Note: Consider drawing below for further reference.

Also check the below definitions for reference.

The Quadrilateral
Definitions
The quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides.
➢ A square is a quadrilateral with all four sides of equal length and one of its angles (and hence the other three) a right angle.
➢ A rectangle is a quadrilateral with its opposite sides of equal length and one of its angles (and hence the other three) a right
angle.
➢ A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides equal and therefore parallel.
➢ A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal.
➢ A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.
➢ A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with all four sides and angles unequal.
Polygons
Definitions
A polygon is a plane figure bounded by more than four straight sides. Polygons that are frequently referred to have particular
names. Some of these are listed below.
➢ A pentagon is a plane figure bounded by five sides.
➢ A hexagon is a plane figure bounded by six sides.
➢ A heptagon is a plane figure bounded by seven sides.
➢ An octagon is a plane figure bounded by eight sides.
➢ A nonagon is a plane figure bounded by nine sides.
➢ A decagon is a plane figure bounded by ten sides.
➢ A regular polygon is one that has all its sides equal and therefore all its exterior angles equal and all its interior angles equal.

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To find the center of any circle (given a circle with no center point)
From the given circle, draw a line say AB at the approximately quarter of the circle.
Draw perpendicular line from point A and B to the longer length of the circle passing point C nd D approximately.
Draw diagonal lines from point A to D and B to C.
O is the center of the circle.
Diagram

To find the center of any circle (given a circle with no center point)
Draw any two chords within the circle.
Construct perpendicular bisectors to these chords to intersect in O.
O is the center of the circle.
Diagram

To construct a circle to pass through three given points

Draw straight lines connecting the points as shown. These lines are, in fact, chords of the circle.

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 Draw perpendicular bisectors through these lines to intersect in O.
O is the center of a circle that passes through all three points.
Diagram

To construct the circumscribed circle of any regular polygon (in this case a triangle)
Perpendicularly bisect any two sides to intersect in O. (If the third side is bisected it should also pass-through O.
is the center of the circumscribed circle. This center is called the ‘circumcenter’
Diagram

To construct a regular hexagon given the diameter of 10cm.

Draw a circle equal to the given diameter of 10cm.
Extend the length of the compass, equal to the radius of the circle which is 5cm.
Starting from point say A1, on the circumference of the circle, draw 6 arcs with equal segments and marks the points
A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and A1.
Join each two consecutive points to obtain the hexagon.
A1A2A3A4A5A6 is the required hexagon.

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 Diagram

To construct a regular pentagon given the diameter of 10cm.

Draw a circle with the given diameter (10cm) with the center C. Letter diameter HB.
Draw a perpendicular CD that meets the circumference at D.
Bisect radius CD at A.
With A as a center, and AD as a radius, strike arc DE that meets the radius at CH at E.
With D as center, and DE as a radius, strike arc EF that meets the nearest circumference at F.
Draw line DF, this is the length of one side, Now set off distance DE around the circumference of the circle, and
draw the sides through these points.
IDFJK is the required pentagon.
Diagram

To construct a regular octagon given the diameter of 10cm, i.e., within a given square
Draw a circle equal to the given diameter of 10cm.
Construct a square PQRS, length of side equal to the diameter of 10cm by the procedures of producing arcs on all
four sides and joining ups the intersections.
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 Draw the diagonals SQ and PR to intersect in T.
With centers P, Q, R and S draw four arcs, radius PT (= QT = RT = ST) to cut the square in A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H
ABCDEFGH is the required octagon.
Diagram

To construct any given polygon, given the length of a side.

Draw a line AB of 4.5cm equal in length to one of the sides and produce AB to P.
Calculate the exterior angle of the polygon by dividing 360 ° by the number of sides. In this case the exterior angle is
360 ° /7 = 51 3 ° /7.
Draw the exterior angle PBC so that BC = AB = 4.5cm
Bisect AB and BC to intersect in O.
Draw a circle, center O and radius OA (= OB = OC).
Step off the sides of the figure from C to D, D to E, etc.
ABCDEFG is the required heptagon.
Diagram

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Note: See some of the definitions:
➢ A tangent to a circle is a straight line that touches the circle at one point.

Enlarging and Reducing Plane Figures and Equivalent (Equal) Areas.

Similar figures are figures that have the same shape but may be different in size.
Equal/equivalent area are the figures that have different shape but equal size (Volume of the area)
Enlarging of figures is increasing the size of figure to the bigger size by a given factor.
Reducing of figures is the diminishing the size of figure to the smaller size by a given factor.

Constructions
To construct a figure, similar to another figure, having sides 7/5 the length of the given figure.
Three examples, using the same basic methods.
Constructing a similar enlarged figure
(a) using some of the original figure
Draw a diagram

(b) super imposing on original figure

Draw a diagram

(c) keeping outside the original figure

Draw a diagram

Reducing a figure outside the original figure

The diagram below shows an irregular hexagon reduced to 4/9 its original size.
Draw a diagram

Equivalent Areas
To construct a rectangle equal in area to a given triangle ABC
From B, the apex of the triangle, drop a perpendicular to meet the base in F.
Bisect FB.
From A and C erect perpendiculars to meet the bisected line in D and E.
ADEC is the required rectangle.
Draw a diagram

To construct a square equal in area to a given rectangle ABCD

With center D, radius DC, draw an arc to meet AD produced in E.
Bisect AE and erect a semi-circle, radius AF, center F.
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 Produce DC to meet the semi-circle in G.
DG is one side of the square.
Draw a diagram

To construct a triangle equal in area to a given polygon ABCDE

Join CE and from D draw a line parallel to CE to meet AE produced in F.
Join CF.
Since DF is parallel to CE, triangles CDE and CFE have the same base and vertical height and therefore the same area. The
polygon ABCDE now has the same area as the quadrilateral ABCF and the original five-sided figure has been reduced to a
four-sided figure of the same area.
Join CA and from B draw a line parallel to CA to meet EA produced in G.
Join CG.
Since BG is parallel to CA, triangles CBA and CGA have the same base and vertical height and therefore the same area. The
quadrilateral ABCF now has the same area as the triangle GCF and the original five-sided figure has been reduced to a three-
sided figure of the same area.
GCF is the required triangle.
Draw a diagram

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