

Substitute 0.8795 for x2 , 2.7927 kJ / kg  K for s f 2 and 3.2808 kJ / kg  K for s fg 2 in

above expression of s2 .
s2  2.7927   0.8795  3.2808 
 5.6782 kJ / kg  K

For isothermal process use the following expression to determine the heat transfer (Q)
to the steam:
Q  T  s2  s1 
Here, T is temperature in Kelvin.

Convert the unit of temperature T into K.

T  250 C
  250  273 K
 523 K

Substitute 523 K for T, 5.6782 kJ / kg  K for s2 and 7.5165 kJ / kg  K for s1 in above

expression of Q.
Q   523 K  5.6782 kJ / kg  K  7.5165 kJ / kg  K 
   523 K 1.8383 kJ / kg  K 
 961.43 kJ / kg

Negative sign indicates that heat will be lost by steam and it is equal to
961.43 kJ / kg .
 

3.38

Revalue data:
Pressure is 200 kPa, tank consists of 0.04 kg of saturated liquid and 0.04 kg of
saturated vapour.

Solution:

(a) Initially tank has a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture at 200 kPa, so take the
following values of specific volumes of saturated vapor  vg  and saturated liquid
 v  at this pressure from steam tables:
f

vg  0.88578 m3 / kg
v f  0.00106 m3 / kg

Use the following expression to determine the volume occupied by the mixture:
V  m f v f  mg vg
Here, mg is mass of saturated vapor and m f is mass of liquid water.

V   0.04 kg   0.00106 m3 / kg    0.04 kg   0.88578 m3 / kg 

 0.035 m3

Thus, 0.035 m3 volume is occupied by water.

(b) The initial temperature of mixture is equal to the saturation temperature

corresponding to pressure of 200 kPa. Therefore,
Ti  Tsat  120.21C

Thus, initial temperature of water is 120.21C .

(c) The total mass of mixture and volume occupied by it are constant, so specific
volumes at the initial and final states will also remain constant. Therefore,
 

V 0.035 m3
v1  v2    0.4375 m3 / kg
m f  mg  0.04 kg  0.04 kg 

It is given that at final state only saturated vapors are left in the tank. So, refer the
table of saturated water to obtain the value of pressure corresponding to
v2  vg  0.4375 m3 / kg . The following value of pressure  p2  will be obtained:
p2  425.7 kPa

Thus, the final pressure inside the tank will be 425.7 kPa .

(d) Write the energy balance equation for the system as follows:
U  KE  PE  Q12  W12

Neglect the effect of gravity and motion so KE  PE  0 . Also, the tank is
insulated so there will be no heat transfer that is Q12  0 . Therefore,
U  W12
W12    mg  m f  u 2  u1  …… (1)

Calculate the value of initial dryness fraction  x1  .

mg 0.04 kg
x1    0.5
mg  m f 0.04 kg  0.04 kg

Use the following expression to determine the specific internal energy at initial state:
u1  u f  x1  u g  u f 

Take the following values corresponding to 200 kPa pressure from table of saturated
water:
u f  504.5 kJ / kg
u g  2529.1 kJ / kg

Therefore,
u1  504.5 kJ / kg   0.5  2529.1 kJ / kg  504.5 kJ / kg 
 1516.8 kJ / kg

It is given that at final state only saturated vapors are left in the tank. So, refer the
table of saturated water to obtain the value of specific internal energy corresponding
to v2  vg  0.4375 m3 / kg . The following value of specific internal energy  u2  will
be obtained:
u2  2555.1 kJ / kg
Substitute 2555.1 kJ / kg for u2 , 1516.8 kJ / kg for u1 , 0.04 kg for m f and 0.04 kg
for mg in equation (1).
 

W12    0.04 kg  0.04 kg  2555.1 kJ / kg  1516.8 kJ / kg 

 83.06 kJ

Negative sign indicates that work will be done on the mixture. Thus, the required
work is 83.06 kJ .
 

3.39:
At 300 C and 100 kPa air has a volume of 0.8 m3 . In a constant volume process the
pressure of air changes to 50 kPa. Determine the heat transferred to the air and the
final temperature of air. Take the value of specific heat capacity at constant volume
for air equal to 0.718 kJ / kg  K .

Solution:

Use the following expression to relate the initial and final states:
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
Here, p is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature and the number in their subscript
denotes the state.

It is given that volume remains constant that is V1  V2 . Therefore,

p1 p2

T1 T2
p 
T2   2  T1 …… (1)
 p1 

Initially convert the unit of T1 into K.

T1  300 C
  300  273 K
 573 K

Substitute 50 kPa for p2 , 100 kPa for p1 and 573 K for T1 in equation (1).
 50 kPa 
T2     573 K 
 100 kPa 
 286.5 K

Thus, the final temperature of air is 286.5 K .

Calculate the mass of air (m) from the following relation:

pV
m 1 1
RT1
Here, R is universal gas constant.

Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 0.8 m3 for V1 , 0.287 kJ / kg  K for R and 573 K for T1 .
 

100 kPa   0.8 m3 

m
 0.287 kJ / kg  K  573 K 

100 10 3
N / m 2  0.8 m3 
 0.287 10 3
J / kg  K   573 K 
 0.4865 kg

Determine the value of heat transfer (Q) from the following relation:
Q  mcv T2  T1 
Here, cv is specific heat capacity at constant volume.

Substitute 0.4865 kg for m, 0.718 kJ / kg  K for cv , 573 K for T1 and 286.5 K for T2 .
Q   0.4865 kg  0.718 kJ / kg  K  286.5 K  573 K 
   0.4865 kg  0.718 kJ / kg  K  286.5 K 
 100.1 kJ

Negative sign indicates that heat will be lost by the air and heat transfer is equal to
100.1 kJ .
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.43 (Continued)
3.44
3.45
3.45 (continued)
3.46
3.47
 

3.48:
Water is stored in a closed tank of capacity 0.1 m3 , the quality of water is 60% and
initial pressure is 7 bar. Heat is transferred to the water until the tank contains only
saturated vapour. At the end of this process, determine the mass of vapour in the tank.
Also determine the final pressure inside the tank.

Solution:
Determine the initial specific volume  v1  of water vapours in the tank from the
following relation:
v1  v f 1  x1  vg1  v f 1 
Here, x1 is quality of steam, v f 1 and vg1 are specific volumes of saturated liquid and
vapour, respectively at initial state.

Refer the following values from the steam table corresponding to pressure of 7 bar:
v f 1  0.0011 m3 / kg
vg1  0.2727 m3 / kg

Substitute 0.60 for x1 , 0.0011 m3 / kg for v f 1 and 0.2727 m3 / kg for vg1 in above
expression of v1 .
v1  0.0011   0.60  0.2727  0.0011
 0.16406 m3 / kg

Use the following expression to determine the mass of water vapour (m):
V
m
v1

Substitute 0.16406 m3 / kg for v1 and 0.1 m3 for V.

0.1 m3
m
0.16406 m3 / kg
 0.6095 kg

Thus, mass of vapour in the tank is 0.6095 kg .

 

The tank is a closed system so the initial and final specific volumes are equal.
Therefore,
v2  v1  0.16406 m3 / kg

Look for the approximate value of final pressure  p2  corresponding to vg  v2 in

steam tables for saturated steam. The following value is obtained from the table:
p2  1.2 MPa
 1.2 10  bar 1 MPa  10 bar 
 12 bar

Thus, final pressure inside the tank will be 12 bar .

3.49
3.50
3.51
3.52
 

3.53:
Initially air is at 250 C and 300 kPa, it is compressed isothermally such that its new
volume becomes 1/8th of the original volume. Determine the final pressure and the
work done on air.

Solution:
Use the ideal gas equation to relate the initial and final states:
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
Here, p is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature and the number in their subscript
denotes the state.

It is given that temperature remains constant that is T1  T2 . Therefore,

p1V1  p2V2
V 
p2   1  p1
 V2 

V1
Substitute for V2 .
8
 
V 
p2   1  p1
 V1 
 8 
 8 p1

Substitute 300 kPa for p1 .

p2   8  300 kPa 
 2400 kPa

Thus, the final pressure of air will be 2400 kPa .

Write the pressure-volume relationship for an isothermal process as follows:

pV  RT1  C …… (1)
Here, C is a constant, R is gas constant for air and T1 is the constant temperature.

Use the following expression to determine the work done by air (W):
V2
W   pdV
V1

C
Substitute for p.
V
 

V2C
W  dV
V1V
V 
 C ln  2 
 V1 

From equation (1), RT1  C , therefore

V 
W  RT1 ln  2  …… (2)
 V1 

Convert the unit of temperature T1 into K.

T1  250 C
  250  273 K
 523 K

V1
Substitute for V2 , 0.287 kJ / kg  K for R and 523 K for T1 in equation (2).
8
 V1 
 
W   0.287 kJ / kg  K  523 K  ln  8 
 V1 
 
1
  0.287 kJ / kg  K  523 K  ln  
8
 312.13 kJ / kg

Negative sign indicates that work done on air and it is equal to 312.13 kJ per kg of
air.
3.54
3.55
3.55 (continued)
3.56
3.57
 

3.58:
Air undergoes a reversible adiabatic process, which begins at 350 C and 10 bar
pressure and ends at a pressure of 1 bar. Determine the work done per kg of air.

Solution:
Write the pressure-specific volume relationship for the reversible adiabatic process.
pv  C
Here, C and  are constants.

Re-arrange above expression to obtain the following relation:

C
p  …… (1)
v

Write the given pressure-specific volume relationship for the initial and final states as
follows:
p1v1  p2 v2  C …… (2)

p1v1  p2 v2
1/ 
v1  p2 
  …… (3)
v2  p1 

Now, write the ideal gas equation to relate the initial and final states:
p1v1 p2 v2

T1 T2
v1  p2  T1 
    …… (4)
v2  p1  T2 

Combine equations (3) and (4) to obtain the following expression:

1/ 
 p2   p  T 
    2  1 
 p1   p1  T2 
1
1
T2  p2  
 
T1  p1 
 1
p  
 2 
 p1 

Substitute 10 bar for p1 , 1 bar for p2 and 1.4 for  .

1.4 1
T2  1  1.4
 
T1  10 
 0.518
 

Use the following expression for work done (W) by the gas:
2
W   pdv
1
Here, p is pressure.

C
Substitute for p from equation (1).
v
v2 C
W    dv
v1 v

v2 dv
 C 
v1 v

v2
 v  1 
C 
   1  v1


C
 1
 v11  v12 


1
 1
 Cv11  Cv12 

Use equation (2) to modify above expression:

 p1v1  v11    p2 v2  v12  
1
W
 1  
p v  p2 v2
 11
 1

According to ideal gas equation,

p1v1  RT1
p2v2  RT2
Here, R is gas constant for air.

Substitute these values in above expression of W.

RT  RT2
W 1
 1
RT1  T2 
 1  
  1  T1 

Convert the unit of temperature T1 into K.

T1  350 C
  350  273 K
 623 K
 

T2
Substitute 0.287 kJ / kg  K for R, 623 K for T1 , 1.4 for  and 0.518 for in
T1
following expression for W.
  0.287 kJ / kg  K  623 K  
W   1  0.518 
 1.4  1 
 215.46 kJ / kg

Thus, the work done by air is 215.46 kJ / kg .

3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
 3.64

3.65

3.66

3.67
 

3.68

Revalue data:
A tank contains 1 m3 of air at 87 C and a gage pressure of 1.78 MPa.

Solution:
Calculate the absolute pressure of air (p) from the following relation:
p  patm  pgage
Here, pgage is gage pressure and patm is atmospheric pressure.

Substitute 0.101325 MPa for patm and 1.78 MPa for pgage .
p  0.101325 MPa  1.78 MPa
 1.88 MPa

Convert the unit of temperature of air into K.

T  87 C
  87  273 K
=186 K

Take the following values of critical pressure  pC  and critical temperature for air
from the table of critical point properties:
pC  3.77 MPa
TC  133 K

Use the following expression to determine the value of reduced pressure  pR  :

p
pR 
pC

Substitute 1.88 MPa for p and 3.77 MPa for pC .

1.88 MPa
pR 
3.77 MPa
 0.5

Use the following expression to determine the value of reduced temperature TR  :
T
TR 
TC

Substitute 186 K for T and 133 K for TC .

 

186 K
TR 
133 K
 1.4

Refer the following value of compressibility factor (Z) corresponding to pR  0.5 and
TR  1.4 from the Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart:
Z  0.945

Use the following expression to determine the mass of air (m):

pV
m
ZRT
Here, V is volume and R is gas constant.

Substitute 1.88 MPa for p, 1 m3 for V, 0.945 for Z, 186 K for T and 0.287 kJ / kg  K
for R.
1.88 MPa  1 m3 
m
 0.945 0.287 kJ / kg  K 186 K 

1.88 10 N / m 1 m 
6 2 3

 0.945  0.287 10 J / kg  K  186 K 

3

 37.268 kg

Thus, mass of air is 37.268 kg .

3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
 

3.73

Revalue data:
Initial condition: 30 C and a gage pressure of 350 kPa.
Final temperature of gas is 80 C .

Solution:

Calculate the absolute initial pressure  p1  from the following expression:

p1  patm  p1 gage
Here, patm is atmospheric pressure and pgage is gage pressure.

Substitute 101.325 kPa for patm and 350 kPa for pgage .
p1  101.325 kPa  350 kPa
 451.325 kPa

Convert the unit of temperature T1 and T2 into K.

T1  30 C
  30  273 K
 303 K
T2  80 C
  80  273 K
 353 K
According to ideal gas equation,
p1V1  mRT1
p2V2  mRT2
Here, R is gas constant.

Divide above expression to obtain the following relation:

p1V1 mRT1

p2V2 mRT2
p1V1 T1

p2V2 T2

The gas is filled in a rigid tank so volume will remain constant that is V1  V2 .
Therefore,
 

p1 T1

p2 T2
T 
p2  p1  2 
 T1 

Substitute 451.325 kPa for p1 , 303 K for T1 and 353 K for T2 .

 353 K 
p2   451.325 kPa   
 303 K 
patm  p2 gage  525.8 kPa
p2 gage  525.8 kPa  patm

Substitute 101.325 kPa for patm .

p2 gage  525.8 kPa  101.325 kPa
 424.475 kPa

Thus, final gage pressure will be 424.475 kPa .

 3.74

3.75

3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79

3.80
3.81
3.82
 

3.83

Revalue data:
Initial Pressure is 225 kPa and volume is 0.03 m3 .

Solution:
It is given that the pressure remains constant through the process so use the following
expression for work (W):
W  p V2  V1 

Final pressure is twice of initial volume that is V2  2V1 . Therefore,

W  p  2V1  V1 
 pV1

Substitute 225 kPa for p and 0.03 m3 for V1 .

W   225 kPa   0.03 m3 
 6.75 kJ

Thus, work is done by the air and it is equal to 6.75 kJ .

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transfer.

There is no change in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,

KE  PE  0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
Q  U  W

Substitute m  u2  u1  for U .
Q  m  u2  u1   W …… (1)

According to ideal gas equation,

 

p1V1  mRT1
p2V2  mRT2
Here, R is gas constant for air.

Use the following expression for change in specific internal energy:

R
u2  u1  T2  T1 
k 1
RT  RT1
 2
k 1
 1   p V  p1V1 
   2 2 
 m  k 1 

Substitute above expression for u2  u1 in equation (1).

Q  m  u2  u1   W
 1   p V  p1V1 
 m   2 2  W
 m  k 1 
p V  p1V1
 2 2 W
k 1

Replace p2 and p1 by p and V2 by 2V1 .

p  2V1   pV1
Q W
k 1
pV1
 W
k 1

Substitute 225 kPa for p, 0.03 m3 for V1 , 1.4 for k and 6.75 kJ for W.
 225 kPa   0.03 m3 
Q  6.75 kJ
1.4  1
 16.875 kJ  6.75 kJ
 23.625 kJ

Thus, heat transfer is 23.625 kJ .

3.84
3.85
 

3.86

Revalue data:
At 27 C and 0.2 MPa, mass of nitrogen is 1 kg. Over a period of 5 minutes,
electricity is provided to the resistor at a rate of 0.15 kW. Heat transfer of magnitude
12.25 kJ occurs from nitrogen to its surroundings.

Solution:

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transfer.

Neglect the change in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,

KE  PE  0

Modify energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:

U  Q  W
m
   u2  u1   Q  W
M 
M 
u2  u1     Q  W  …… (1)
m
Here, m is mass, M is molar mass of nitrogen, u1 and u2 are initial and final specific
internal energies per mole.

Convert the unit of T1 into K.

 

T1  27 C
  27  273 K
 300 K

Refer the following value of u1 from the table of ideal gas properties of nitrogen
corresponding to 300 K.
u1  6229 kJ / kmol

Use the following expression to calculate the work done (W):

W   Wdt


 W t

Here, W is electric power supply and t is time interval.

Substitute 0.15 kW for W and 5 min for t .

W   0.15 kW  5 min 
  0.15 kJ / s   5  60  s
 45 kJ

Take molar mass of nitrogen (M) equal to 28.01 kg/kmol.

Substitute 6229 kJ / kmol for u1 , 28.01 kg/kmol for M, 1 kg for m, 12.25 kJ for Q
and 45 kJ for W.
 28.01 kg / kmol 
u2  6229 kJ / kmol     12.25 kJ   45 kJ  
 1 kg 
 6229 kJ / kmol  917 kJ / kmol
 7146 kJ / kmol

Look for the value of temperature in the table of ideal gas properties of nitrogen
corresponding to u2  7146 kJ / kmol . The following temperature will be obtained:
T2  344 K
  344  273 C
 71C

Thus, the final temperature of nitrogen will be 71C .

In the given process volume of the nitrogen remains constant, so use the ideal gas
equation to write the following relation:
 

p2 T2

p1 T1
T 
p2  p1  2 
 T1 

Substitute 0.2 MPa for p1 , 344 K for T2 and 300 K for T1 .

 344 K 
p2   0.2 MPa   
 300 K 
 0.23 MPa

Thus, the final pressure of nitrogen will be 0.23 MPa .

3.87
 

3.88:
A rigid container has a removable partition that initially confines air on one side and
vacuum on the other side. At this stage, the air has following properties:
p1  4 bar
T1  400 K
V1  0.25 m3

Now, the partition is removed and new pressure  p2  is found to be one-fourth of p1

and the new volume V2  is thrice of V1 . Assume that air behaves as an ideal gas and
determine the heat transfer in kJ.

Solution:
Write the ideal gas equation to relate the initial and final states to determine the final
temperature T2  :
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
 p  V 
T2   2  2  T1
 p1  V1 
Here, p is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature and the number in their subscript
denotes the state.

p1
Substitute for p2 , 3V1 for V2 and 400 K for T1 .
4
 p1 
   3V 
T2   4  1   400K 
 p1   V1 
 
1
    3 400K 
4
 300 K

Calculate the mass of air (m) from the following relation:

pV
m 1 1
RT1
Here, R is gas constant for air.

Substitute 4 bar for p1 , 0.25 m3 for V1 , 0.287 kJ / kg  K for R and 400 K for T1 .
 

 4 bar   0.25 m3 
m
 0.287 kJ / kg  K  400 K 

 4 10 5
N / m 2  0.25 m3 
1 bar  105 N / m 2 
 0.287 10 3
J / kg  K   400 K 
 0.871 kg

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transferred to air.

It is a case of free expansion of air in which no work is done. Also there is no change
in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,
KE  PE  W  0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
Q  U

Substitute m  u2  u1  for U
Q  m  u2  u1  …… (1)
Here, u2 and u1 are specific internal energies at T2 and T1 , respectively.

Refer the following values of u1 and u2 from the table of ideal gas properties of air:
At 400 K, u1  286.16 kJ / kg
At 300 K, u2  214.07 kJ / kg

Substitute 0.871 kg for m, 214.07 kJ / kg for u2 and 286.16 kJ / kg for u1 in equation

(1) to determine the heat transfer.
Q  m  u2  u1 
  0.871 kg  214.07 kJ / kg  286.16 kJ / kg 
   0.871 kg  72.09 kJ / kg 
 62.79 kJ

Negative sign indicates that heat will be lost by air and it is equal to 62.79 kJ .
 

3.89

Revalue data:
p1  4 bar
T1  600 K
V1  0.25 m3

Solution:
Write the ideal gas equation to relate the initial and final states to determine the final
temperature T2  :
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
 p V 
T2   2   2  T1
 p1   V1 
Here, p is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature and the number in their subscript
denotes the state.

p1
Substitute for p2 , 2V1 for V2 and 600 K for T1 .
4
 

 p1 
   2V 
T2   4  1   600K 
 p1   V1 
 
1
    2  600K 
4
 300 K

Calculate the mass of air (m) from the following relation:

pV
m 1 1
RT1
Here, R is gas constant for air.

Substitute 4 bar for p1 , 0.25 m3 for V1 , 0.287 kJ / kg  K for R and 600 K for T1 .
 4 bar   0.25 m3 
m
 0.287 kJ / kg  K  600 K 

 4 10 5
N / m 2  0.25 m3 
1 bar  105 N / m 2 
 0.287 103 J / kg  K   600 K 
 0.58 kg

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transferred to air.

It is a case of free expansion of air in which no work is done. Also there is no change
in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,
KE  PE  W  0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
Q  U

Substitute m  u2  u1  for U
Q  m  u2  u1  …… (1)
Here, u2 and u1 are specific internal energies at T2 and T1 , respectively.

Refer the following values of u1 and u2 from the table of ideal gas properties of air:
At 600 K, u1  434.78 kJ / kg
 

At 300 K, u2  214.07 kJ / kg

Substitute 0.58 kg for m, 214.07 kJ / kg for u2 and 434.78 kJ / kg for u1 in equation

(1) to determine the heat transfer.
Q  m  u2  u1 
  0.58 kg  214.07 kJ / kg  434.78 kJ / kg 
   0.58 kg  220.71 kJ / kg 
 128 kJ

Negative sign indicates that heat will be lost by air and it is equal to 128 kJ .
3.90
3.91
3.92
 

3.93

Revalue data:
For piston-cylinder assembly: 225 kPa, 300 K, Initial volume  0.04 m3 .
For tank: CO 2 at 300 K, Initially- 4 kg at 550 kPa and Finally- less than 4 kg at 225
kPa.

Solution:

Calculate the initial total volume occupied by CO 2 Vinitial  .

Vinitial  Vcylinder  Vtank
mt RT
 Vcylinder 
pt

8.314
Substitute 0.04 m3 for Vcylinder , 4 kg for mt , kJ / kg  K for R, 300 K for T and
44.01
550 kPa for pt .

 4  
8.314 
  300 
Vinitial  0.04   44.01 
550
 0.452 m3
 

Calculate the mass of CO 2 present initially in the cylinder.

 mcylinder i  RT
pVcylinder

8.314
Substitute 0.04 m 3 for Vcylinder , kJ / kg  K for R, 300 K for T and 225 kPa for p.
44.01
 225 kPa   0.04 m3 
m 
cylinder i 
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 44.01 
 0.159 kg

Calculate the total mass of CO 2 .

m   mcylinder   mt
i

 0.159 kg  4 kg
 4.159 kg

Use the following expression to determine the final volume of CO 2 .

mRT
Vfinal 
p

 4.159 kg   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   300 K 
  44.01 
225 kPa
 1.047 m3

Calculate the work done on CO 2 from the following expression:

Vfinal
W  pdV
Vinitial

 p Vfinal  Vinitial 
  225 kPa  1.047 m3  0.452 m3 
 133.875 kJ

Thus, the required work done on CO 2 is 133.875 kJ .

Write the energy balance equation for the system as follows:

U  KE  PE  Q  W
 

Neglect the effect of gravity and motion so KE  PE  0 . Also, the temperature of
CO 2 remains constant throughout the process so there is no change in the internal
energy that is U  0 . Therefore,
Q W
 133.875 kJ

Thus, during the process there will be a heat transfer of 133.875 kJ .

3.94
3.94 (continued)
3.95
3.96
 

3.97

Revalue data:
T1  100 C
p1  300 kPa

Solution:
(a) Write the pressure-specific volume relationship for the given system.
pV k  C
Here, C and k are constants.

Re-arrange above expression to obtain the following relation:

C
p k …… (1)
V

Write the given pressure-specific volume relationship for the initial and final states as
follows:
p1V1k  p2V2k  C …… (2)

p1V1k  p2V2k
k
V 
p2  p1  1 
 V2 

Substitute 300 kPa for p1 , 1.4 for k and 2V1 for V2 .

1.4
V 
p2   300 kPa   1 
 2V1 
  300 kPa  0.5 
1.4

 113.68 kPa

Thus, final pressure is 113.68 kPa .

Convert the unit of T1 into K.

 

T1  100 C
 100  273 K
 373 K

Now, write the ideal gas equation to relate the initial and final states:
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
 p V 
T2  T1  2   2 
 p1   V1 

Substitute 373 K for T1 , 113.68 kPa for p2 , 300 kPa for p1 and 2V1 for V2 .
 113.68 kPa   2V1 
T2   373 K    
 300 kPa  V1 
 282.68 K
  282.68  273 C
 9.68 C

Thus, final temperature will be 9.68 C .

(b) Use the following expression for work done (W) by the gas:
2
W   pdv
1
Here, p is pressure.

C
Substitute for p from equation (1).
Vk
V2 C
W  dV
V1 V k

V2 dV
 C
V1 V k

V2
 V  k 1 
C 
  k  1 V1


C
k 1
V11k  V21k 

1
k 1
 CV11k  CV21k 

Use equation (2) to modify above expression:

 

 p1V1k V11 k    p2V2k V21 k  

1
W
k 1  
p V  p2V2
 1 1
k 1

According to ideal gas equation,

p1V1  mRT1
p2V2  mRT2
Here, R is gas constant for air.

Substitute these values in above expression of W.

mRT1  mRT2
W
k 1
W

R  1  T2 
T
m k 1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 373 K for T1 , 282.68 K for T2 and 1.4 for k in
28
above expression.
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   373 K  282.68 K 
W  28 

m 1.4  1
 67.05 kJ / kg

Thus, the work done in the process is 67.05 kJ / kg .

Write the energy balance equation according to first law of thermodynamics.

KE  PE  U  Q  W
Here, KE is change in kinetic energy, PE is change in potential energy, U is
change in internal energy, W is work done and Q is heat transfer.

There is no change in kinetic and potential energy, therefore,

KE  PE  0

Substitute these values in energy balance equation to obtain the following expression:
Q  U  W

Substitute m  u2  u1  for U .
Q  m  u2  u1   W
Q W
  u2  u1   …… (3)
m m
 

Use the following expression for change in specific internal energy:

R
u2  u1  T2  T1 
k 1

R R T1  T2  W
Substitute T2  T1  for u2  u1 and for in equation (3).
k 1 k 1 m
Q R R T  T 
 T2  T1   1 2
m k 1 k 1
0

Thus, heat transfer in the process is 0 .

3.98
3.99
3.99 (Continued)
3.100