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Pet 323 Module 1

1. The document introduces reservoir engineering and describes methods for estimating hydrocarbons initially in place. 2. It outlines three conventional methods - volumetric, material balance, and decline curve analysis - and focuses on the volumetric method. 3. The volumetric method uses reservoir properties like porosity, thickness, and water saturation along with formation volume factors to calculate oil or gas initially in place. Equations and an example calculation are provided.

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Damilola Abraham
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54 views6 pages

Pet 323 Module 1

1. The document introduces reservoir engineering and describes methods for estimating hydrocarbons initially in place. 2. It outlines three conventional methods - volumetric, material balance, and decline curve analysis - and focuses on the volumetric method. 3. The volumetric method uses reservoir properties like porosity, thickness, and water saturation along with formation volume factors to calculate oil or gas initially in place. Equations and an example calculation are provided.

Uploaded by

Damilola Abraham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESERVOIR ENGINEERING I

PET 323
MODULE I
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

1.1 Introduction to Reservoir Engineering


To understand Reservoir Engineering, it is ideal to start by knowing the basic concepts used
in describing the various principles found in this multi-disciplinary industry. As a reservoir
engineer, the primary functions include:

1. the estimation of hydrocarbons in place,


2. the calculation of a recovery factor and
3. the attachment of a time scale to the recovery
How do we estimate hydrocarbons in place?

For the purpose of this lesson, refer to Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering by L P Dake 1977
(and some other relevant texts where a detailed problem solved approach is used).

1.2 Methods of Estimation for Volume of Hydrocarbons In-Place


Petroleum reserves are volumetric estimates of hydrocarbon that can be economically produced
from a reservoir to the surface. A number of methods are being employed to date for estimating
reserves but estimation is not an exact science. The reason is that the process of estimation is based
on limited data which must be extrapolated over large area and long period of time. Therefore,
uncertainties do arise in making such estimates. Estimating oil or gas reserves is one of the most
important phases of work of a petroleum engineer, since the solutions of problems which are dealt
with usually depends on the comparison of the estimated cost.

The three conventional methods of estimating stock tank oil initially in place (STOIIP) are
volumetric method, material balance method, and decline curve analysis.

1.2.1 Volumetric Method


The volumetric method involves direct substitution of the required geologic, geophysical, reservoir
data and PVT data into the expression to obtain the stock tank oil initially in place (STOIIP).

1.2.1.1 Oil Initially In-Place (OIIP)

Oil initially in place (OIIP) is the amount of crude oil first estimated to be in a reservoir. Oil
initially in place differs from oil reserves (Volume of hydrocarbon that can be commercially
recovered is called “Reserves”. Reserves shall satisfy four criteria which are discovered,
recoverable, commercial and remaining based on the development method.), as OIIP refers to the
total amount of oil that is potentially in a reservoir and not the amount of oil that can be
recovered.

Calculating OIIP depends on the rock’s porosity, how high water saturation might be and the net
rock volume of the reservoir.

To estimate the volume of oil initially in place, the following formula is used.

43560𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 )
𝑁= (𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝐵𝑜𝑖
(1.1)

𝑜𝑟

7758𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 )
𝑁= (𝑆𝑇𝐵)
𝐵𝑜𝑖

(1.2)

Where

STOIIP = N = stock tank oil in place, stb


A = area, acre

h = reservoir thickness, ft

ɸ = rock porosity, %

Swc =connate water saturation, %

Boi = oil formation volume factor, rb/stb

Note:

The stock tank condition is a standard surface condition of oil and gas at 60oF and 14.7 psia.

The constant 7,758 is the number of barrels in each acre-ft

What about inside the Reservoir?

Let’s consider a reservoir which is initially filled with liquid oil. The oil volume in the reservoir

(oil in place) is shown in Equation 1.3.

𝑂𝐼𝑃 = 𝑉𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 ) (Reservoir volume) (1.3)

Where

V = the net bulk volume of the reservoir rock

𝜙 = the porosity, or volume fraction of the rock which is porous and

Swc = the connate or irreducible water saturation and is expressed as a fraction of the
pore volume.

Example 1.1

Calculate the initial oil-in-place (N) of an oil reservoir if:


A=1,600 acres h=32 ft ϕ=22% Swc=20% Boi=1.23 bb1/STB

Solution

Recalling Eq. (1.2), we have:

7758𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 )
𝑁= (𝑆𝑇𝐵)
𝐵𝑜𝑖

7758(1600)(32)(0.22)(1 − 0.20)
𝑁= (𝑆𝑇𝐵)
1.23

𝑁 = 56.8 𝑋 106 (𝑆𝑇𝐵)


1.2.1.2 Gas Initially In-Place (GIIP)

GIIP (G) as shown in Equation 1.4 is used to determine the gas initially in place.

43,560𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 )
𝐺=
𝐵𝑔𝑖

(1.4)

Where;

G = gas oil in place at standard condition, scf

A= area, acre

h = reservoir thickness, ft

𝜙 = rock porosity, %

Swc = connate water saturation, %

Bgi = gas formation volume factor, rcf/scf

Note: This is the same formula as the oil in place but it is reported in cu-ft.

Example 1.2

Estimate the initial gas-in-place using the following data.

A = 1,320acres T = 200°F h = 45 ft Pi = 4,000 psia

𝜙 = 0.175 zi = 0.916 Swc = 0.23

In this case, it is convenient to express the gas volume in cubic feet. At standard conditions, i.e.,
Psc = 14.7 psia and Tsc = 60 °F.

Solution

Recall Equation 1.4


43,560𝐴ℎ𝜙(1 − 𝑆𝑤𝑐 )
𝐺= (𝑆𝐶𝐹)
𝐵𝑔𝑖

Where

𝐵𝑔𝑖 = the initial gas formation volume factor in ft3/SCF, is calculated as:

𝑧𝑇
𝐵𝑔𝑖 = 0.02829( 𝑃𝑖 ) (ft3/SCF) (1.5)
𝑖

where

𝑧𝑖 = The initial gas deviation (also called compressibility) factor,

𝑃𝑖 = initial pressure of the gas reservoir, psia

T = initial temperature is in degree Rankine, (oR)

So,

0.916(460+200)
𝐵𝑔𝑖 = 0.02829 ( ) = 0.004276 (ft3/SCF)
4000

To calculate the Gas initially in place,

43,560(1320)(45)(0.175)(1 − 0.23)
𝐺= (𝑆𝐶𝐹)
0.004276

𝐺 = 81.54 𝑋 109 (𝑆𝐶𝐹)

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