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Low Power Factor Wattmeter

(1) Low power factor meters are needed to accurately measure low power factors, as ordinary wattmeters provide inaccurate results due to low deflecting torque and errors caused by pressure coil inductance. (2) To modify ordinary wattmeters for low power factor measurement, their pressure coil resistance must be reduced and a compensating coil added to neutralize errors from the pressure coil. (3) A third modification involves connecting a variable resistor and capacitor to compensate for the lagging effect of pressure coil inductance, which is the main source of error at low power factors. The final modified circuit is called a low power factor meter.

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176 views3 pages

Low Power Factor Wattmeter

(1) Low power factor meters are needed to accurately measure low power factors, as ordinary wattmeters provide inaccurate results due to low deflecting torque and errors caused by pressure coil inductance. (2) To modify ordinary wattmeters for low power factor measurement, their pressure coil resistance must be reduced and a compensating coil added to neutralize errors from the pressure coil. (3) A third modification involves connecting a variable resistor and capacitor to compensate for the lagging effect of pressure coil inductance, which is the main source of error at low power factors. The final modified circuit is called a low power factor meter.

Uploaded by

npavank
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, PUTTAPARTHI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING


15A02501 - ELECTRICAL MASUREMENTS

What is Low Power Factor Wattmeter ?


As the name suggests the low power factor meter are the instruments that measures lower
values of power factor accurately. Before we study more about the low power factor meter,
mete it is very essential to
know why there is a requirement of low power factor meter though we use ordinary electrodynamometer to
measure power factor?
Answer to this question is very simple
imple as it gives inaccurate results
results.
Now there are two main reasons that would suggests us that we should not use ordinary
wattmeter in measuring the low value of power factor
factor.
1. The value of deflecting torque is very low even though we fully excite the current and pressure coils.
2. Errors due pressure coil inductance.

Above two reasons gives very inaccurate results thus we should not use normal or ordinary
or watt meters in
measuring the low value of power factor. However by doing some modification or adding some new features we
can use modified electrodynamics wattmeter or low power factor to measure the low power factor accurately. Here
we are going to discuss, where we need to do modification.

These are discussed one by one below:


(1)The electrical resistance of the ordinary wwattmeter's
attmeter's pressure coil is reduced to low value such that current in the
pressure coil circuit is increased, thus it leads to. In this category two cases diagrams arises and these are shown
below:

In the first category both the ends of the pressure coil is connected to supply side (i.e. current coil is in series with
the load). The supply voltage is equal to the voltage across the pressure coil. Thus in this case we have power
shown by the first wattmeter is equal to the power loss in the load plus power loss in the current coil.

In the second category, the current coil is not in series with the
load and the voltage across the pressure coil is not equal to the
applied voltage.. The voltage across pressure coil is equal to the
voltage across the load. In this power shown by the second watt
meter is equal to the power loss in the load plus the power loss
in the pressure coil.

Mr.N.PAVAN KUMAR, AP/EEE SSE-PTP


SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, PUTTAPARTHI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
15A02501 - ELECTRICAL MASUREMENTS
From the above discussion we conclude that in both cases we have some amount of errors hence there is need to
do some modification in above circuits to have minimum error.
The modified circuit is shown below:
We have usedd here a special coil called compensating coil, it carries current equal to the sum of two currents i.e
load current plus pressure coil current. The pressure coil is placed such that the field produced by the
compensating coil is opposed by the field produ
produced
ced by pressure coil as shown in the above circuit diagram.

Thus the net field is due to the current I only. Hence by this way error caused by pressure coil can be
neutralised.
(2) We require compensating
mpensating coil in the circuit in order to make the low
power factor meter. It is the second modification that we have discussed in
detail above
above.
(3) Now the third point deals with the compensation of the inductance of
pressure coil, which can be achieved by doing modification in above circuit
circuit.

Now let us derive an expression for the correction


factor for pressure coil inductance. And from this correction factor we are
going to derive an an expression for error due to inductance of pressure coil. If we consider the inductance of
pressure coil we don't have voltage across pressure in phase with the applied voltage.. Hence it that case it lag by an

angle Where, R is electrical resistance in series with pressure coil, rp is pressure coil
resistance, here we also conclude that the current in the current coil is also lagging by some
s angle with the current
in pressure coil. And this angle is given by C = A - b. At this time reading of the voltmeter is given by

Where, Rp is (rp+R) and x is angle. If we ignore the effect of inductance of pressure i.e putting b = 0 we have
expression for true power as

On taking ratio of equations (2) and (1) we have expression for correction factor as written below:
below

And from this correction factor error can be calculated aas

On substituting the value of correction ffactor and taking suitable


approximation we have expression for error as VIsin(A)*tan(b)
VIsin(A)*tan(b).

Now we know that the error caused by pressure coil inductance is given by
the expression e=VIsin(A) tan(b),
b), if power factor is low (i.e in our case the
value of φ is large hence we have large error). Thus in order to avoid this
situation we have connect the variable series resistance with a capacitor as
shown in the above figure. This final modified circuit so obtained is

Mr.N.PAVAN KUMAR, AP/EEE SSE-PTP


SANSKRITHI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, PUTTAPARTHI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
15A02501 - ELECTRICAL MASUREMENTS
called low power factor meter. A modern low power factor meter is designed such that it gives high accuracy
while measuring power factors even lower than 0.1.

Mr.N.PAVAN KUMAR, AP/EEE SSE-PTP

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