Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Methods of preparation of Nitrogen

Laboratory preparation of nitrogen from atmosphere

copper + air ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ copper (II) oxide + nitrogen

2Cu + (N2+O2) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CuO + N2
sodium + carbon ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ sodium + water
hydroxide dioxide carbonare
2NaOH + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na2CO3 + H2O
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Water is allowed to flow into bottle A at a slow rate.
- Air from this bottle is displaced and made to pass through another
bottle B containing caustic soda solution to remove carbon dioxide.
- The carbon dioxide free air is then passed over heated copper which
absorbs oxygen to form copper (II) oxide.
- Nitrogen, freed from oxygen, comes out from the combustion tube.
- Since nitrogen is only slightly soluble in water, it is collected by the
downward displacement of water.
- If the nitrogen is required dry, it may be passed through a U-tube
containg glass beads wetted with concentrated sulphuric acid and
then collected in a syringe.
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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of nitrogen from ammonium nitrate

sodium + ammonium ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ sodium + ammonium

nitrite chloride chloride nitrite
NaNO2 + NH4Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl + NH4NO2
ammonium nitrite ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ nitrogen + water
NH4NO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ N2 + 2H2O

- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.

- Concentrated solution of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride are
mixed in a round bottomed flask.
- The flask is then heated gently.
- Decomposition to nitrogen occurs as the solution becomes warm.
- Since nitrogen gas is slightly soluble in water, it may be collected
over water.
- If nitrogen is required dry, it may be passed through a U-tube
containg glass beads wetted with concentrated sulphuric acid and
then collected in a syringe.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Methods of preparation of Nitrogen Compounds

Laboratory preparation of ammonia (NH3)

calcium + ammonium ∆ Calcium + water + ammonia

⎯⎯⎯
hydroxide chloride chloride
∆
Ca(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl ⎯⎯⎯ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

- An excess of the slaked lime and ammonium chloride are mixed.

- The mixture is placed in a round-bottomed flask.
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure. When this mixture is
heated, ammonia gas is evolved.
- It is dried by passage through a lime tower which contains the drying
agent, quicklime, CaO.
- Since ammonia is lighter than air and very soluble in water, it is
collected by downward displacement of air.
- The gas jar is filled with ammonia if a moist red litmus paper is
placed at the mouth of the gas jar, the paper turns blue.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of dinitrogen oxide (N2O)

ammonium + potassium ∆ ammonium + potassium

⎯⎯⎯
sulphate nitrate nitrate Sulphate
∆
(NH4)2SO4 + 2KNO3 ⎯⎯⎯ 2NH4NO3 + K2SO4

ammonium sulphate ⎯⎯⎯ dinitrogen oxide + water

NH4NO3 ⎯⎯⎯ N2O + 2H2O

- A mixture of potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate is placed in

a flask.
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- The flask is gently heated.
- On heating, the ammonium nitrate melts and effervesces (i.e., gives
off bubles of gas).
- The gas liberated is collected over hot water.
- This gas is fairly soluble in cold water.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of nitrogen oxide (NO)

copper + nitric acid ⎯⎯⎯ copper (II) + Water + nitrogen

(dil) nitrate oxide
3Cu + 8HNO3 ⎯⎯⎯ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO

- Some copper turnings are placed in a flat-bottomed flask. The

apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Dilute nitric acid, made by adding an equal volume of concentrated
nitric acid to water, is slowly added to the copper turnings.
- Vigorous effervescence occurs and the flask is filled with brown
fumes.
- These brown fumes are nitrogen dioxide, produced partly by the
action of the acid upon the copper and partly by the oxidation of the
snitrogen oxide by the oxygen of the air in the flask.
nitrogen oxide + oxygen ⎯⎯⎯ nitrogen dioxide
2NO + O2 ⎯⎯⎯ 2NO2
- The brown fumes dissolved in the water and the nitrogen oxide is
collected as a colourless gas by the downward displacement of
water.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

∆
copper + nitric acid ⎯⎯⎯ copper (II) + water + nitrogen
(conc) nitrate dioxide
∆
Cu + 4HNO3 ⎯⎯⎯ Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2

- Some copper turnings are placed in a round bottomed flask. The

apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Some concentrated nitric acid is added. The flask is gently heated.
- Since nitrogen dioxide reacts with water and is heavier than air, the
gas is collected by the upward displacement of air.
- Since nitrogen dioxide is reddish brown, it is easily observed when
the jar is full.

Practical Work of The Power of Wisdom

2018-19 Academic Year
Grade-11, Acid- base titration
3rd September 2018 (Monday)
Photo: Winn Ko Ko

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

Fig. Laboratory preparation of hydrogen sulphide

iron (II) + sulphuric ⎯⎯⎯ iron (II) + hydrogen

sulphide acid sulphate sulphide
FeS + H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯ FeSO4 + H2 S

- a few piece of iron (II) sulphide are put into a flat-bottomed flask.
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Dilute sulphuric acid is added.
- Effervescence takes place and hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved.
- The gas is soluble in water and heavier than air, so it is collected by
upward displacement of air.
- A piece of blotting paper is soaked with lead (II) oxide paper and
placed in the mouth of the gas jar.
- The paper is turned black, the gas jar is full with hydrogen sulphide.
- If the gas is required dry, it may be passed over anhydrous calcium
chloride.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of sulphur dioxide

(i) By the action of dilute sulphuric acid on sodium sulphite

Fig. Laboratory prepartion of sulphur dioxide

sodium + sulphuric ∆ sodium + water + sulphur

⎯⎯⎯
sulphite acid sulphate dioxide
Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ∆ Na2SO4 + H2 O + SO2
⎯⎯⎯

- Some sodium sulphite is put into a round-bottomed flask.

- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Dilute sulphuric acid is added and the flask is gently heated.
- Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.
- The gas is very soluble in water and denser than air, so it is
collected by upward displacement of air.
- Potassium dichromate paper is placed at the mouth of the gas jar. If
the paper is turned green, the gas jar is full with sulphur dioxide.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of sulphur dioxide

(ii) By the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on copper

Fig. Laboratory preparation of sulphur dioxide

copper + sulphuric ∆ copper (II) + water + sulphur

⎯⎯⎯
acid (conc) sulphate dioxide
Cu + H2SO4 ∆ CuSO4 + H2 O + SO2
⎯⎯⎯

- Some copper foils are put into a round-bottomed flask.

- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is added and the flask is gently heated.
- Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.
- The gas is very soluble in water and denser than air, so it is collected
by upward displacement of air.
- A piece of plotting paper soaked in potassium dichromate solution
is placed in the mouth of the gas jar.
- The paper is turned green, the gas jar is full with sulphur dioxide.
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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of chlorine

(i) From concentrated hydrochloric acid and manganese (IV) oxide

Fig. Laboratory preparation of chlorine

manganese + hydrochloric ∆ manganese + water + Chlorin

⎯⎯⎯
(IV) oxide acid (conc) (IV) chloride e
MnO2 + HCl ∆ MnCl4 + H2O + Cl
⎯⎯⎯

- Concentrated hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by

manganese (IV) oxide.
- Some manganese (IV) oxide is placed in the round-bottomed flask.\
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added and the flaskk is gently
heated.
- Effervescence will take place.
- A greenish yelow gas of chlorine is evolved with misty fumes.
- The gas mixture is passed into the water to remove hydrochloric acid
gas.
- Then, the gas is passed into concentrated sulphuric acid to remove
water vapour.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

- Chlorine gas is heavier than air, so it is collected by the upward

displacement of air.
- Chlorine gas is greenish yellow colour, it can be seen easily when
the gas jar is full of chlorine gas.

Labroratory preparation of chlorine from sodium chloride

Fig. Laboratory preparation of chlorine from sodium chloride

sodium + manganese + sulphuric ∆ sodium + manganese

chloride (IV) oxide acid (conc) ⎯⎯⎯ hydrogen (II)
sulphate sulphate
2NaCl + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 ∆ 2NaHSO4 + MnSO4
⎯⎯⎯
+ water + chlorine
+ 2H2O + Cl2

- Concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with sodium chloride to form

hydrogen chloride which is oxidized to chlorine by mangasese (IV)
oxide.
- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.
- A mixture of sodium chloride and manganese (IV) oxide is placed
in the round bottom flask.
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is added and the flask is gently heated.
- Effervescence will take place.
- A greenish yellow gas of chlorine is evolved with misty fumes.
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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

- The gas mixture is passed into the water to remove hydrochloric acid
gas.
- Then, the gas is passed into concentrated sulphuric acid to remove
water vapour.
- Chlorine gas is heavier than air, so it is called by upward
displacement of air.
- Chlorine gas is greenish yellow colour, it can be seen easily when
the gas jar is full of chlorine gas.

Physical properties

N - Colourless, ordourless, slightly less dense than air,

soluble in water, b.p 196oC and m.p -2100C, relatively
inert, does not support combustion
NH3 - Colourless gas with a pungent odour, lighter than air,
extremely soluble in water
N2O - Colourless gas with sweetishh ordour, fairly soluble in
cold water, neutral oxide, support combustion
NO - Colourless gas, insoluble in water, neutral to litmus
NO2 - Reddish brown gas, b.p 220C and m.p -100C, colourless
in solid state, pale yellow in liquid state
HNO3 - Colourless, fuming liquid
H2S - Colourless gas with rotten egg smell, poisonous, acidic,
soluble in water, heavier than air
SO2 - Colourless gas with pungernt smell, denser than air, very
soluble in water
Cl - Greenish yellow gas with choking, unpleasant smell, very
poisonous if inhealed, about 2.5 times as dense as air
Br - Heavy, red, volatile liquid with choking, irritating smell,
slightly soluble in water forming yellowish red solution
I - Black shinny solid, sublimes when heated forming violet
vapour, insoluble in water, dissolves in aqueous
potassium iodide solution, dissolves in ethanol and ether
(brownish), dissolves in carbon disulphide and carbon
tetrachloride (violet)

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of chlorine from bleaching powder

Fig. Laboratory preparation of chlorine from bleaching powder

beaching + nitric acid ⎯⎯⎯ calcium + water + chlorine

powder (dil) nitrate
CaOCl2 + 2HNO3 ⎯⎯⎯ Ca(NO3)2 + H2 O + Cl2
(OR)
beaching + hydrochloric ⎯⎯⎯ calcium + water + chlorine
powder acid (dil) chloride
CaOCl2 + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯ CaCl2 + H2 O + Cl2

- The apparatus is set up as shown in figure.

- Some bleaching powder is placed in the flat-bottomed flask.
- Dilute nitric acid or hydrochloric acid is added.
- Heat is not required.
- Effervescence will take place.
- A greenish yellow gas of chlorine is evolved.
- It is collected by the downward displacement of brine.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparation of bromine

Fig. Laboratory prepartion of bromine

potassium + manganese + sulphuric ∆ potassium + manganese

bromide (IV) oxide acid (conc) ⎯⎯⎯ hydrogen (II)
sulphate sulphate
2KBr + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 ∆ 2KHSO4 + MnSO4
⎯⎯⎯
+ water + bromine
+ 2H2O + Br2

- A mixture of potassium bromide and manganese (IV) oxide is placed

in the retort as shown in figure.
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is added and the mixture is warmed.
- A reddish brown gas of bromine is evolved with some misty fumes
of hydrogen bromide which condense to a red liquid in the cooled
receiver.

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Saya Minn Thant (Bachelor of Education) GRADE 10 CHEMISTRY The Power of Wisdom Education Centre

Laboratory preparaton of iodine

Fig. Laboratory preparation of iodine

potassium + manganese + sulphuric ∆ potassium + manganese

iodide (IV) oxide acid (conc) ⎯⎯⎯ hydrogen (II)
sulphate sulphate
2KI + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 ∆ 2KHSO4 + MnSO4
⎯⎯⎯
+ water + Iodine
+ 2H2O + I2

- Some potassium iodide and manganese (IV) oxide are mired and
ground in a motor and mixture is placed in a beaker.
- Concentrated sulphuric acid is added and a round-bottomed flask
with arrangements to circulate flowing of water from the tap is
placed on the beaker as shown in figure.
- The mixture is carefully warmed when violet vapours of iodine is
evolved and are condensed on the outside of the bottom of the cooled
flask, as black shiny plates.

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