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Volumetric Method For Reserves Estimation of Oil & Gas

The document describes the volumetric method for estimating oil and gas reserves from a reservoir. It involves calculating the in-place hydrocarbon quantities based on parameters like the reservoir area, pay thickness, porosity, fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature. Recovery factor is then applied to estimate recoverable reserves based on the reservoir's drive mechanism. Key parameters are determined through logs, core analysis, fluid sampling, and pressure testing of wells.

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387 views18 pages

Volumetric Method For Reserves Estimation of Oil & Gas

The document describes the volumetric method for estimating oil and gas reserves from a reservoir. It involves calculating the in-place hydrocarbon quantities based on parameters like the reservoir area, pay thickness, porosity, fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature. Recovery factor is then applied to estimate recoverable reserves based on the reservoir's drive mechanism. Key parameters are determined through logs, core analysis, fluid sampling, and pressure testing of wells.

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VOLUMETRIC METHOD

FOR RESERVES
ESTIMATION OF
OIL & GAS
Estimation of Oil & Gas reserves

OIL
 
Qoil =A x h x phi x So X Sp. Gr (in MMt)
Bo
 
SOLUTION GAS
 
Qgas = Ax h x phi x So X Sp Gr. X GOR (in MMm3)
Bo
 
 
Estimation of Oil & Gas reserves (contd)
FREE GAS
 Qfree gas =A x h x phi x Sg x P x (273 + ts) x 1 (in MMm3)
Ps x (273 + t) Z
  
Where Q = quantity of hydrocarbon
A = area of the pool in square kilometre
H = average thickness of the pool in metres
phi = porosity of the reservoir rock, fraction
So = oil saturation, fraction
Sg = gas saturation, fraction
Bo = formation volume factor of oil
P = reservoir pressure, Kg/cm2
Ps = surface pressure Kg/cm2
t = reservoir temperature, oC
ts = surface temperature, oC
Z = compressibility factor of gas at pressure P
GOR = solution gas oil ratio, m3/tonne
Sp. Gr = specific gravity of oil
Parameters to be evaluated for reserve estimates
Factor Typical source of estimate
Area Drill hole
Geophysical data
Regional Geology
Pay Thickness Cores
Logs
Drilling time records and samples
Regional geology
Porosity Cores
Logs
Production data
Drill cuttings
Correlation
Initial Water saturation Capillary pressure
Oil base core
Saturation logs
Routine cores with adjustments
Correlation
Formation Volume Factor PVT analysis of fluid samples
Correlation
Formation pressures and temperatures Drill holes
Gas compressibilty factor PVT analysis
Gas composition analysis
Specific gravity Oil / gas sample analysis
Fluid contacts Logs
Testing data
Solution gas-oil ratio Separators
Bottom hole PVT samples
Recovery factor Drive mechanism
Pressure / production history
AREA
 Log data of the wells drilled in the area is evaluated
and payzone is correlated across the field
 The petrophysical properties of the payzone are
calculated based on logs
 The thickness of hydrocarbon-saturated part of the
reservoir is mainly determined from the well log
analysis and confirmed by well testing data. The
hydrocarbon saturation of the reservoir bed is
generally evaluated from the resistivity log. Core
studies are also helpful
 Iso-pay map is prepared by joining the points of equal
pay thickness
 Iso-pay maps is used to calculate the areal extent of
hydrocarbon bearing part of the reservoir
 The area is measured on the map by using planimeter
EFFECTIVE THICKNESS
 The term ‘effective thickness’ generally means the total
thickness of the permeable layers of a formation.
 The effective thickness of a payzone is determined from
the geological and electro log data.
 While determining effective thickness, the layers, which
do not exhibit the reservoir characteristics, are deducted
from the total thickness of the formation.
 The most useful tools in determination of effective
thickness of a well section are gamma ray, SP, formation
density and neutron porosity logs. The results of core-
analysis are also very useful if their position in the well
section is precisely known.
POROSITY
 For the hydrocarbon reserves estimation, effective porosity is
considered for the reserve estimation
 Effective porosity is the percentage of inter-connected void
space within the bulk volume.
 Porosity of the reservoir rock is determined by different
methods as indicated below:
 Core analysis: Analysis of conventional core, sidewall core

and large diameter core (direct method).


  Well Log analysis

 Acoustic velocity log


 Neutron log
 Formation density log
Average Porosity

Depth. Thickness Porosity .h


M M %
2827-28 1 20 20
2833-35 2 23 46
2837-38 1 21 21
2843-46 3 26 78
2848-49 1 18 18
2851-53 2 22 44
TOTAL 10 130 227
Arithmetic average = 130/6 = 21.7%
Thickness weighted average = 227 /10 = 22.7%

Volume weighted average can also be prepared in similar way which give higher accuracy
HYDROCARBON SATURATION
 Hydrocarbon fluid saturation is an important factor in volumetric
reserve estimation
 The fluid saturation analysis is made by two different methods
 By laboratory analysis (direct method)
 by Electrolog analysis (indirect method)

• Since the saturation values are obtained for specific layers or


the samples from the specific layers, the representative average
value of this hydrocarbon saturation for the volumetric reserves
estimation is also determined in the same manner as the
porosity i.e. by obtaining weighted average of saturation
against thickness or volume
• Iso-saturation maps are prepared are for calculation of average
hydrocarbon saturation using thickness or volume weighted
average
INITIAL RESERVOIR
PRESSURE
 The earliest pressure observations are usually made
during DST / MDT. MDT pressure record may include
a closed in pressure prior to the fluid flow.
 These observations are excellent source of data on initial
reservoir pressure.
 The most reliable initial pressure records are however
obtained from pressure build-up tests on early wells
which are produced until cleaned of completion fluid
and then closed in for pressure testing.
 Initial reservoir pressure can be verified and in some
instances, determined from correlation of the pressure
and production history of the reservoir.
Reservoir Temperature
 The reservoir temperature is generally constant
over the life of a reservoir.
 Average reservoir temperatures in low relief
reservoirs can be determined at the volumetric
mid point of the reservoir.
 In reservoir of considerable relief the effect of
temperature variations can be taken into
account by considering temperature gradient.
 OIL & GAS DENSITY

 OIL & GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR

 SOLUTION GAS OIL RATIO


FLUID CONTACTS
 For assessing the thickness of the hydrocarbon-
saturated part of the reservoir, determinations of
fluid contacts are very essential (oil-water, gas-oil
and gas-water).
 The depth below, which well produces water, only,
is termed as OWC. The depth at which the formation
is saturated with water can be determined from the
resistivity log and core analysis (core-graph). In the
same way gas-water contacts can also be determined.
 Contacts can be interpreted from pressure gradient
surveys also
RECOVERY FACTOR
 Recovery factor indicates the fraction of the
inplace hydrocarbons that can be ultimately
recovered from the reservoir
 Recovery from the reservoir depends on many
factors like permeability of the reservoir rock,
viscosity of the formation fluids, reservoir
pressure and specially the drive mechanism
RECOVERY FACTOR
 Other factors remaining the same, the recovery
is minimum in depletion drive reservoirs and
maximum in water drive reservoirs.
PhixhexSo Maps

 PhixhexSo maps are prepared by taking into


account the product of porosity, effective
thickness and hydrocarbon saturation for
individual well and then contouring the same
over the field
 The area of the hydrocarbon occurrence is
calculated by planimetering the map
 This gives the hydrocarbon volume. Remaining
parameters then used in conjunction with the
hydrocarbon volume, thus obtained, to calculate
the reserves

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