CHAPTER TWO

Complex Numbers

DEFINITIONS 5. Quotient: If at least one of c, d is non-zero, then quo-

tient of a + ib and c + id is given by
A number of the form a + ib where a, b ΠR, the set of a + ib (a + ib) (c - id ) (ac + bd ) + i(bc - ad )
real numbers, and i = -1 , is called a complex number. A = =
c + id (c + id ) (c - id ) c2 + d 2
complex number can also be defined as an ordered pair of
real numbers a and b, and may be written as (a, b), where ac + bd bc - ad
= 2 2
+i
the first number denotes the real part and the second num- c +d c2 + d 2
ber denotes the imaginary part. If z = a + ib, then the real
part of z is denoted by Re(z) and the imaginary part of z is CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
denoted by Im(z).
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. We define conjugate of
A complex number z is said to be purely real if Im(z) =
z, denoted by z to be the complex number a – ib. That is,
0 and is said to be purely imaginary if Re(z) = 0. Note that
if z = a + ib, then z = a – ib.
the complex number 0 = 0 + i0 is both purely real and purely
imaginary. It is the only complex number with this property. Properties of Conjugate of a Complex Number
We denote the set of all complex numbers by C. That
is, C = {a + ib| a, b Œ R}. Two complex numbers z1 = (i) z1 = z2 ¤ z1 = z2
a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are said to be equal if a1 = a2 and (ii) ( z ) = z
b 1 = b 2.
(iii) z + z = 2 Re (z)
(iv) z – z = 2i Im(z)
Very Important
(v) z = z ¤ z is purely real
The main advantage of complex number is to use one
(vi) z + z = 0 ¤ z is purely imaginary
symbol z for an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers. We
lose this advantage whenever we replace z by x + iy. (vii) z z = [Re (z)]2 + [Im(z)]2
As far as possible do not write z = x + iy while solving the
problems. Putting z = x + iy should be the last resort rather (viii) z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
than the first option.
(ix) z1 - z2 = z1 - z2
ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS WITH (x) z1z2 = z1 z2
COMPLEX NUMBERS
Êz ˆ z
1. Addition: (a + ib) + (c + id ) = (a + c) + i(b + d ) (xi) Á 1 ˜ = 1 if z2 π 0
Ë z2 ¯ z2
2. Subtraction: (a + ib) – (c + id ) = (a – c) + i(b – d )
(xii) If P(z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + … + an zn
3. Multiplication: (a + ib) (c + id )
where a0, a1, … an and z are complex number, then
= (ac – bd ) + i(ad + bc)
4. Reciprocal: If at least one of a, b is non-zero then the P ( z ) = a0 + a1 ( z ) + a2 ( z )2 +  + an ( z )n
reciprocal of a + ib is given by = P( z )
1 a - ib a b
= = 2 2
-i 2 where P ( z ) = ao + a1z + a2 z 2 +  + an z n
a + ib (a + ib) (a - ib) a +b a + b2
2.2 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

P (z) (xi) If a and b are real numbers and z1, z2 are complex
(xiii) If R(z) = where P (z) and Q (z) are poly- numbers, then
Q( z )
nomials in z, and Q(z) π 0, then |az1 + bz2|2 + |bz1 – az2|2 = (a2 + b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2)
P( z ) (xii) If z1, z2 π 0, then |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 ¤ z1/z2 is
R (z) =
Q( z ) purely imaginary.
(xiii) Triangle Inequality. If z1 and z2 are two complex
Illustration 1 numbers, then |z1 + z2| £ | z1| + |z2|.
The equality holds if and only if z1 z2 ≥ 0.
Ê z + 3z 2 ˆ z + 3z 2
ÁË z - 1 ˜¯ = In general, |z1 + z2 + ... + zn | £ | z1| + |z2| + ... + |zn| and
z -1
the equality sign holds if and only if the ratio of any
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 two non-zero terms is positive.
(xiv) If z = b1 b2 b3 , then z = b1 b2 b3 (xiv) |z1 – z2| £ |z1| + |z2|
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 (xv ) z1 - z2 £ |z1| + |z2|
where ai, bi, ci (i = 1, 2, 3) are complex numbers. (xvi) |z1 – z2| ≥ ||z1| – |z2||

MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER (xvii) If a1, a2, a3 and a4 are four complex numbers, then
| z – a1 | + | z – a2 | + | z – a3 | + | z – a4 | ≥ max {| a1
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. We define the modulus – al | + | am – an|: l, m, n are distinct integers lying
or the absolute value of z to be the real number a 2 + b2 in {2, 3, 4} and m < n}.
and denote it by | z|.
Note that | z | 0 " z ΠC GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF
Properties of Modulus COMPLEX NUMBERS
If z is a complex number, then A complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point
P whose Cartesian co-ordinates are (x, y) referred to rec-
(i) |z| = 0 ¤ z = 0 tangular axes Ox and Oy, usually called the real and im-
(ii) |z| = | z | = |– z| = |– z | aginary axes respectively. The plane is called the Argand
plane, complex plane or Gaussian plane. The point P (x, y)
(iii) – | z| £ Re(z) £ |z|
is called the image of the complex number z and z is said to
(iv) – |z| £ Im(z) £ |z| be the affix or complex co-ordinate of point P.
(v) z z = |z|2
1 z Note
In particular, note that if z π 0, then = 2 so that
z |z|
Ê 1 ˆ Re ( z ) 1 Im ( z ) All purely real numbers lie on the real axis and all purely
Re = and Im Ê ˆ = - . imaginary numbers lie on the imaginary axis. The complex
Ë z¯ |z|2 Ë z¯ | z |2
number 0 = 0 + i0 lies at the origin O.
If z1, z2 are two complex numbers, then
(vi) |z1 z2| = |z1| |z2|
We have OP = x 2 + y 2 = | z | . Thus, | z | is the length of OP.
z1 z
(vii) = 1 , if z2 π 0
z2 z2 ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
(viii) |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
If z is a non-zero complex numbers represented by point P
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re( z1 z2 ) in the complex plane, then argument of z is the angle which
OP makes with the positive direction of the real axis. See
(ix) |z1 – z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 – z1z2 - z1 z2 Fig. 2.1.
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2Re( z1 z2 )
(x) |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
 Complex Numbers 2.3
Y
Note
P (x + iy)
Argument of a non-zero complex number is not unique,
since, if q is a value of the argument, then 2np + q where
OP = | z | n ΠI, the set of integers, are also values of the argument of
arg (z) = q z. The value q of the argument which satisfies the inequality
y
– p < q £ p is called the principal value of the argument or
principal argument.
q x
X
O M

Fig. 2.1

Principal Value of the Argument for Different Positions of z in the Complex Plane

1. When z lies in the first quadrant 2. When z lies in the second quadrant
Y
z = x + iy

y
q
x X
O

Ê yˆ Ê yˆ
arg (z) = tan–1 Á ˜ arg (z) = p - tan -1 Á ˜
Ë x¯ Ë x¯
Fig. 2.2 (i) Fig. 2.2 (ii)
3. When z lies in the third quadrant 4. When z lies in the fourth quadrant

Ê yˆ
arg (z) = -p + tan -1 Á ˜
Ë x¯ Ê yˆ
arg (z) = - tan -1 Á ˜
Fig. 2.2 (iii) Ë x¯
Fig. 2.2 (iv)

Thus, if z = x + iy, then

Ïtan -1 ( y / x ) if x > 0 Common Mistake
Ô -1
Ôtan ( y / x ) + p if x < 0, y ≥ 0 A usual mistake committed by the students is to take the
Ô argument of z = x + iy as tan–1 (y/x) irrespective of the
arg ( z ) = Ìtan -1 ( y / x ) - p if x < 0, y < 0
Ô values of x and y. Kindly remember that tan–1 (y/x) lies
Ôp / 2 if x = 0, y > 0 in the interval (– p/2, p/2) whereas the principal value of
ÔÓ- p /2 if x = 0, y < 0 argument of z lies in the interval (– p, p ].
2.4 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER where r1 = |z1|, r2 = |z2|

and q1 = arg (z1), q2 = arg (z2), then
Let z be a non-zero complex number, then we can write
(vii) |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2|z1| |z2| cos (q1 – q2)
z = r (cos q + i sin q )
where r = |z| and q = arg (z). = r12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos (q1 - q 2 )
|z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 ¤ cos (q1 – q2) = 0
Illustration 2 ¤ Oz1 is at right angles to Oz2.
(viii) |z1 – z2| = |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2|z1| |z2| cos (q1– q2)
2
Ê 3p 3p ˆ
–1 + i = 2 Á cos + i sin ˜
Ë 4 4¯ = r12 + r22 - 2r1r2 cos (q1 - q 2 )
|z1 – z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2
and – 1– i = { Ê 3p ˆ
Ë 4¯
Ê 3p ˆ
2 cos Á - ˜ + i sin Á - ˜
Ë 4¯ } ¤ Oz1 is perpendicular to Oz2.
In fact, if z = r (cos q + i sin q ), then z is also given by
VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF
z = r [cos (2kp +q ) + i sin (2kp +q)]
COMPLEX NUMBERS
where k is any integer.
We can also represent
 the complex number z = x + iy by
Euler’s Formula using the vector OP joining the origin O of the complex
plane to the point P(x, y),instead
 of using
 point P itself.
The complex number cos q + i sin q is denoted by eiq or
The length of the vector OP , that is, OP is the modulus
cis q. That is
of
z. The angle between the positive real axis and the vector
e iq = cis q = cos q + i sin q
OP , more exactly, the angle through which the positive real
Some Important Results Involving Argument axismust
 be rotated to cause it to have the same direction
as OP (considered positive if the rotation is counter-clock-
If z, z1 and z2 are non-zero complex numbers, then wise and negative otherwise) is the argument of the complex
(i) arg ( z ) = – arg (z) number z.
(ii) *arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION
In fact, OF ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON
arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2kp COMPLEX NUMBERS
where
Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers represented by the
Ï0 if - p < arg ( z1) + arg ( z2 ) £ p points P1(x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) respectively.
Ô
k = Ì1 if - 2p < arg ( z1) + arg ( z2 ) £ - p
Ô-1 if p < arg ( z ) + arg ( z ) £ 2p Sum
Ó 1 2 By definition, z1 + z2 should be represented by the point
(iii) *arg (z1 z2 ) = arg (z1) – arg (z2) (x1 + x2, y1 + y2). This point is nothing but the vertex P which
completes the parallelogram with the line segments joining
Êz ˆ
(iv) *arg Á 1 ˜ = arg (z1) – arg (z2) the origin with z1 and z2 as the adjacent sides. See Fig. 2.3
Ë z2 ¯
Y
In fact,
Êz ˆ P (x1 + x2, y1 + y 2)
arg Á 1 ˜ = arg (z1) – arg (z2) + 2kp P2 (x1, y 2)
Ë z2 ¯
where k is defined as in (ii) with + sign between
arg (z1) and arg (z2 ) replaced by –
(v) |z1 + z2| = |z1 – z2| y2

¤ arg (z1) – arg (z2) = p/2 P1 (x1, y1)

(vi) |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|
M
¤ arg (z1) = arg (z2) y1
X
If z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1) O x2 N L K
and z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2)
Fig. 2.3
* L.H.S. and R.H.S. may differ by a multiple of 2p.
 Complex Numbers 2.5
Note that the addition of two complex numbers z1 and z2 Let E be a point on the x-axis such that OE = 1 unit. (See
follows the same law of addition as that of vectors, repre- Fig 2.5.) Complete the triangle OP1E. Now, taking OP2 as
sented both in magnitude and direction by the line segments the base, construct a triangle OPP2 similar to OP1E so that
joining the origin and the points representing z1 and z2, for OP : OP1 = OP2 : OE
OP1 + OP2 = OP1 + P1P = OP i.e., OP = OP1 ◊ OP2 [ OE = 1]
Also – P2OP = –EOP1 = –XOP1 = q1
Difference Thus – XOP = q1 + q2
We first represent – z2 by P ¢2 so that P2P ¢2 is bisected at O. Hence P represents the complex number for which the mod-
Complete the parallelogram OP1 PP ¢2. Then, it can be eas- ulus is r1 r2 and the argument is q1 + q2. That is, it represents
ily seen that P represents the difference z1 – z2. See Fig. 2.4. the complex number z1 z2.
As OP1 PP¢2 is a parallelogram so P1P = OP¢2. Using vector
notation, we have
z1 – z2 = OP1 – OP2 = OP1 + P2O = OP1 + OP ¢2
= OP1 + P1P = OP = P2P1
Y

P2 (x2, y2)

P1 (x1, y1)

X
O Fig. 2.5

Quotient
P (x1 – x2, y1 – y 2)
Let z1 = r1 (cos q1 + i sin q1) and z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2).
We take z2 π 0, so that r2 π 0. Now
P¢2 (– x2, – y2)
z1 r (cos q1 + i sin q1 )
= 1
Fig. 2.4 z2 r2 (cos q 2 + i sin q 2 )
Note the complex number z1 – z2 is represented by the vec- r1
tor P2P1, where the points P2 and P1 represent the complex = {cos (q1 – q2) + i sin (q1 –q2)}
r2
number z2 and z1 respectively.
We shall use this to get a geometrical interpretation of
Note that arg(z1 – z2) is the angle through which OX must
the quotient of a complex number by a non-zero complex
be rotated in the anticlockwise direction so that it becomes
number.
parallel to P2P1.
Y
Product (Multiplication) P2

Let z1 = r1(cos q1 + i sin q1) and z2 = r2 (cos q2 + i sin q2).

Then
r2

P1
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos q1 + i sin q1) (cos q2 + i sin q2) r1
q2 q1
= r1 r2 {cos(q1 + q2) + i sin (q1 + q2)}
O q2 E X
Thus | z1 z2 | = r1 r2 and arg(z1 z2) = q1 + q2
This shows that modulus of the product of two complex
numbers is the product of their moduli, and the argument
of the product of any two complex numbers is the sum of P
their arguments. Using this, we shall derive a geometrical
interpretation of the product of two complex numbers. Fig. 2.6
2.6 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Let P1 and P2 represent z1 and z2 respectively. On OP1 con- Y
struct the triangle OPP1 similar to OEP2, where E lies on
the x-axis and OE = 1 unit. (See Fig. 2.6.) z4
r1 z2
Now, OP : OE = r1 : r2 fi OP =
r2
Fz I
Also – XOP = q1 – q2 q = arg GH z 1 – z2
3 – z4
JK
z1
The point P thus represents the quotient z1/z2, since its mod-
z3
ulus is r1/r2 and its arguments is q1 – q2.

O X
Remark
Fig. 2.8
Note that if q1 and q2 are the principal values of arg z1 and
arg z2 then q1 + q2 is not necessarily the principal value of Corollary The line joining z4 and z3 is inclined at 90° to the
arg(z1 z2), nor is q1 – q2 necessarily the principal value of line joining z2 and z1 if
arg(z1/z2).
Ê z1 - z2 ˆ p
Êz -z ˆ arg Á ˜ =±
Interpretation of arg Á 3 1 ˜ Ë z3 - z4 ¯ 2
Ë z2 - z1 ¯
i.e., if z1 – z2 = ± ik(z3 – z4), where k is a non-zero real num-
If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of a triangle ABC described in the ber. (Fig. 2.9).
counter-clockwise sense, then
Êz -z ˆ
(i) arg Á 3 1 ˜ = –BAC = a (say ), and
Ë z2 - z1 ¯
z3 - z1 CA
(ii) = (cos a + i sin a)
z2 - z1 BA
See Fig. 2.7.

Y C (z3)

Q (z 3 – z1) a B (z2)
Fig. 2.9
A (z1)
SOME IMPORTANT GEOMETRICAL
a P (z 2 – z1) RESULTS AND EQUATIONS
X
O 1. Distance Formula
Fig. 2.7 Distance between A(z1) and B(z2) is given by
AB = |z2 – z1|
Corollary The points z1, z2, z3 will be collinear if and only
z -z B (z2)
if angle a = 0 or p, i.e., if and only if 3 1 is purely real.
z2 - z1
Êz -z ˆ
Interpretation of arg Á 1 2 ˜ A (z1)
Ë z3 - z4 ¯
Let z1, z2, z3 and z4 be four complex numbers. Then the line Fig. 2.10
joining z4 and z3 is inclined to the line joining z2 and z1 at
2. Section Formula
the following angle:
The point P(z) which divides the join of the seg-
Ê z1 - z2 ˆ ment AB in the ratio m : n is given by
arg Á
Ë z3 - z4 ˜¯
 Complex Numbers 2.7

mz2 + nz1 (iii) Square

z= (a) the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
m+n
¤ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(b) a pair of adjacent sides are equal; for in-
stance, AD = AB
¤ |z4 – z1| = |z2 – z1|
(c) the two diagonals are equal, that is,
Fig. 2.11
AC = BD ¤ |z3 – z1| = |z4 – z2|
3. Mid-point Formula
Mid-point M(z) of the segment AB is given by
1
z = (z1 + z2)
2

Fig. 2.15
Fig. 2.12
(iv) Rectangle
4. Condition(s) for four non-collinear A(z1), B(z2), (a) the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
C(z3) and D(z4) to represent vertices of a
¤ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(i) Parallelogram
The diagonals AC and BD must bisect each other (b) the diagonals AC and BD are equal
¤ |z3 – z1| = |z4 – z2|.
1 1
¤ (z1 + z3) = (z2 + z4)
2 2
¤ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4

Fig. 2.16
Showing that four points, no three of which are collinear,
form a Parallelogram/Rhombus/Square/Rectangle
Fig. 2.13
(ii) Rhombus
(a) the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
¤ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4, and
(b) a pair of two adjacent sides are equal, for in-
stance, AD = AB
¤ |z4 – z1| = |z2 – z1|

Fig. 2.14
2.8 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
5. Centroid, Incentre, Orthocentre and Circumcen- z1 (sin 2 A) + z2 (sin 2 B) + z3 (sin 2C )
tre of a Triangle Also z=
sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2C
Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A(z1), B(z2) and
C(z3),
(i) Centroid G (z) of the DABC is the point of con-
currence of medians of DABC and is given by
1
z = (z1 + z2 + z3)
3

Fig. 2.19
(iv) Orthocentre H(z) of the DABC is the point of con-
currence of altitudes of DABC and is given by

z12 z1 1 z1 2 z1 1
2
z22 z2 1 + z2 z2 1
Fig. 2.17
z32 z3 1 z3 2 z3 1
(ii) Incentre I(z) of the DABC is the point of con- z=
z1 z1 1
currence of internal bisectors of angles of DABC z2 z2 1
and is given by
z3 z3 1
az1 + bz2 + cz3
z=
a+b+c (tan A) z1 + (tan B) z2 + (tan C )z3
or z =
tan A + tan B + tan C

(a sec A) z1 + (b sec B)z2 + (c sec C )z3

or z =
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
z

Fig. 2.18 z z

(iii) Circumcentre S(z) of the DABC is the point of Fig. 2.20

concurrence of perpendicular bisectors of sides
of DABC and is given by
( z2 - z3 ) z1 2 + ( z3 - z1 ) z2 2 + ( z1 - z2 ) z3 2 Remark
z=
z1 ( z2 - z3 ) + z2 ( z3 - z1 ) + z3 ( z1 - z2 ) In case circumcentre of DABC is at the origin, then
orthocentre of triangle is given by z1 + z2 + z3.
z1 2 z1 1
2
z2 z2 1
z3 2
z3 1 Important Note
z=
z1 z1 1 It is not necessary to remember formulae for circumcentre
z2 z2 1 and orthocentre of a triangle.
z3 z3 1
 Complex Numbers 2.9

Euler’s Line 1
where z= (z1 + z2 + z3)
The centroid G of a triangle lies on the segment joining 3
the orthocentre H and the circumcentre S of the triangle. G A (t 1)
divides the join of H and S in the ratio 2 : 1.

p/3 p/3
B (t 2) C (t 3)
Fig. 2.21
Fig. 2.23
Thus,
8. Equation of a Straight Line
1
z G = ( z H + 2 zS ) (i) Non-parametric form
3 An equation of a straight line joining the two
6. Area of a Triangle points A(z1) and B(z2) is
Area of DABC with vertices A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) is z z 1
given by
z1 z1 1 = 0
z1 z1 1 z2 z2 1
1
D = | z2 z2 1 | z - z1 z - z1
4i or =
z3 z3 1 z2 - z1 z2 - z1
1 or z( z1 - z2 ) - z ( z1 - z2 ) + z1 z2 - z2 z1 = 0
= Im ( z1z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 )
2

Fig. 2.24
(ii) Parametric form
An equation of the straight line joining the points
Fig. 2.22 A(z1) and B(z2) is
7. Condition for Triangle to be Equilateral z = tz1 + (1 – t)z2
Triangle ABC with vertices A(z1), B(z2) and C(z3) is where t is a real parameter.
equilateral if and only if (iii) General Equation of a Straight Line
1 1 1 The general equation of a straight line is
+ + =0
z2 - z3 z3 - z1 z1 - z2 az + az + b = 0
¤ z 21 + z22 + z 23 = z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 where a is a non-zero complex number and b is
a real number.
¤ z1 z2 = z2 z3 = z3 z1
9. Complex Slope of a Line
¤ z12 = z2 z3 and z22 = z1z3 If A(z1) and B(z2) are two points in the complex
plane, then complex slope of AB is defined to be
1 z2 z3
z1 - z2
¤ 1 z3 z1 = 0 m=
z1 - z2
1 z1 z2
Two lines with complex slopes m1 and m2 are
z2 - z1 z3 - z2 (i) parallel, if m1 = m2
¤ =
z3 - z2 z1 - z3 (ii) perpendicular, if m1 + m2 = 0
1 1 1 The complex slope of the line
¤ + + =0
z - z1 z - z2 z - z3 az + az + b = 0 is given by -(a / a )
2.10 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
10. Length of Perpendicular w)
A( z z 1
from a Point to a Line
+ i k z1 z1 1 = 0
Length of perpendicular p
z2 z2 1
of point A(w) from the line
b =0 where k is real a parameter.
az + az + b = 0 z+
+a (v) Equation of a circle passing through three
(a ΠC Р{0}, b ΠR) is given az
by Fig. 2.25 non-collinear points.
Let three non-collinear points be A(z1), B(z2) and
aw + aw + b C(z3). Let P(z) be any point on the circle. Then
p=
2a either
–ACB = –APB
11. Some Results on Circle [when angles are in the same segment]
(i) Equation of a circle –ACB + –APB = p
An equation of a circle with centre at z0 and [when angles are in the opposite segment]
radius r is
|z – z0| = r
iq
or z = z0 + re , 0 £ q < 2p (parametric form)

or zz - z0 z - z0 z + z0 z0 - r 2 = 0

Fig. 2.28
Êz -z ˆ Ê z - z2 ˆ
fi arg Á 3 2 ˜ - arg Á =0
Fig. 2.26 Ë z3 - z1 ¯ Ë z - z1 ˜¯
or
(ii) General equation of a circle Ê z3 - z2 ˆ Ê z - z1 ˆ
General equation of a circle is arg Á + arg Á =p
˜
Ë z3 - z1 ¯ Ë z - z2 ˜¯
zz + az + az + b = 0 (1)
ÈÊ z - z ˆ Ê z - z1 ˆ ˘
where a is a complex number and b is a real fi arg ÍÁ 3 2 ˜ ÁË z - z ˜¯ ˙ = 0
ÎË z3 - z1 ¯ 2 ˚
number such that aa - b ≥ 0
ÈÊ z - z1 ˆ Ê z3 - z2 ˆ ˘
Centre of (1) is – a and its radius is aa - b . or arg ÍÁ ˜Á ˜˙ = p
ÎË z - z2 ¯ Ë z3 - z1 ¯ ˚
(iii) Diameter form of a circle
An equation of the circle one of whose diame- Êz ˆ
[using arg Á 1 ˜ = arg (z1) – arg (z2) and
ter is the line segment joining A(z1) and B(z2) is Ë z2 ¯
(z – z1) ( z – z2 ) + ( z – z1 ) (z – z2) = 0 arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2)]
P (z) ( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 )
In any case, we get is purely
( z - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 )
real.
A (z 1) B (z 2)
( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 ) ( z - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 )
¤ =
( z - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 ) ( z - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 )
(vi) Condition for four points to be concyclic.
Fig. 2.27
Four points z1, z2, z3 and z4 will lie on the same
(iv) An equation of circle through two points ( z4 - z1 ) ( z3 - z2 )
An equation of the circle passing through two circle if and only if is purely
( z4 - z2 ) ( z3 - z1 )
points A (z1) and B (z2) is real.
(z – z1) ( z – z2 ) + ( z – z1 ) (z – z2) ( z1 - z3 ) ( z2 - z4 )
¤ is purely real.
( z1 - z4 ) ( z2 - z3 )
 Complex Numbers 2.11
For k = 1, it represents perpendicular bisector of
RECOGNIZING SOME LOCI BY
the segment joining A(z1) and B(z2).
INSPECTION (v) |z – z1| + |z – z2| = k
(i) arg (z) = a (– p < a < p) Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points and k be a
arg (z) = a represents a ray starting at the origin positive real number.
(excluding the origin) and making an angle a (a) If k > |z1 – z2|, then
with the positive direction of the real axis. See |z –z1| + |z – z2| = k represents an ellipse with
Fig. 2.29. foci at A(z1) and B(z2) and length of major
axis = k. See Fig. 2.32

C D
A(z1) B(z2) CD = k

Fig. 2.32
Fig. 2.29
(b) If k = |z1 – z2|, then
(ii) arg (z – z0) = a (– p < a < p) |z – z1| + |z – z2| = k
arg (z – z0) = a represents a ray starting at the represents the segment joining z1 and z2.
fixed point z0 (excluding the point z0) and mak- (c) If k < |z1 – z2|, then
ing an angle a with the positive direction of the |z – z1 | + |z – z2 | = k
real axis. does not represent any curve in the Argand
plane.
(vi) |z – z1| – |z – z2 | = k
Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points, k be a positive
real number.
(a) If k < |z1 – z2|, then
||z – z1| – |z – z2|| = k
represents a hyperbola with foci at A(z1) and
B(z2). See Fig 2.33

Fig. 2.30
(iii) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then
|z – z1| = |z – z2| A(z1) B(z2)
represents the perpendicular bisector of the
segment joining A(z1) and B(z2).
z Fig. 2.33

| |z (b) If k = |z1 – z2|, then ||z – z1| – |z – z2|| = k

z1 –z
– 2| represents the straight line joining A(z1) and
|z
B(z2) but excluding the segment AB. See
Fig. 2.34.
A (z1) B (z2)
A(z1) B(z2)
Fig. 2.31
Fig. 2.34
(iv) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, and k > 0, k π 1
is a real number, then
Remark
z - z1
=k If k > |z1 – z2|, then
z - z2
||z – z1| – |z – z2|| = k
represents a circle. does not represent any curve in the Argand plane.
2.12 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
(vii) If z1 and z2 are two fixed points, then (c) If a = p, then
2 2 2
|z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z1– z2| Ê z - z1 ˆ
arg Á = a (= p )
represent a circle with z1 and z2 as the extremities Ë z - z2 ˜¯
of a diameter. See Fig. 2.35.
represents the straight line joining A(z1) and
z B(z2) B(z2) but excluding the segment AB. See
Fig. 2.38

A(z1) B(z2)
Fig. 2.38
A(z1)
(d) If a = 0, then
Fig. 2.35
Ê z - z1 ˆ
arg Á = a ( = 0)
Ê z - z1 ˆ
(viii) arg Á =a Ë z - z2 ˜¯
Ë z - z2 ˜¯ represents the segment joining A(z1) and B(z2)
Let z1 and z2 be two fixed points, and a be a real see Fig. 2.39.
number such 0 £ a £ p.
(a) If 0 < a < p and a π p /2, then A(z1) B(z2)

Ê z - z1 ˆ Fig. 2.39
arg Á =a
Ë z - z2 ˜¯
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF
represents a segment of the circle passing through MULTIPLYING A COMPLEX NUMBER
A(z1) and B(z2). See Fig. 2.36.
BY eia.
Let z be a non-zero complex number. We can write z in the
polar form as follows:
a
z = r(cos q + i sin q) = reiq
where r = |z| and arg (z) = q
We have
B(z2) A(z1) zeia = reiq eia = rei(q + a )
Fig. 2.36 Thus, ze ia represents the complex number whose modulus is
r and argument is q + a. Geometrically, ze ia can be obtained
(b) If a = p/2, then by rotating the segment joining O and P(z) through an angle
Ê z - z1 ˆ Ê pˆ a in the anticlockwise direction. See Fig. 2.40
arg Á ˜ = a Á= ˜
Ë z - z2 ¯ Ë 2¯
Q(zeia )
represents a circle with diameter as the segment
joining A(z1) and B(z2). See Fig. 2.37. P(z)
r
P(z) a r
p/2 q
O

A(z1) B(z2) Fig. 2.40

In particular iz is obtained by rotating OP through an angle
of p/2 in the anticlockwise direction.
p/2
Corollary If A(z1) and B(z2) are two complex number such
that angle –AOB = q, then we can write
P(z)
z2
Fig. 2.37 z2 = z eiq
z1 1
 Complex Numbers 2.13
Suppose z1 = r1 eia and z2 = r2 eib, (b) De Moivre’s Theorem for rational index.
where |z1| = r1, |z2| = r2. If n is a rational number, then value of or one of the
values of (cosq + isinq)n is cos (nq) + i sin (nq). In
z2 r2 eib r2 i ( b -a ) fact, if n = p/q where p, q ΠI, q > 0 and p,q have
then = = e
z1 r1eia r1 no factors in common, then (cos q + i sin q)n has q
distinct values, one of which is cos (nq) + i sin (nq).
Note that
b–a=q
Thus, Note
z2 r2 iq
= e The values of (cos q + i sin q) p/q where p, q ΠI, q > 0,
z1 r1 hcf (p,q) =1 are given by
z2 Èp ˘ Èp ˘
fi z2 = z eiq cos Í (2 kp + q )˙ + i sin Í (2 kp + q )˙
z1 1 Îq ˚ Îq ˚
where k = 0, 1, 2,…, q–1.

nth Roots of Unity

By an nth root of unity we mean any complex number z
which satisfies the equation
zn = 1 (1)
Since, an equation of degree n has n roots, there are n values
Fig. 2.41 of z which satisfy the equation (1). To obtain these n values
of z, we write
Square Roots of a Complex Number 1 = cos (2kp) + i sin (2kp)
where k ΠI and
Let z = x + iy. If a + ib is a square root of z, then
Ê 2 kp ˆ Ê 2 kp ˆ
(a + ib)2 = x + iy fi z = cos Á + i sin Á
Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯
fi a2 – b2 = x, 2ab = y
[using the De Moivre’s Theorem]
Also, a2 + b2 = x 2 + y2 where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n –1.

1
Thus, a= ± x 2 + y2 + x Note
2
1 We may use any n consecutive integral values to k. For
b= ± x 2 + y2 - x instance, in case of 3, we may take – 1, 0 and 1 and in case of
2 4, we may take – 1, 0, 1 and 2 or – 2, – 1, 0 and 1.
If y > 0, then a and b both have the same signs.
If y < 0, then a and b have opposite signs.
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ
Notation Let w = cos Á ˜ + i sin Á ˜
Ë n¯ Ë n¯
Illustration 3 By using the De Moivre’s theorem, we can write the nth
roots of unity as
3 + 4i = ±
1 È
Î 32 + 42 + 3 + ( ) ˘
32 + 42 - 3 i ˚ 1, w, w 2, …, w n –1.
2 Sum of the Roots of Unity is Zero
1
[2 2 + 2i ] = ± (2 + i) We have
=±
2 1- wn
Alternatively we can use De Moivre’s Theorem. 1 + w + … + wn – 1 =
1-w
n
DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM AND ITS But w = 1 as w is a nth root of unity.
\ 1 + w + … + w n –1 = 0
APPLICATIONS
Also, note that
(a) De Moivre’s Theorem for integral index.
1 1 1 nx n -1
If n is an integer, then + …+ =
(cos q + i sin q)n = cos (nq) + i sin (nq) x -1 x -w x - w n -1 x n - 1
2.14 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Writing nth Roots of Unity When n is Odd To obtain cube roots of a real number a, we write x3 = a as
y3 = 1 where y = x/a1/3.
If n = 2m + 1, then nth roots of unity are also given by
Solution of y3 = 1 are 1, w, w2.
Ê 2 kp ˆ Ê 2 kp ˆ
z = cos Á + i sin Á
Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯ \ x = a1/3, a1/3 w, a1/3 w2.
where k = – m, – (m – 1), …, – 1, 0, 1, 2, …m.
Illustration 4
Since Ê 2 kp ˆ Ê 2 kp ˆ
cos Á - = cos Á
Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯
3
Ê xˆ
Ê 2 kp ˆ Ê 2 kp ˆ To obtain cube roots of –27, we write Ë ¯ = 1
and sin Á - = - sin Á -3
Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯
fi x = – 3, – 3w, – 3w2
we may take the roots as
Ê 2 kp ˆ Ê 2 kp ˆ nth Roots of a Complex Number
1, cos Á ± i sin Á
Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯ Let z π 0 be a complex number. We can write z in the polar
where k = 1, 2, …, m. form as follows:
In terms, w we may take nth roots of unity to be 1, w+1, z = r (cos q + i sin q)
w+2, … w ± m. where r = |z| and q = arg (z). Recall – p < q £ p.
Writing nth Roots of Unity When n is Even The nth root of z has n values one of which is equal to
If n = 2m, then nth roots of unity are given È Ê arg z ˆ Ê arg z ˆ ˘
z0 = n | z | Ícos Á ˜¯ + i sin ÁË ˜ and is called as the
z = + 1, + w, + w2,…+ w m –1 Î Ë n n ¯ ˙˚
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ Êpˆ Êpˆ principal value of n
| z | . To obtain other values of n
|z| ,
where w = cos Á + i sin Á = cos Á ˜ + i sin Á ˜
Ë 2m ˜¯ Ë 2m ˜¯ Ë m¯ Ë m¯ we write z as
Cube Roots of Unity z = r [cos (q + 2kp) + i sin (q + 2kp)]
2
Cube roots of unity are given by 1, w, w , where
1/ n È Ê q + 2 kp ˆ Ê q + 2 kp ˆ ˘
fi z1 / n = r Ícos Á ˜ + i sin Á ˜
Ê 2p ˆ Ê 2p ˆ -1 + 3i -1 - 3i Î Ë n ¯ Ë n ¯ ˙˚
w = cos Á ˜ + i sin Á ˜ = and w 2 =
Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ 2 2 = z0 w k where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n –1.
Some Results Involving Complex Cube Root of Unity (w) 2p 2p
and w = cos + i sin is a complex nth root of unity.
1 n n
(i) w3 = 1, w = w 2 and = w2
w Thus, all the nth roots of z can be obtained by multiplying the
(ii) 1 + w + w2 = 0 principal value of n | z | by different roots of unity.
(iii) x3 – 1 = (x – 1) (x – w) (x – w2)
Rational Power of a Complex Number
(iv) w and w2 are roots of x2 + x + 1 = 0
(v) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a – bw) (a – bw2) If z is a complex number and m/n is a rational num-
2
= (a – b) (aw – bw ) (aw – bw)2 ber such that m and n are relatively prime integers and
n > 0. We define
(vi) a + b + c2 – bc – ca – ab
2 2
m
= (a + bw + cw2) (a + bw2 + cw) z m/n = (n z )
(vii) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
Thus, z m/n has n distinct values which are given by
= (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw2) (a + bw2 + cw)
mÈ Êm Êm
(viii) x3+1 = (x + 1) (x + w) (x + w2)
(ix) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + bw) (a + bw2)
( )
z m/n = n z
ˆ ˆ˘
ÍÎcos ÁË n (q + 2 kp )˜¯ + i sin ÁË n (q + 2 kp )˜¯ ˙˚

(x) Cube roots of real number a are a1/3, a1/3 w, where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1.

a1/3 w2.
 Complex Numbers 2.15

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Concept-based
Straight Objective Type Questions

101 Solution:
Example 1: If a + ib = Â i k , then (a, b) equals TIP
k =1
Note z is circum-centre of the circle passing through three
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 0)
non-collinear points A (0 + i), B (0 – i) and C(–1 + 0i)
(c) (0, –1) (d) (1, 1)
Ans. (a) Thus, there is only one value of z.
Solution: Write Example 5: If z + 2 |z| = p + 4i, then Im (z) equals
a + ib = i + (i2 + i3 + i4 + i5) + (i6 + i7 +i8 + i9) (a) p (b) 4
+ … (i98 + i99 + i100 + i101) (c) p 2 + 16 (d) none of these
TIP Use Ans. (b)
i m + i m+1 + i m+2 + i m+3 = 0 " m ŒI Solution: The given equation can be written as
to obtain z = (p – 2|z|) + 4i
a + ib = 0 + i fi a = 0, b = 1 As p –2|z| is real, we get
n Im (z) = 4
Ê1+ iˆ
Example 2: If Ë = – 1, n ŒN, then least value of
n is 1- i¯ Example 6: If |z| = z + 3 – 2i, then z equals
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 7/6 + i (b) – 7/6 + 2i
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) – 5/6 + 2i (d) 5/6 + i
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
Solution: Write 1 = – i2 in the numerator, to obtain Solution:
z = |z| – 3 + 2i
1+ i -i 2 + i i(1 - i )
= = =i fi |z|2 = (|z| – 3)2 + 4
1- i 1- i 1- i
= |z|2 – 6|z| + 9 + 4
Ê1+ iˆ fi |z| = 13/6
\ –1 = Ë = in
1- i¯ Thus, z = – 5/6 + 2i
The least value of n is 2.
Example 7: If w (π 1) is a cube root of unity and
Example 3: The conjugate of a complex number z is (1 + w2)11 = a + bw + cw2, then (a, b, c) equals
2 (a) (1, 1, 0) (b) (0, 1, 1)
. Then Re (z) equals
1- i (c) (1, 0, 1) (d) (1, 1, 1)
(a) –1 (b) 0 Ans. (a)
(c) 1 (d) 2
Ans. (c) Solution:
a + bw + cw2 = (1 + w2)11 = (–w)11
2 1 - i2 = – (w3)3w2 = 1 + w [ 1 + w + w2 = 0]
Solution: z = = =1+ i
1- i 1- i
fi a = 1, b = 1, c = 0
Now, Re (z)= Re ( z ) = 1. 1 + y + ix
Example 8: If x2 + y2 = 1 and x π –1 then
Example 4: The number of complex numbers z such 1 + y - ix
that |z – i| = |z + i| = |z + 1| is equals
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 1 (b) x + iy
(c) 2 (d) infinite (c) 2 (d) y + ix
Ans. (b) Ans. (d)
2.16 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Solution: Example 12: If w (π 1) is a complex cube root of unity
and (1 + w4)n = (1 + w8)n, then the least positive integral
TIP
value of n is
Sometimes, it is helpful to write x2 + y2 = zz
(a) 2 (b) 3
where z = x + iy or y + ix
(c) 6 (d) 12
Put z = y + ix, then 1 = x2 + y2 = zz Ans. (b)
Now, Solution:
1 + y + ix
=
zz + z z( z + 1)
= As w4 = w, w8 = w2, we get
1 + y - ix 1+ z 1+ z (1 + w)n = (1 + w2)n
= z = y + ix fi (– w2)n = (– w)n
Example 9: If z is a non-zero complex number, then fi wn = 1
arg (z) + arg (z) equals \ n =3
(a) 0 (b) p
(c) 2p (d) None of these 1 + cos q + i sin q
Example 13: If z = (0 < q < p /2)
Ans. (d) sin q + i(1 + cos q )
then |z| equals
Solution: If z ΠR and z < 0, then
(a) 2 |sin q | (b) 2|cos q |
arg (z) = arg (z) = p (c) 1 (d) |cot (q /2)|
fi arg (z) + arg (z) = 2p Ans. (c)
Suppose z Œ C, z π 0 and z is not a negative real number.
z1 z
Let arg (z) = a, where – p < a < p Solution: Using = 1 if z2 π 0, we get
z2 z2
In this case arg (z) = – a, so that
arg (z) + arg(z) = 0 (1 + cos q )2 + sin 2 q
|z|2 = =1
Example 10: If z ΠC and 2z = |z| + i, then z equals sin 2 q + (1 + cos q )2
fi |z| = 1
3 1 3 1
(a) + i (b) + i Example 14: All the roots of (z + 1)4 = z4 lie on
6 2 6 3
(a) a straight line parallel to x-axis
3 1 3 1 (b) a straight line parallel to y-axis
(c) + i (d) + i
6 4 6 6 (c) a circle with centre at – 1 + 0i
Ans. (a) (d) a circle with centre at 1 + i
Solution: Ans. (b)
|2 z|2 = |z|2 + 1 Solution:
fi 3|z|2 = 1 fi |z| = 1 / 3 TIP
It is unnecessary to find roots of (z + 1)4 = z4.
3 1
Thus, z= + i If z is a root of (z + 1)4 = z4, then |(z + 1)4| = |z4|
6 2 fi |z + 1| = |z|
7 7
Ê 1 1 ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ fi |z – (–1)| = |z – 0|
Example 11: If z = Á + i˜ + Á - i˜ , then
Ë 3 2 ¯ Ë 3 2 ¯ fi z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment join-
(a) Re (z) = 0 ing –1 + 0i and 0 i.e. z lies on the line Re (z) = – 1/2.
(b) Im (z) = 0 Example 15: If a (π 1) is a fifth root of unity and b (π 1)
(c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0 is a fourth root of unity then
(d) Re (z) < 0, Im (z) > 0 z = (1 + a) (1 + b) (1 + a2) (1 + b2) (1 + a3) (1 + b3)
Ans. (b)
equals
Solution:
7 7
(a) a (b) b
Ê 1 1 ˆ Ê 1 1 ˆ (c) ab (d) 0
z=Á - i˜ + Á + i˜ = z
Ë 3 2 ¯ Ë 3 2 ¯ Ans. (d)
fi z is purely real. Solution: As b π 1 is a fourth root of unity,
\ Im (z) = 0 b 4 = 1 fi (1 – b) (1 + b + b 2 + b 3) = 0
 Complex Numbers 2.17
As b π 1, 1 + b + b 2 (1 + b) = 0 Ans. (b)
fi (1 + b) (1 + b 2) = 0 Solution: (z – 3i) (z + 3i) = 25
\ z =0 fi |z – 3i|2 = 25 or |z – 3i| = 5
Example 16: Suppose z1, z2, z3 are vertices of an equi- Now, |z| = |(z – 3i) + 3i|
lateral triangle whose circumcentre –3 + 4i, then |z1 + z2 + £ |z – 3i| + |3i| = 5 + 3 = 8
z3| is equal to
Example 19: If |z – 1| = |z + 1| = |z – 2i|, then value of
(a) 5 (b) 10 3 |z| is
(c) 15 (d) 15 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
Ans. (c) (c) 5/4 (d) 3/4
Ans. (d)
Solution: As triangle is equilateral, circumcentre and
centroid of the triangle coincides, therefore, Solution: z is centre of the circle passing through 1 + 0i,
–1 + 0i and 0 + 2i. Clearly centre lies y
1
( z + z + z ) = – 3 + 4i on the y-axis.
3 1 2 3 2i
If z = 0 + ai the centre, then
fi |z1 + z2 + z3| = 3 (-3)3 + 42 = 15 ai
1 + a 2 = |a + 2|
Example 17: If z π 0 lies on the circle |z – 1| = 1 and w fi 1 + a2 = a2 + 4a + 4 -1 1
= 5/z, then w lies on fi a = 3/4
(a) a circle (b) an ellipse \ |z| = 3/4 Fig. 2.42
(c) a straight line (d) a parabola
Ans. (c) Example 20: The number of complex numbers
satisfying z = iz2 is
Solution: z = 5/w and |z –1| = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2
5 (c) 3 (d) 4
fi - 1 = 1 fi |w – 5| = |w| Ans. (d)
w
that is, w lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment Solution: |z| = |iz2| fi |z| = |z|2
joining 0 and 5 + 0i. fi |z| = 0 or |z| = 1.
Therefore w lies on the straight line Re (w) = 5/2 If |z| = 0, then z = 0.
25 If |z| = 1, we get z = 1/z, so that the equation becomes
Example 18: If z = 3i + , then |z| cannot exceed 1/z = iz2
z + 3i
(a) 3 (b) 8 or z3 = – i = i3 fi z = i, iw, iw2
(c) 16 (d) 18 where w (π1) is a cube root of unity.

LEVEL 1

Straight Objective Type Questions

Example 21: If z ŒC, z œ R, and a = z2 + 3z + 5, then a Example 22: Suppose a, b, c ŒC, and |a| = |b| = |c| = 1
cannot take value and abc = a + b + c, then bc + ca + ab is equal to
(a) –2/5 (b) 5/2 (a) 0 (b) –1
(c) 11/4 (d) –11/5 (c) 1 (d) none of these
Ans. (c) Ans. (c)
Ê 3 ˆ 11
2 Solution: |a|2 = |b|2 = |c|2 = 1
Solution: a = Ëz + ¯ + fi aa = bb = cc = 1
2 4
3 11 Now, abc = a + b + c
As z œ R, z π - , thus, a π fi a b c =a + b + c
2 4
2.18 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

1 1 1 1 1 3
fi = + + \ z = - ±i = w, w2
abc a b c 2 2
fi bc + ca + ab = 1 where w is complex cube root of unity.
Example 23: The number of complex numbers z which If z = w, wn = (1 + w)n = (–1)n w2n
satisfy z2 + 2|z|2 = 2 is fi n is even and multiple of 3. Thus, least value of n is 6.
(a) 0 (b) 2 Similarly, for z = w2.
(c) 3 (d) 4
Example 26: Let z π ±i be a complex number such that
Ans. (d)
z-i 1
Solution: As z2 = 2(1 – |z|2) is real, z is either purely real is purely imaginary number, then z + is
z+i z
or purely imaginary. (a) a non-zero real number other than 1
If z is purely real, then (b) a purely imaginary number
2 (c) a non-zero real number
z2 = 2 (1 – z2) fi z=±
3 (d) 0
Ans. (c)
TIP
If z is purely imaginary, then |z|2 = –z2. z-i
Solution: Let = ik, where k ΠR.
z+i
In this case z2 = 2(1 + z2) fi z = ± 2i fi z – i = ikz – k
Thus, there are four complex numbers satisfying fi z (1 – ik) = –k + i
z2 + 2|z|2 = 2 -k + i
fi z=
Example 24: Suppose a ΠR and the equation z + a|z| + 1 - ik
2i = 0 has no solution in C, then a satisfies the relation. k2 + 1
(a) |a| > 1 (b) |a| ≥ 1 Note that |z|2 = =1
1 + k2
(c) |a| > 2 (d) |a| ≥ 2 fi zz = 1 fi z = 1/z
Ans. (b) 1
Thus, z + = z + z, which is a real number.
Solution: z = –a |z| – 2i z
fi |z|2 = a2 |z|2 + 4 Also, z + z =0
fi 2Re (z) = 0 fi Re (z) = 0
fi |z|2 (1 – a2) = 4
fi z = ai for some a ΠR.
This equation has no solution if 1 – a2 £ 0 or |a| ≥ 1
But in this case
2
For |a| < 1, |z| = and z-i
is a real number
1 - a2 z+i
2a Therefore, z + z π 0.
z= –2i
1 - a2 Example 27: The points z1, z2, z3, z4 in the complex
plane are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order if
Example 25: Suppose z is a complex number and n ΠN
and only if
be such that zn = (1 + z)n = 1, then the least value of n is
(a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3
(a) 3 (b) 6
(b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(c) 9 (d) 18
Ans. (b) (c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
(d) None of these
Solution: |z|n = |1 + z|n = 1 fi |z| = |z + 1| =1 Ans. (b)
fi |z| = 1 and z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the
segment joining 0 + 0i and –1 + 0i, that z lies on the line Solution: See theory.
Re (z) = – 1/2.
Example 28: If the complex numbers z1, z2 and z3
1 represent the vertices of an equilateral triangle such that
Let z = - + iy , then |z| = 1
2 | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |, then
1 3 (a) z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 (b) z1 + z2 – z3 = 0
+ y2 = 1 fi y= ± (c) z1 – z2 + z3 = 0 (d) z1 + z2 + z3 π 0
4 2
Ans. (a)
 Complex Numbers 2.19
Solution: Let | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | = k (say), Solution: We have
fi z1, z2, z3 lie on a circle with centre at the origin and |az1 – bz2| 2 + |bz1 + az2| 2
radius k. As z1, z2, z3 are vertices of an equilateral triangle, = a2|z1|2 + b2 |z2|2 – abz1 z2 – ab z1 z2
the circumcentre and the centroid of the triangle coincide.
Therefore, + b2 |z1| 2 + a 2 |z2|2 + ba z z 2 + ba z 1 z2
= (a2 + b2 ) ( |z1| 2 + |z2|2 )
1
(z1 + z2 + z3) = 0 fi z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
3 Example 32: If a and b are real numbers between 0 and
1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form
6
2p k 2p k ˆ
Example 29: The value of S = Â ÊË sin 7
- i cos
7 ¯
an equilateral triangle, then
is k =1 (a) a = b = 2 – 3 should look like this
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (b) a = 2 – 3 , b = 3 – 1
(c) – i (d) i
Ans. (d) (c) a = 3 – 1, b = 2 – 3
(d) none of these
Solution: sin Ê 2p k ˆ – i cos Ê 2p k ˆ
Ë 7 ¯ Ë 7 ¯ Ans. (a)
2p k ˆ Ê 2p k ˆ ˘ Solution: By the hypothesis 0 < a, b < 1
= - i Ècos Ê
ÍÎ Ë 7 ¯ + i sin Ë 7 ¯ ˙˚ and |z1 – z2| = |z2 – z3| = |z3 – z1|
= – i w k [De Moivre’s Theorem] fi |(a – 1) + i (1 – b)| = |1 + ib| = |a + i|
fi (a – 1)2 + (1 – b)2 = 1 + b2 = a2 + 1
where w = cos Ê 2p ˆ + i sin Ê 2p ˆ .
Ë 7¯ Ë 7¯ fi a2 – 2a + 1 – 2b = 0 and b2 = a2
Note that w = 1.7 As 0 < a, b < 1 and a2 = b2, we get a = b.
\ a2 – 2a + 1 – 2a = 0 fi a2 – 4a + 1 = 0
6
- i w (1 - w 6 )
\ S = -i  wk = 1-w fi a=2± 3 As 0 < a < 1, a = 2 – 3 .
k =1
Example 33: If z π 0 is a complex number such that
- i (w - w 7 ) - i (w - 1) arg(z) = p/4, then
= = =i
1-w 1-w (a) Re(z 2) = 0 (b) Im(z 2 ) = 0
Example 30: The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and (c) Re(z 2 ) = Im(z 2 ) (d) none of these
cos x – i sin 2x are conjugate to each other for Ans. (a)
1
(a) x = np, n Œ I (b) x = Ên + ˆ p , n Œ I Solution: As arg (z) = p/4, we can write
Ë 2¯ p p
(c) x = 0 (d) no value of x. z = r Êcos + i sin ˆ where r = |z|
Ë 4 4¯
Ans. (d)
p p
fi z 2 = r 2 Êcos + i sin ˆ
Solution: sin x + i cos 2 x = cos x – i sin 2x Ë 2 2¯
fi sin x – i cos 2x = cos x – i sin 2x [Using De Moivre’s Theorem]
fi sin x = cos x and cos 2x = sin 2x = r (0 + i) = ir2
2

fi tan x = 1 and tan 2x = 1 fi Re(z2) = 0

These two equations cannot hold simultaneously. Example 34: Let z and w be two non-zero complex
Example 31: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and numbers such that | z | = | w | and arg (z) + arg (w) = p. Then
a, b are two real numbers, then | az1 – bz2 |2 + | bz1 + az2 |2 z equal
equals (a) w (b) – w
(c) w (d) – w
(a) (a2 + b2) | z1 z2 |
Ans. (d)
(b) (a2 + b2) (z 12 + z 22 )
Solution: Let | z | = | w | = r and arg (w) = q, so that
(c) (a2 + b2) ( | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 arg (z) = p – q.
(d) 2ab | z1 z2 | We have
Ans. (c) z = r [cos(p – q) + i sin(p – q)]
2.20 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
= r (– cosq + i sinq ) Ans. (a)
= - r (cos q + i sin q ) = - w z – 5i
Solution: =1 fi |z – 5i| = | z – (– 5i)|
z + 5i
z -1
Example 35: If |z| = 1 and w = (where z π – 1), fi z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment join-
then Re(w) equals z +1
ing 5i and – 5i, i.e., z lies on the x-axis.
1
(a) 0 (b) - Example 38: The inequality | z – 4| < | z – 2 | represents
z + 12 the region given by
z 1 2 (a) Re(z) ≥ 0 (b) Re(z) < 3
(c) (d)
z + 1 z + 12 2 (c) Re(z) £ 0 (d) Re z > 3
z+
Ans. (a) Ans. (d)
Solution: |z| = 1 fi z z = 1. Y
z -1 z -1
2Re(w) = w + w = +
z +1 z +1
z - 1 (1 / z ) - 1
= +
z + 1 (1 / z ) + 1
z -1 1- z O 2 3 4 X
= + =0
z +1 1+ z
fi Re(w) = 0
Example 36: Let z and w be two complex numbers
such that | z | = | w | = 1 and | z + iw | = | z – i w | = 2. Then z
equals Fig. 2.44
(a) 1 or i (b) i or – i
Solution: If z satisfies |z – 4| = |z – 2|, then z lies on the
(c) 1 or – 1 (d) i or – 1
perpendicular bisector of the segment joining z = 2 and z = 4.
Ans. (c)
i.e., |z – 4| = |z – 2| fi Re(z) = 3.
Solution: We have |– i w| = |– i| |w| = 1 As z = 0 does not satisfy |z – 4| < |z – 2|, we get
and |i w | = |i| w | = 1 |z – 4| < |z – 2| represents the region Re(z) > 3.
fi – i w and i w lie on the circle |z| = 1.
Example 39: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such
As |z – (– i w)| = |z – i w | = 2 we get z and – iw, as well
z -z
as z and i w are the end points of the same diameter, with that 1 2 = 1, then
one end point at z. z1 + z2
\ Рiw = i w fi w + w = 0 (a) z2 = kz1, k ΠR (b) z2 = ikz1, k ΠR
fi w is purely imaginary. (c) z1 = z2 (d) none of these
Let w = ik where k ΠR. Ans. (b)
As |w| = 1, we get |ik| = 1 Solution: Note that at least one of z1, z2 is different
fi |k| = 1 fi k = ± 1. from 0. Suppose z2 π 0. We can write
\ w = ± i fi – iw = i w = ± 1
When i w = 1, then z = – 1 and z1 - z2 z /z -1 z z
= 1, as 1 2 = 1 or as 1 - 1 = 1 + 1 .
when i w = – 1 then z = 1 z1 + z2 z1 / z2 + 1 z2 z2
y
Example 37: The complex This shows that z1/z2 lies on the perpendicular bisector of
numbers z = x + i y which satisfy 5i the segment joining A (– 1 + i0) and B(1 + i0) [See Theory].
z - 5i Thus, z1/z2 lies on the imaginary axis.
the equation = 1, lie on z
z + 5i z1 z2 1 - i
0 x \ = ia for some a ΠR. fi = =
(a) the x – axis z2 z1 ia a
(b) the straight line y = 5 – 5i fi z2 = ikz1 for some k ŒR
(c) a circle passing
through origin
(d) none of these Fig. 2.43
 Complex Numbers 2.21
Example 40: For any complex number z, the minimum 1
value of |z| + |z – 2i| is (c) tanq (d) 2
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) none of these Ans. (b)
Ans. (c) Solution:
Solution: We have, for z ŒC TIP
|2i| = |z + (2i – z)| £ |z| + |2i – z| 1
If z= , then
fi 2 £ |z| + |z – 2i| w
Thus, minimum value of |z| + |z – 2i| is 2 and it is attained Re (w )
when z = i. Re(z) =
w2
Example 41: If x = 2 + 5i, then the value of x3 – 5x2 +
33x – 19 is equal to 1 - cos q
\ Re(z) =
(a) – 5 (b) – 7 (1 - cos q )2 + sin 2 q
(c) 7 (d) 10
= 1 - cos q
Ans. (d)
1 - 2 cos q + cos2 q + sin 2 q
Solution: x = 2 + 5i fi x – 2 = 5i
fi (x – 2)2 = (5i)2 fi x2 – 4x + 4 = – 25 1 - cos q 1
= =
fi x2 – 4x + 29 = 0. We now divide 2 (1 - cos q ) 2
x3 – 5x2 + 33x – 19 by x2 – 4x + 29.
2z + 1
Example 44: If the imaginary part of is – 4, then
iz + 1
the locus of the point representing z in the complex plane is
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola
(c) a circle (d) an ellipse
Ans. (c)
Solution: Let z = x + iy, then
2z + 1 2( x + iy) + 1 (2 x + 1) + 2iy
= =
iz + 1 i( x + iy) + 1 (1 - y) + ix
Thus, x3 – 5x2 + 33x – 19 = (x – 1) (x2 – 4x + 29) + 10
= (x – 1) (0) + 10 = 10 [(2 x + 1) + 2iy ] [(1 - y) - ix ]
=
1 - iz (1 - y)2 + x 2
Example 42: If z = x + iy and w = , then |w| = 1
z-i
implies, that, in the complex plane Ê 2 z + 1ˆ
As Im Á = – 4, we get
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis Ë iz + 1 ˜¯
(b) z lies on the real axis
2 y(1 - y) - x(2 x + 1)
(c) z lies on the unit circle =–4
(d) none of these x 2 + (1 - y)2
Ans. (b) fi 2x2 + 2y2 + x – 2y = 4x2 + 4(y2 – 2y + 1)
1 - iz fi 2x2 + 2y2 – x – 6y + 4 = 0
Solution: |w| = 1 fi =1
z-i which represents a circle.
fi |– i2 – iz| = |z – i| fi |(– i) (z + i)| = |z – i| Example 45: The area of the triangle whose vertices
fi |z + i| = |z – i| are the points represented by the complex number z, iz and
fi z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment join- z + iz is
ing i and – i.
fi z lies on the real axis. 1 2 1 2
(a) |z| (b) |z|
4 8
1
Example 43: The real part of z = is 1 2 1
1 - cos q + i sin q (c) |z| (d) |z|
2 2
1 1
(a) (b) Ans. (c)
1 - cosq 2
2.22 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Solution: Area of the triangle is given by Ê1 3 ˆ 1 3 1 3
= 1- Á ± i˜ = ∓ i = + =1
z z 1 Ë2 2 ¯ 2 2 4 4
1
D = | iz -i z 1 | fi AB = OB
4
z + iz z -iz 1 Thus, OA = OB = AB.
\ DOAB is an equilateral triangle.
Applying R3 Æ R3 – R1 – R2, we get
z z 1 Example 48: If (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + º +
1 1 z z a2n x2n, then value of a0 + a3 + a6 + º is
D = | iz -i z 1 | = | (-1) | (a) 1 (b) 2n
4 4 iz -i z n –1
0 0 -1 (c) 2 (d) 3n –1
1 1 1 1 2 1 Ans. (d)
= (-1) (i )z z = z (2 ) = z 2
4 1 -1 4 2 Solution: Putting x = 1, w, w 2 in
Example 46: If w is a complex cube root of unity, then (1 + x + x2) n = a 0 + a1x + a2x2 + º + a2n x 2n, we get
x +1 w w2 (1 + 1 + 1)n = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + º + a2n,
(1 + w + w2)n = a0 + a1w + a2w2 + a3w3 + º + a2n w2n,
a root of the equation w x + w2 1 = 0 is
and (1 + w2 + w4)n = a0 + a1w2 + a2w4 + a3w6 + º + a2n w4n
w2 1 x +w
Adding the above three equations and using 1 + w +
(a) x = 1 (b) x = w w2 = 0, w3 = 1 we get
(c) x = w2 (d) x = 0 3n = 3(a0 + a3 + a6 + º)
Ans. (d)
fi a0 + a3 + a6 + º = 3n–1.
Solution: Let us denote the given determinant by D.
Applying C1 Æ C1 + C2 + C3, we get Example 49: Let

x +1+ w + w2 w w2 x w w2 1 1 - 2 i 3 + 5i
z = 1 + 2i -5 10 i , then
D = x +1+ w + w2 x + w2 1 = x x + w2 1
3 - 5i -10 i 11
x +1+w +w 2
1 x +w x 1 x +w
(a) z is purely imaginary
Clearly D = 0 for x = 0. (b) z is purely real
Example 47: Let z1 and z2 be two non-zero complex (c) z=0
z z (d) none of these
numbers such that 1 + 2 = 1, then the origin and points Ans. (b)
z2 z1
represented by z1 and z2 Solution: Conjugate of z equals the determinant ob-
(a) lie on a straight line tained by taking conjugate of each of its element. Therefore,
(b) form a right triangle 1 1 + 2 i 3 - 5i 1 1 - 2 i 3 + 5i
(c) form an equilateral triangle z = 1- 2i -5 -10 i = 1 + 2 i -5 10 i = z
(d) none of these
3 + 5 i 10 i 11 3 - 5 i -10 i 11
Ans. (c)
z 1 Thus, z is purely real.
Solution: Let z = 1 , then z + = 1 fi z2 – z + 1 = 0
z2 z x y
Example 50: If (x + iy)1/3 = a + ib, then + equals
1± 3i z1 1 ± 3i a b
fi z= fi =
2 z2 2 (a) 4(a2 – b2) (b) 2(a2 – b2)
If z1 and z2 are represented by A and B respectively and O (c) 2(a2 + b2) (d) none of these
be the origin, then
Ans. (a)
OA z 1 ± 3i 1 3 Solution: (x + iy)1/3 = a + ib
= 1 = = + =1
OB z2 2 4 4 fi x + iy = (a + ib)3 = a3 + 3a2 (ib) + 3a(ib)2 + (ib)3
fi OA= OB fi x + iy = (a3 – 3ab2) + (3a2b – b3)i
AB z -z z
Also, = 2 1 = 1- 1 Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
OB z2 z2
 Complex Numbers 2.23
x = a3 – 3ab2 and y = 3a2b – b3 Example 54: If 1, w, º, wn–1 are the nth roots of unity,
x y 1 1 1
fi = a2 – 3b2 and = 3a2 – b2. then value of + + + equals
a b 2 -w 2 -w 2
2 - w n -1
x y 1 n (2 n - 1)
Thus, + = 4a2 – 4b2 = 4(a2 – b2) (a) (b)
a b 2n - 1 2n + 1
Example 51: If z e C, the minimum value of |z| + |z – i| (n - 2) 2n -1
is attained at (c) (d) none of these
2n - 1
(a) exactly one point
Ans. (d)
(b) exactly two points
(c) infinite number of points Solution: We know that
(d) none of these 1 1 1 1 n ( x n -1 )
Ans. (c) + + +  + =
x -1 x - w x - w2 x - w n -1 xn - 1
Solution: We have Putting x = 2, we get
1 = |i| = |z + (i – z)| £ |z| + |i – z| 1 1 1 n(2 n -1 )
fi |z| + |z – i| ≥ 1 + +  + =
2 - w 2 - w2 2 - w n -1 2n - 1
The minimum value 1 is attained at all points z = i t where
t Π[0, 1]. p p
Example 55: If w = cos + i sin , then value of
n n
Example 52: For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying 1 + w + w 2 + º + wn–1 is
|z1| = 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5, the minimum value of |z1 – z2| is p
p
(a) 0 (b) 2 (a) 1 + i cot Ê ˆ (b) 1 + i tan Ê ˆ
Ë 2p ¯ Ë n¯
(c) 7 (d) 17
(c) 1 + i (d) none of these
Ans. (b) Y
Ans. (a)
Solution: |z1| = 12 implies
z1 Solution: We have
that z1 lies on the circle with z2
centre C1 at the origin and ra- 1- wn 2
C2
X 1 + w + w2 + º + wn–1 = = .
dius 12 whereas |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5 C1 1-w 1-w
implies z2 lies on the circle with Ê np ˆ Ê np ˆ
as w n = cos Á + i sin Á = cos p + i sin p = – 1
centre at C2 (3 + 4i) and radius Ë n ˜¯ Ë n ˜¯
5. See Fig. 2.45. The quantity 2 2(1 - w ) 2(1 - w )
|z1 – z2| will be least if z1 and z2 Fig. 2.45 Now, = =
1 -w (1 - w )(1 - w ) 1 - (w + w ) + w w
lie on the line joining C1 and C2 i.e. on the line z = (3 + 4i)t
2(1 - w )
12 = [ w w = |w|2 = 1]
In fact, when we take z2 = 6 + 8i and z1 = (3 + 4i), we 2 - 2 Re (w )
5
12 2 1 - Re(w ) + i Im (w ) Im(w )
obtain |z1 – z2| = (3 + 4i ) - (6 + 8i ) = 3 + 4i = 2. = =1+ i
5 5 1 - Re(w ) 1 - Re(w )

Example 53: If z lies on the circle |z – 1| = 1, then

equals
z-2
z = 1+ i
sin ()
p
n =1+ i
2 sin ( ) ( )
p
2n
cos
p
2n
(a)
(b)
0
2
1 - cos
p
n() 2 sin( )
2 p
2n
(c) –1 = 1 + i cot (p/2n)
(d) none of these Example 56: If | z | = 1 and z π ± 1, then all the values
Ans. (d) z
of lie on:
1 – z2
Solution: Note that |z – 1|
(a) a line not passing through the origin.
= 1 represents a circle with the
Fig. 2.46 (b) | z | = 2
segment joining z = 0 and z = 2
+ 0i as a diameter. See Fig. 2.46. If z lies on the circle, then (c) the x – axis
z-2 (d) the y – axis
is purely imaginary.
z-0
2.24 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Ans. (d) Example 59: If z2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex
Solution: As | z | = 1, we get zz = 1. number, then values of
2
z Ê 1ˆ 2 Ê 2 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ2 Ê 1 ˆ2
Let w= , then S= z+ + Á z + 2 ˜ + Á z 3 + 3 ˜ +---+ Á z 6 + 6 ˜ is
1 – z2 Ë z¯ Ë z ¯ Ë z ¯ Ë z ¯
(a) 12 (b) 18
z z z 1/ z
w+ w = 2
+ 2
= 2
+ (c) 54 (d) 6
1– z 1– z 1– z 1 – (1 / z )2
Ans. (a)
z z
= + =0 Solution: z 2 + z + 1 = 0 fi z = w, w2.
2 2
1– z z –1 Let z = w then (w + w 2) 2
fi 2Re(w) = 0 fi Re(w) = 0 = (w 2 + w 4)2 = (w4 + w 8 )2
Thus, w lies on the y-axis. = (w5 + w10 ) 2 = 1
Alternate Solution and (w + w ) = (w6 + w12)2 = 4.
3 6 2

z z 1 Thus, S = 12.
w= 2
= 2
=
1– z zz – z z –z Example 60: If | z + 4| £ 3, then maximum value of
1 | z + 1| is
= (a) 4 (b) 10
– 2 i Im ( z )
(c) 6 (d) 0
fi w is purely imaginary, that is, w lies on the y-axis. Ans. (c)
Example 57: The locus of the centre of a circle which Solution: | z + 4 | £ 3 represents the interior and boundary
touches the circle |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = b π a externally is of the circle with center at – 4 and radius equal to 3. As – 1
(a) an ellipse (b) a hyperbola is an end point of a diameter of the circle, maximum pos-
(c) a circle (d) a pair of straight lines. sible value of | z + 1| is 6 which is attained when z = – 7.
Ans. (b) See Fig. 2.48
Solution: Suppose |z – w| = r Y
touches |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = b externally.
Then |w – z1| = a + r, |w – z 2| = b + r
fi |w – z1| – |w – z 2| = a – b
fi w lies on a hyperbola with focii at z1 and z2 –7 4 –1 O X

a
Z1
r
Fig. 2.48
W r
b
Z2 Example 61: Let z, w be two complex numbers such
that z + i w = 0 and arg (z w) = p, then arg z equals

Fig. 2.47 3p p
(a) (b)
4 2
Example 58: If |z2 – 1| = |z|2 + 1, then z lies on
p 5p
(a) a circle (b) the imaginary axis (c) (d)
(c) the real axis (d) an ellipse 4 4
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
Solution: z + i w = 0 fi z – iw = 0
Solution: |z 2 – 1| = |z| 2 + 1 can be written as |z2 + (– 1)|
Ê 2ˆ
arg Á z ˜ = p
2
= |z | + |– 1| Now, arg (zw) = p fi
Ë i ¯
z2 fi 2arg(z) – arg(i) = p
¤ is a non-negative real number.
–1
p 3p 3p
¤ z2 is a non-positive real number. fi 2arg(z) = p + = fi arg (z) =
2 2 4
¤ z lies on the imaginary axis.
 Complex Numbers 2.25
Example 62: If z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 and |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1, (a) 1 (b) 2
2 2 2
then value of z1 + z2 + z3 equals (c) 3 (d) 2 3
(a) – 1 (b) 0 Ans. (a)
(c) 1 (d) 3 2z
Ans. (b) Solution: Note that z π 0 and 1 – w = ŒR.
1 + z + z2
Solution: z12 + z22 + z32 z 1 1
= (z1 + z2 + z3)2 – 2 (z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2) fi ŒR fi ŒR fi z + ŒR
1+ z + z 2 1 + z + 1/ z z
Ê1 1 1ˆ 1 1 1 1 z-z
= 0 – 2z1 z2 z3 Á + + fi z+ =z + fi z-z = - =
Ë z1 z2 z3 ˜¯ z z z z | z |2
= – 2z1 z2 z3 ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) As z œR, z π z, therefore |z|2 = 1 or |z| = 1
[ |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1] 4
Example 66: If z - = 2, then the maximum value of
= – 2z1 z2 z3(0) | z| is equal to z
=0 (a) 1 (b) 2 + 2
Example 63: If z satisfies the relation
(c) 3 +1 (d) 5 +1
|z – i| z1| = |z + i| z1|, (1)
then Ans. (d)
(a) Im (z) = 0 (b) |z| = 1 4 4 4
Solution: z - £ |z|- £ z- =2
(c) Re(z) = 0 (d) none of these z |z| z
Ans. (a)
fi z2 -2 z -4£0
Solution: z = 0 clearly satisfies (1).
For z π 0, (1) can be written as fi (| z | – 1)2 £5fi|z|£1+ 5.

z z The maximum value 5 + 1 is attained when z = 5 +1.

-1 = +i
z z Example 67: If |w | = 2, then the set of points x +iy =
1
z w- lie on
fi is equidistant from i and – i w
z
(a) circle (b) ellipse
z (c) parabola (d) hyperbola
fi lies on the real axis.
z Ans. (b)
fi z is real. Solution: |w | = 2 fi w = 2eiq = 2(cos q + i sin q)
Thus, Im(z) = 0. 1 1
fi x +iy = w - = 2eiq - e-iq
Example 64: If a, b are distinct complex numbers with w 2
b –a 3 5 x2 y2
|b | = 1, then value of equals fi x=cos q, y = sin q fi + =1
1–ab 2 2 9 / 4 25 / 4
(a) 1 (b) |a| which represents an ellipse.
(c) 2 (d) none of these
Ans. (a) Ê 1 ˆ
Example 68: If |z| = 1, z π 1, then value of arg Á
Ë 1- z ˜¯
Solution: |b | = 1 fi bb = 1 cannot exceed
(a) p/2 (b) p
b –a b –a b (b - a ) b –a (c) 3p/2 (d) 2p
\ = = = |b |
1–ab 1 – a /b b -a b –a Ans (a)
= | b | (1) = 1. [ |z| = ] Solution: As |z| = 1, z π 1, z = cos q + i sin q¸– p < q,
£ p, q π 0. Now
1 - z + z2
Example 65: Suppose z Œ C, and z œ R. If w = 1 1
1 + z + z2 w= =
is a real number, then |z| equals 1- z 1- cosq - i sin q
2.26 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

(1- cosq ) + i sin q (1- cosq ) + i sin q (a) 13 (b) 17

= = (c) 19 (d) 11
2
(1 - cosq ) + sin q2 2 (1 - cosq )
Ans (b)
1 i Êqˆ 1 i Êp qˆ Solution: Let z = x + iy, then
= + cot Á ˜ = + tan Á - ˜
2 2 Ë 2 ¯ 2 2 Ë 2 2¯
2(4 + i) x – (3 + i) 2iy + 26i = 0
This shows that w lies on the line x = 1/2 and –p/2 fi 4x + y = 0, x – 3y + 13 = 0
< arg (w) < p/2, Arg (w) π 0, The maximum value of Arg(w)
fi x = –1, y = 4
is never attained.
\ |z|2 = 17
z2
Example 69: If z π 1, is real, then point represented p p
z -1 Example 72: Let z = a (cos + isin ), a ΠR, |a| < 1,
5 5
by the complex number z lies
then S = z2015 + z2016 + z2017 + … equals
(a) on circle with centre at the origin.
(b) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing a 2015 a 2015
(a) (b)
through the origin. z -1 1- z
(c) on the imaginary axis.
(d) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through z 2015 z 2015
(c) (d)
the origin 1- a a -1
Ans (b) Ans (a)
Solution: We have |z| = |a| <1, thus
z2
Solution: As is real, we get z 2015
z -1 S=
1- z
z2 z2
= But z2015 = a2015 [cos(403p) + i sin (403p)] = – a2015
z -1 z -1
a 2015
¤ z2( z – 1) = z 2 (z – 1) \ S=
¤ z z (z – z ) – (z – z ) (z + z ) = 0 z -1

¤ (z – z ) (z z – z – z ) = 0 Example 73: If z = 20i - 21 + 20i + 21 , than one of

fi z – z = 0 or z z – z – z = 0 the possible value of |arg (z)| equals
fi z lies on the real axis (a) p/4 (b) p/2
or z lies on a circle through the origin. (c) 3p/8 (d) p
100 Ans (a)
3 i
Example 70: If 349 (x + iy) = Ê + ˆ , y Œ N, and Solution: 20i + 21 = (5 + 2i)2
Ë2 2 3 ¯
x = ky, then value of k is and 20i – 21 = (2 – 5i)2
(a) ±1/3 (b) ± 2 2 \ z = ± (5 + 2i) ± (2 + 5i)
(c) ±1 3 (d) ±1 3 fi z = 7(1 + i) , 3(1 – i), 3(–1 + i), 7(–1 –i)
fi arg (z) = p/4, –p/4, 3p/4, –3p/4
Ans (b)
Thus, one of the possible value of |arg(z)| is p/4.
Solution: We have
349 |x + iy| = |3/2 + 3i 2 |100 Example 74: If (a + bi)11 = x + iy, where a, b, x, y ΠR,
then (b + ai)11 equals
fi 349 x 2 + y 2 = (9/4 + 3/4)50 (a) y + ix (b) –y – ix
(c) –x – iy (d) x + iy
fi x 2 + y 2 = 3 fi (y) 1 + k2 = 3 Ans (b)
fi 1 + k 2 = 3, 3/2, 1, as y ΠN Solution: (a + bi )11 = x + iy
fi k = ± 2 2, ± 5 2, 0 fi (a – bi)11 = x – iy
Out of the given values, we have k = ± 2 2 . fi [(–i) (b + ia)]11 = – i (y + ix)
fi (–i)11 (b + ia)11 = – i (y + ix)
Example 71: If (4 + i) (z + z ) – (3 + i) (z – z ) + 26i =
As (–i)11 = (–i)8 (–1)3 i3 = i,
0, then the value of |z|2 is
we get (b + ia)11 = – (y + ix) = – y – ix
 Complex Numbers 2.27
Example 75: If a, b, x, y Œ R, w π 1, is a cube root of Solution: Taking conjugate, we get
unity and (a + bw)7 = x + yw, then (b + aw)7 equals (a + bw 2)7 = x + y w 2 fi (aw3 + bw2)7 = xw3 + yw2
(a) y + xw (b) – y – xw
w14 (aw + b)7 = w2 (xw + y)
(c) x + yw (d) – x – yw
fi (aw + b)7 = xw + y
Ans (a)

Assertion-Reason Type Questions

Example 76: Suppose z1, z2 are two distinct complex Solution: Statement-2 is true. See theory
numbers and a, b are real numbers. We have
Statement-1: If z1 + z2 = a, z1 z2 = b, then arg (z1 z2) = 0 z = a + (b + ic)2017 + (b – ic)2017
Statement-2: If z1 + z2 = a, z1 z2 = b, then z1 = z2 = a + (b – ic)2017 + (b + ic)2017
Ans. (c) =z
Solution: Statement-2 is false. This can be seen by tak- fi z is real
ing z1 and z2 to be distinct real numbers. \ Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is correct explana-
For statement-1, take z1 = a1 + ib1, z2 = a2 + ib2. We have tion for it.
b1 + b2 = 0, a1b2 + a2b1 = 0
If b2 = 0, then b1 = 0, and statement-1 is true. Example 79: Let w π 1, be a cube root of unity, and
a, b ΠR.
If b2 π 0, then b1 = –b2 and (a1 – a2)b2 = 0
Statement-1: a3 + b3 = (a + b) (aw + bw2) (aw2 + bw)
fi a1 – a2 = 0 or a1 = a2
Thus, a2 + ib2 = a1 – ib1 fi z2 = z1 Statement-2: x3 – 1 = (x – 1) (xw2 – w) (xw – w2)
In this case also arg (z1 z2) = arg (z1 z1) for each x ΠR.
= arg (|z1|2) = 0 Ans (a)
Example 77: Suppose z1 and z2 are two distinct non- Solution: We have
zero complex numbers. (xw2 – w) (xw – w2)
1 1 = x2w3 – xw2 – xw4 + w3
Statement-1: |z1 – z2| = -
z1 z2 = x2 – (w2 + w)x + 1
fi |z1| |z2| = 1 = x2 + x + 1 [ w2 + w = –1]
\ (x – 1) (xw2 – w) (xw – w2)
1 1 = (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) = x3 – 1
Statement-2: |z1 – z2| = -
z1 z2 Thus, Statement-2 is true.
then both of z1, z2 have modulus 1 Replacing x by –x, we get
Ans (c) (–x)3 –1 = (–x –1) (–x w2 – w) (–xw – w2)
1 1 z -z fi x3 + 1 = (x + 1) (x w2 + w) (xw + w2)
Solution: |z1 – z2| = - = 2 1 Taking conjugate of both the sides, we get
z1 z2 z2 z1
As z1 π z2, we get |z1 z2| = 1 x3 + 1 = (x + 1) (x w + w2) (xw2 + w)
fi |z1| |z2| = 1 [ w = w 2]
If b = 0, statement-1 is clearly true. Suppose b π 0.
\ Statement-1 is true.
Replacing x by a/b we get
Statement-2 is false. For example take z1 = 3, z2 = 1/3. 3
Ê aˆ Êa ˆÊa 2ˆ Ê a 2 ˆ
Example 78: Suppose a, b, c Œ R. Ë b ¯ + 1 = Ë b + 1¯ Ë b w + w ¯ Ë b w + w¯
Statement-1: If z = a + (b + ic)2017 + (b – ic)2017 then z is fi a3 + b3 = (a + b) (aw + bw2) (aw2 + bw)
real. Thus, statement-1 is also true and statement-2 is a correct
Statement-2: If z = z, then z is real explanation for it.
Ans (a)
2.28 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Example 80: Let A, B, C be three set of complex 1 b c
numbers as defined below: D1 = 1 c a
A = {z : Im z ≥ 1}
1 a b
B = {z : |z – 2 – i| = 3}
Applying R2 Æ R2 – R1, R3 Æ R3 – R1, we get
C = {z : Re ((1 –i) z)} = 2} 1 b c
2 2
Statement-1: |z + 1 – i| + |z – 5 – i| = 37 D1 = 0 c - b a - c
"zŒA«B«C 0 a-b b-c
Statement-2: A « B « C consists of exactly one point. = – (b – c)2 –(a – b) (a – c)
Ans (d) = – [a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab]
Solution: The set A consists of all points in the half 1
plane Im (z) ≥ 1, that is, all the points above and including =– [(b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (a – b)2]
the line through S and parallel to the real axis. The set B 2
is the set of all points on the circle with centre at 2 + i and Now, D =0
radius 3, and the set C consists of all the points on the line fi (a + b + c) [(b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (a – b)2]
x + y = 2 . The regions in A, B and C intersect in exactly As a + b + c > 0, we get
one point viz. R. see Fig. 2.49.
a =b = c
fi |z1| = |z2| = |z3|
fi z1, z2, z3 lie on a circle with centre at the origin and
radius equal to a.
If we take z1, z2 as opposite vertices of a diameter, then
triangle is a right triangle with right angle at z3, and its area
1
is |z3 – z1| |z3 – z2|
2
\ Statement-2 is false.
Fig. 2.49 If z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, then |z1 – z2|2 + |z3|2
\ Statement-2 is true. Points P (–1 + i) and Q(5 + i) are = |z1 – z2|2 + |–z1 – z2|2
the end points of diameter of the circle |z – (2 + i)| = 3 = 2|z1|2 + 2|z2|2 = 4a2
Now, |z + 1 – i|2 + |z – 5 –i|2 fi |z1 – z2| = 3a
= PR2 + QR2 = PQ2 = 36
Similarly, |z2 – z3| = |z3 – z1| = 3a
\ Statement-1 is false.
Thus, triangle is an equilateral triangle.
Example 81: Let z1, z2, z3 be three distinct non-zero
Example 82: Statement-1: If z1, z2, z3 are such that |z1| =
complex numbers such that a = |z1|, b = |z2|, c = |z3|. and
|z2| = |z3| = 1, then maximum value of |z2 – z3|2 + |z3 – z1|2 +
a b c |z1 – z2|2 is 9.
D= b c a =0 Statement-2: If z1, z2, z3 are such that |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1,
c a b then
Statement-1: If z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, then triangle with vertices Re ( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 ) ≥ - 3 / 2
z1, z2 and z3 is an equilateral triangle. Ans. (a)
Statement-2: Area of triangle with vertices z1, z2, and z3 is Solution: 0 £ |z1 + z2 + z3|2
3
z1 - z2 2 fi 0 £ |z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2 + 2 Re ( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 )
4
fi Re ( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1 z2 ) ≥ – 3/2
Ans (c)
Solution: Applying C1 Æ C1 + C2 + C3, [ |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1]
we get Therefore, statement-2 is true.
D = (a + b + c) D1 where Next, |z2 – z3|2 + |z3 – z1|2 + |z1 – z2|2
 Complex Numbers 2.29

= 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2) – 2 Re( z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1z2 ) Ê 2ˆ

6
Ê 2ˆ
7
Ê 2ˆ
6
28
fi 1 £ 2 Á ˜ + 3 Á ˜ = Á ˜ [ 2 + 2] = 6 < 1
£ 2(1 + 1 + 1) + 2(3/2) = 9 Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ Ë 3¯ 3
Maximum value is obtained when z1 = 1, z2 = w, z3 = w 2, A contradiction.
where w is a cube root of unity. Thus, if z satisfies the equation z7 + 2z + 3 = 0, then 1 £ |z|
Statement-1 is also true and statement-2 is correct < 3/2.
explanation for it. Thus, Statement-1 is true.
Statement-2 is false, as the given relation implies z3 – 3z2 +
Example 83: Statement-1: If w π 1 is a cube root of 1 = 0 which is satisfied by just 3 values of z where as 1 < |z|
unity and z is a complex number such that |z| = 1, then £ 3/2 contains infinite number of points.
2 + 3w + 4 z w 2
= 1. Example 85: Statement-1 If w π 1, is a cube root of
4w + 3w 2 z + 2 z unity, then A2 = O, where
Statement-2: If z1, z2 are two complex numbers, then Ê 1 w w2ˆ
|z1| = |z2| ¤ z1 = z2 Á ˜
A= Á w w2 1˜
Ans. (c)
Áw 2
Ë 1 w ˜¯
2 + 3w + 4 z w 2 1 2 + 3w + 4w 2 z
Solution: =
4w + 3w 2 z + 2 z z 2 + 3w 2 + 4w z –1 Statement-2 If w π 1, is a cube root of unity, then
x +1 w w2
1 2 + 3w + 4w 2 z 1
= = =1 x + w2
z 2 + 3w + 4w 2 z | z | D= w 1 = x3

[ w = w2, z = 1/z] w2 1 x +w
Ans. (b)
Thus, Statement-1 is true.
Solution: It is easy to show
Statement-2 is false as |z1| = |z2| does not imply z1 = .
However, z1 = fi |z1| = |z2| Êy y yˆ
A = Áy
2
y y˜ = O
Example 84: Statement-1: If z is a root of the equation Á ˜
x7 + 2x + 3 = 0, then 1 £ |z| < 3/2. Ëy y y¯
Statement-2: If z lies in the annular region 1 < |z| £ 3/2, where y = 1 + w + w2 = 0.
then z satisfies the \ Statement-1 is true.
1 1 1 Using C1 Æ C1 + C2 + C3, we get
+ + =1
z – 1 z – w z – w2
1 w w2 1 w w2
where w π 1 is a cube root of unity.
Ans. (c) D = x 1 x + w2 1 = x 0 x + w2 – w 1 – w2
Solution: Suppose |z| < 1 and z7 + 2z + 3 = 0, then 1 1 x +w 0 1–w x + w – w2
3 = |– 3| = |z7 + 2z| £ |z7| + 2|z|
= x[(x + w2 – w) (x + w – w2) – (1 – w) (1 – w2)]
7
fi 3 £ |z| + 2|z| < 1 + 2(1) = 3.
= x[x2 – (w – w2)2 – {1 – w – w2 + 1}] = x3
A contradiction.
Next, suppose that |z| ≥ 3/2 and z7 + 2z + 3 = 0, then \ Statement-2 is also true but is not the correct reason for
w = 1/z satisfies the equation 1 + 2w6 + 3w7 = 0. Now, the statement-1.
1 = |– 1| = |2w6 + 3w7| £ 2|w|6 + 3|w7|
2.30 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

LEVEL 2

Straight Objective Type Questions

Example 86: Let z = cos q + isin q. Then the value of with 0 < t < 1. If Arg (w) denotes the principal argument of
15 a nonzero complex number w, then which of the following
 Im (z2 m - 1 ) at q = 2° is is not true?
m =1
y
1 1
(a) (b) z2
sin 2∞ 3 sin 2∞
z
1 1
(c) (d) z1
sin 2∞ 4 sin 2∞
Ans. (d) x
15 15 O
( )
Solution:  Im z 2 m -1 = Im  z 2 m -1 ( )
m =1 m =1
Fig. 2.50
Èz 1 - z
Í ( 2 15
( ) ) ˘˙ Ê 1 - z 30 ˆ
(a) z - z1 + z - z2 = z1 - z2
= Im Í ˙ = Im Á (b) Arg (z – z1) = Arg (z – z2)
1 - z2 Ë z - z ˜¯
ÍÎ ˙˚ z - z1 z - z1
(c) =0
È 1 ˘ z2 - z1 z2 - z1
= Im Í {1 - cos (30 q ) - i sin (30 q )}˙
Î -2i sin q ˚ (d) Arg (z – z1) = Arg (z2 – z1)
1 1 Ans. (b)
= [1 - cos (30 q )] = [1 - cos (60∞)] Solution: z – z1 = t (z2 – z1)
2 sin q 2 sin 2∞
1 fi |z – z1| = t|z2 – z1| = t|z1 – z2| (1)
=
4 sin 2∞ [ t > 0]
and z – z2 = (1 – t) (z1 – z2)
Example 87: Let z = x + iy be a complex number where
x and y are integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose fi |z – z2| = (1 – t) |z1 – z2| = (1 – t) |z2 – z1| (2)
vertices are the roots of the equation zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 is [ 1 – t > 0]
(a) 48 (b) 32 From (1) and (2), we get
(c) 40 (d) 80
|z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z2 – z1|
Ans. (a)
Next,
Solution: zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 fi zz z 2 + z 2 = 350 ( ) z - z1 z - z1 t ( z2 - z1 ) t ( z2 - z1 )
= =0
( 2
) 2 2 2
fi x + y ÈÎ( x - iy ) + ( x + iy ) ˘˚ =350 z2 - z1 z2 - z1 z2 - z1 ( z2 - z1 )
fi ( x 2 + y 2 ) (2 x 2 - 2 y 2 ) = 350 [ R1 and R2 are identical]
Also, Arg (z – z1) = Arg (z2 – z1) since z1, z and z2 lie on the
fi x4 – y4 = 175 same straight line and on the same side of z1.
fi x4 ≥ 175 fi x4 ≥ 256 Example 89: For complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy, and z2
Let us try x = ± 4 = x2 + iy2, we write z1 « z2 if x1 £ x2 and y1 £ y2. Let z be a
Thus, y4 =256 – 175 = 81 fi y = ± 3 complex number such that 1 « z, then
\ roots of zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 are z = ± 4 ± 3i 1– z 1– z
(a) «–i (b) 1 «
1+ z 1+ z
Area of rectangle whose vertices are ± 4 ± 3i is (8) (6) = 48.
1– z 1+ z
Example 88: Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex (c) «0 (d) «0
1+ z 1– z
numbers and let z = (1 – t) z1 + tz2 for some real number t
Ans. (c)
 Complex Numbers 2.31
Solution: Let z = x + iy. As 1 « z, we get 1 £ x and 0 £ y Solution: rth term of the given expression is
1 - z (1 - x ) - iy [(1 - x ) - iy ] [(1 + x ) - iy ] r (r + 1 – w) (r + 1 –w2)
Now, = = = (r + 1 – 1) (r + 1 – w) (r + 1 – w2)
1 + z (1 + x ) + iy (1 + x )2 + y 2 = (r + 1)3 – 1
(1 - x 2 ) - y 2 - iy (1 + x + 1 - x ) [\ (x – 1) (x – w) (x – w2) = x3 – 1]
= n -1 n -1
(1 + x )2 + y 2 \ S= Â ÈÎ(r + 1)3 - 1˘˚ = Â ÈÎ(r + 1)3 - 1˘˚
r =1 r =0
1 - ( x 2 + y 2 ) - 2 iy n
= 1 2
(1 + x )2 + y 2 = Â r3 - n = 4
n (n + 1)2 - n
r =0
As x ≥ 1, and y ≥ 0, we get
Example 92: The number of complex numbers z such
1 – ( x 2 + y2 ) – 2y n

(1 + x )2 + y 2
£ 0 and
(1 + x )2 + y 2
£0 that |z| < 1/3, and  ar zr = 1 where |ar| < 2, is
r =1
(a) 0 (b) 1
1– z (c) 4 (d) infinite
Thus, «0
1+ z Ans. (a)

Example 90: The complex number z1, z2, z3 are the Solution: We have
n n
vertices of an equilateral triangle. If z0 is the circumcentre of
the triangle, then z21 + z22 + z23 is equal to
1= Â ar zr £ Â ar zr
r =1 r =1

(a) z02 (b) 3z02 n

1 r •
1 r
2/3
<  2 ÊË 3 ˆ¯ <  2 ÊË 3 ˆ¯ =
1- 2/3
=1
(c) z03 (d) 3z03 r =1 r =1
A contradiction.
Ans. (b)
Example 93: If a, b, c are integers, not all equal and
Solution: As the triangle with vertices z1, z2 and z3 is w (π1) is a cube root of unity, then minimum value of
an equilateral triangle, the circumcentre and the centroid of |a + bw + cw 2| is
the triangle coincides. Thus,
(a) 3 (b) 1
1 (c) 2 (d) 3
z0 = (z1 + z2 + z3)
3 Ans. (b)
fi (3z0)2 = z21 + z22 + z23 + 2(z2 z3 + z3 z1 + z1z2) (1) 2
Solution: a + bw + cw 2
As the triangle is an equilateral triangle, = (a + bw + cw 2 ) (a + bw + cw 2 )
z2 z3 + z2 z1 + z1 z3 = z 21+ z22 + z32 (2) = (a + bw + cw 2 ) (a + bw 2 + cw)
From (1) and (2) we get = a 2 + b 2 + c2 + (bc + ca + ab) (w + w2 )
9 z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 ( z12 + z22 + z33 ) = a 2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab
1
¤ 3z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 . = [(b – c) 2 + (c – a)2 + (a – b) 2 ]
2
Example 91: If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, As a, b, c are integers not all equal, at least two of b – c,
c – a and a – b are of different from zero. Therefore mini-
then value of the expression mum value of (b – c) 2 + (c – a) 2 + (a – b 2) is 2.
1(2 – w) (2 – w2) + 2(3 – w) (3 – w2) + … 2
+ (n – 1) (n – w) (n – w2) is Thus, a + bw + cw 2 ≥1 fi |a + bw + cw 2| ≥ 1.

1 2 1 2 Example 94: The region of the argand plane defined by

(a) n (n + 1)2 - n (b) n (n + 1)2 + n |z – i| + |z + i| £ 4 is
4 4
(a) interior of an ellipse
1 2 1 (b) exterior of a circle
(c) n (n + 1) - n (d) n (n + 1)2 - n
4 4 (c) interior and boundary of an ellipse
Ans. (a) (d) none of these
Ans. (c)
2.32 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
Solution: Let A and B be the point 0 + i and 0 – i and = |arg (B) – arg (A)|
P(z) be any point satisfying |z – i| + |z + i| £ 4. = –BOA = –BOX – –AOX
fi PA + PB £ 4 = p/2 + (p/2 – q) – q = p – 2q
Thus, P lies in the interior or on the boundary on the ellipse = 2 cos–1 (4/5)
with foci A and B and length of major axis = 4. See Fig. 2.51
Y
Y

A
P
C 25i
X
O

15

15
B PA + PB = 4 25
B A

Fig. 2.51 q
X
O
Example 95: If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex
Fig. 2.52
numbers such that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then arg (z1) – arg (z2)
is equal to
Example 97: If |z| = 3, the area of the triangle whose
(a) – p (b) – p/2
sides are z, wz and z + wz (where w is a complex cube root
(c) p/2 (d) 0
of unity) is
Ans. (d)
(a) 9 3 /4 (b) 3 3 /2
Solution: Let z1 = r1(cos q1 + i sin q1) and
(c) 5/2 (d) 8 3 /3
z2 = r2(cos q2 + i sin q2) where r1 = |z1|, r2 = |z2|, q1 =
arg (z1) and q2 = arg (z2). Ans. (a)
We have Solution: We have |z| = 3, |wz| = |w| |z| = (1) (3) = 3
|z1 + z2|2 = r 12 + r22 + 2r1r2 cos (q1 – q2) and
= (r1 + r2)2 + 2r1r2 {cos (q1 – q2) – 1} |z + wz| = |(1 + w)z| = |(– w2)z|
= |– w2| |z| = (1) (3) = 3.
Now, |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2| \ The given triangle is equilateral and its area is
¤ cos (q1 – q2) = 1 ¤ q1 – q2 = 0 ¤ q1 = q2. 3 2 9 3
|z| = .
4 4
Example 96: If |z – 25i| £ 15, then
|maximum arg (z) – minimum arg (z)| equals Example 98: The greatest and the least value of |z1 +
–1
(a) 2 cos (3/5) –1
(b) 2 cos (4/5) z2| if z1 = 24 + 7i and |z2| = 6 are respectively
(c) p/2 + cos–1 (3/5) (d) sin–1 (3/5) – cos–1 (3/5) (a) 31, 19 (b) 25, 19
(c) 31, 25 (d) none of these
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
Solution: If |z – 25i| £ 15, then z lies either in the Solution: Note that |z| = 6 represents a circle. As |z2|
interior and or on the boundary of the circle with centre at = 6, |z1 + z2| = |z2 – (– 24 – 7i)| represent distance between a
C (25i) and radius equal to 15. point on the circle |z| = 6 and the point (– 24 – 7i).
From Fig. 2.52 it is clear that least argument is for point A |z1 + z2| will be greatest and least at points B and A which
and the greatest argument is for point B. are the end points of the diameter of the circle through C.
p OA 20 As OC = 25, CA = OC – OA= 25 – 6 = 19 and CB = OC +
From right DOAC, cos Ê – q ˆ = = OB = 25 + 6 = 31. See Fig. 2.53
Ë2 ¯ OC 25
fi p/2 – q = cos–1 (4/5)
Now, for |z – 25i| £ 15
|maximum (arg z) – minimum (arg z)|
 Complex Numbers 2.33

1
Thus, |z| – £ 1 fi |z| 2 – |z| – 1 £ 0
B z
fi |z| lies between the roots of |z|2 – |z| – 1 = 0
1 1
O fi (1 – 5 ) £ |z| £ (1 + 5)
2 2
1
A ( 5 + 1).
As z π 0, |z| > 0, therefore, 0 < |z| £
C(-24 - 7i)
2
i 1
Taking z = ( 5 + 1), we get z + = 1. Thus, maximum
Fig. 2.53 2 z
possible value of |z| is ( 5 + 1)/2.
Alternate Solution
|z2| = 6 fi z2 = 6e iq where q e R. Example 101: If |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 and z1 + z2 + z3 = 0,
then area of the triangle whose vertices are z1, z2, z3 is
\ |z1 + z2|2 = |24 + 7i + 6 (cos q + i sin q)|2
= (24 + 6 cos q)2 + (7 + 6 sin q)2 (a) 3 3 /4 (b) 3 /4
= 576 + 36 cos2 q + 288 cos q + 49 + (c) 1 (d) 2
36 sin2 q + 84 sin q Ans. (a)
= 625 + 36 + 12 (24 cos q + 7 sin q) Solution: |z2 – z3|2 + |z2 + z3|2 = 2|z2|2 + 2|z3|2
= 661 + 12 (25) sin (q + a) fi |z2 – z3|2 + |– z1|2 = 2(1) + 2(1)
[put 7 = r cos a and 24 = r sin a] [ z1 + z2 + z3 = 0]
= 661 + 300 sin (q + a) fi |z2 – z3| = 3
Thus, greatest possible value of |z1 + z2|2 is 661 + 300 =
961 and the least possible value of |z1 + z2|2 is 361. Similarly, |z3 – z1| = |z1 – z2| = 3
Thus, area of triangle with vertices z1, z2, z3 is
\ greatest and least possible values of |z1 + z2| are 31 and
19 respectively. 3 2 3 3
4
( 3) =
4
Example 99: If a, b are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0, and w
is a cube root of unity, then value of (wa + w2b) (w2a + wb) is Example 102: An equation of straight line joining the
(a) p2 (b) 3q complex numbers a and ib (where a, b e R and a, b π 0) is
(c) p2 – 2q (d) p2 – 3q
Ê1 iˆ Ê1 iˆ
Ans. (d) (a) z Á - ˜ + z Á + ˜ = 2
Ë a b¯ Ë a b¯
Solution: We have a + b = – p, ab = q (b) z(a – ib) + z (a + ib) = 2(a2 + b2)
Now (wa + w 2b ) (w2a + wb) (c) z(a + ib) + z (a – ib) = 2ab
= w3 a2 + w4 ab + w2 ab + w3b 2 (d) none of these
= a 2 + b2 + (w + w2) ab = a2 + b2 – ab Ans. (a)
= (a + b)2 – 3ab = p2 – 3q
Solution: An equation of straight line joining a and ib is
Example 100: Maximum distance from the origin of the
points z satisfying the relation |z + 1/z| = 1 is z z 1
a a 1 =0
(a) ( 5 + 1)/2 (b) ( 5 – 1)/2
ib -ib 1
(c) 3 – 5 (d) (3 + 5 )/2
fi z(a + ib) – z (a – ib) – 2iab = 0
Ans. (a)
1 Ê1 iˆ Ê1 iˆ
Solution: We may assume |z| ≥ for otherwise, we fiz Á - ˜ + z Á + ˜ =2
Ë a b¯ Ë a b¯
z
may interchange z and 1/z in the given equation.
Example 103: Two non-parallel lines meet the circle
We have
|z| = r in the points a, b and c, d respectively. The point of
1 1 1 Ê 1ˆ 1 intersection of these lines is
|z| – = z- = z - - £ z - Á- ˜ = z + = 1
z z z Ë z¯ z
2.34 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

a -1 + b -1 + c -1 + d -1 z r2 r2
(a) fi (b – a) + z (b – a) = (b2 – a 2)
a -1b -1 + c -1d -1 ba ab
ab + cd z
(b) fi za–1 b–1 + = a–1 + b–1 (2)
a+b+c+d
r2
a -1 + b -1 - c -1 - d -1
(c) a
a -1b -1 - c -1d -1 b
(d) none of these
O
z
Ans. (c)
d
Solution: An equation of straight line passing through c
A(a) and B(b) is
Fig. 2.54
z z 1
Similarly, equation of straight line joining c and d is
a a 1 =0
z
b b 1 z c–1 d–1 + 2
= c–1 + d –1 (3)
r
fi z( a – b ) – z (a - b) + a b – a b = 0 (1)
Subtracting (3) from (2), we get
As a, b lie on |z| = r, we get
z(a–1 b–1 – c–1 d –1) = a–1 + b–1 – c–1 – d –1
|a| = |b| = r fi aa = bb = r 2.
Equation (1), now can be written as a -1 + b -1 - c -1 - d -1
fi z=
a -1b -1 - c -1d -1
Ê r2 r2 ˆ a r2 b r2
z Á - ˜ - z (a - b) + - =0
Ë a b¯ b a

EXERCISE
Concept-based
Straight Objective Type Questions
1
1. The number of complex numbers z such that (1 + i)z 5. If |z| 5, then least value of z - is
= i |z| z
(a) 5 (b) 24/5
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 8 (d) 8/3
(c) 2 (d) infinite
i -1
2. Suppose a, b, c ΠR and C < 0. Let z = a + (b + 6. Principal argument of z = is
ic)2015 + (b – ic)2015, then
(a) Re (z) = 0
(
i 1 - cos
2p
7 )
+ sin
2p
7
(b) Im (z) = 0 p 3p
(a) (b)
(c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) < 0 28 28
(d) Re (z) < 0, Im (z) > 0 17p 19p
(c) (d)
3. The number of solutions of z2 + |z| = 0 is 28 28
(a) 1 (b) 2 a + ib
(c) 3 (d) infinite 7. If x + iy = , then (x2 + y2)2 (c2 + d2) equals
c + id
(1 + i )z - 2
4. The equation =k (a) a2 + b2 (b) a 2 + b2
(1 + i )z + 4
does not represent a circle when k is a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
(a) 2 (b) p (c) (d)
c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2
(c) e (d) 1
 Complex Numbers 2.35
8. Suppose z1, z2, z3 are three complex numbers, and Êz ˆ Êz ˆ
arg Á 1 ˜ + arg Á 2 ˜ equals
1 z1 z1 Ë z4 ¯ Ë z3 ¯
1
D= 1 z2 z2 , (a) 0, p (b) p, –p
4i
1 z2 z3 p 3p
(c) , (d) 0, 2p
then 2 2
(a) Re (D) = 0 (b) Im (D) = 0 Ê z - 4ˆ p
15. If z = x + iy and 0 £ sin–1 Ë £ then
(c) Re (D) ≥ 0 (d) Im (D) £ 0 2i ¯ 2
9. If x, y, a, b Œ R, a π 0 and (a) x = 4, 0 £ y £ 2 (b) 0 £ x £ 4, 0 £ y £ 2
(c) x = 0, 0 £ y £ 2 (d) none of these
(a + ib) (x + iy) = (a2 + b2) i,
then (x, y) equals 16. If a > 0 and z|z| + az + 3i = 0, then z is
(a) (a, b) (b) (a, 0) (a) 0
(c) (0, b) (d) (b, a) (b) purely imaginary
(c) a positive real number
10. If w (π 1) is a cube root of unity, then the value
(d) a negative real number
of tan [(w 2017 + w 2225) p – p/3]
1 1 17. If z π 0 is a complex number such that Re(z) = 0,
(a) - (b) then
3 3
(a) Re (z2) = 0 (b) Im (z2) = 0
(c) - 3 (d) 3 (c) Re (z ) = Im (z ) (d) Im (z2) < 0
2 2

11. If z is purely imaginary and Im (z) < 0, then Ê kp ˆ Ê kp ˆ

arg (i z) + arg (z) is equal to 18. If zk = cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë ¯ , then z1 z2 z3 z4 is equal
10 10
(a) p (b) 0 to
(c) p/2 (d) – p/2 (a) –1 (b) 2
12. The inequality a + ib > c + id is true when (c) –2 (d) 1
z +z
(a) a > c, b > d > 0 (b) a > c, b = d = 0 19. If |z1| = |z2| = 1, z1 z2 π –1 and z = 1 2 then
(c) a > c, b = d > 0 (d) none of these 1 + z1z2
(a) z is a purely real number
13. Let z ΠC be such that Re(z2) = 0, then (b) z is a purely imaginary number
(a) |Re(z)| + Im (z) = 0 (c) |z| = 1
(b) |Re(z)| = |Im (z)| (d) none of these
(c) Re(z) + |Im (z)| = 0 20. If z ΠC, then Re(z 2) = k2, k > 0, represents
(d) Re(z) = 0 or Im (z) = 0 (a) an ellipse (b) a parabola
14. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are two pairs of conjugate com- (c) a circle (d) a hyperbola
plex numbers, then

LEVEL 1

Straight Objective Type Questions

21. If w π 1 is a cube root of unity, then 1, w, w2 (a) w, 1 (b) w, w2

(a) are vertices of an equilateral triangle (c) w2, 1 (d) 1, w, w2
(b) lie on a straight line 23. ABCD is a rhombus, its diagonal AC and BD inter-
(c) lie on a circle of radius 3/2 sect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. If the
(d) none of these points D and M are the complex numbers 1 + i and
2 – i respectively, then A represent the complex
22. If a, b, g are the cube roots of p, p < 0, then for
number.
any x, y and z which does not make denominator
xa + yb + zg
zero, the expression equals
x b + yg + za
2.36 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

1 3 1 3 then |z1 + z2 + z3| is

(a) 3 – i, 1 + i (b) 3 + i, 1 + i (a) equal to 1 (b) less than 1
2 2 2 2
(c) greater than 3 (d) equal to 3
1 3 1 3 32. Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend
(c) 3 – i, 1 – i (d) 3 + i, 1 - i
2 2 2 2 a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the
form
24. Let a and b be the roots of the equation x 2 + x +
1 = 0. The equation whose roots are a 19, b 7 is (a) 4k + 1 (b) 4k + 2
(c) 4k + 3 (d) 4k
(a) x 2 – x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 – x + 1 = 0
(c) x 2 + x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0 33. The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying
z1 – z3 1
25. If w is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the = (1 – 3i ) are vertices of a triangle
value of z2 – z3 2
which is
{
sin (w 10 + w 23 ) p -
p
4 } (a) of area zero (b) right-angled isosceles
is (c) equilateral (d) obtuse-angle isosceles
3 1 1 3
(a) – (b) – 34. Let w = – + i . Then the value of the determi-
2 2 2 2
nant
1 3
(c) (d) 1 1 1
2 2
2
26. If w ( π 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + w)2017 = D = 1 –1–w w2 is
A + Bw. Then A and B are respectively the numbers 1 w2 w4
(a) 0,1 (b) 1, 1 (a) 3w (b) 3w (w – 1)
(c) 1, 0 (d) – 1, 1 (c) 3w2 (d) 3w (1 – w)
27. If w (π 1) is a cube root of unity, then 35. The inequality |z – i| < |z + i| represents the region
1 1+ i +w 2
w 2 (a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0
(c) Im(z) > 0 (d) Im(z) < 0
1– i –1 w2 – 1
36. If iz 3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then
–i –i + w – 1 –1
(a) Re z = 0 (b) Im z = 0
equals
(c) |z| = 1 (d) none of these.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) i (d) w 1
37. If x + iy = , q π 2np, n Œ I, then
28. If w (π 1), is a cube root of unity, then value of 1 – cos q + 2i sin q
7 maximum value of x is
(1 + w – w 2 ) equals
(a) 128w (b) – 128w (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 128w2 (d) – 128w 2 1 1
(c) (d)
6i –3i 1 2 3
29. If D = 4 3i –1 = x + iy , then 38. The equation z 3 = z has
20 3 i (a) no solution
(a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 3 (b) two solutions
(c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0 (c) five solutions
(d) infinite number of solutions
30. If arg(z) < 0, then arg (– z) – arg (z) equals
(a) p (b) – p 39. If z = 5 + t + i 25 – t 2 , (– 5 £ t £ 5), then locus
of z is a curve which passes through
p p
(c) – (d) (a) 5 + 0i (b) – 2 + 3i
2 2
(c) 2 + 4i (d) – 2 – 3i
31. If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that
40. If w π 1 is a cube root of unity and satisfies
1 1 1 1 1 1
z1 = z2 = z3 = + + =1, + + = 2w 2
z1 z2 z3 a +w b+w c +w
 Complex Numbers 2.37

1 1 1 (a) z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 (b) 2z1 + z2 + z3 = 0

and 2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2w, (c) z1 + z2 + 4z3 = 0 (d) 4z1 + z2 + z3 = 0
a +w b+w c +w
1 1 1 49. Suppose that three points z1, z2, z3 are connected
then the value of + + is by the relation az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0, where a + b +
a +1 b +1 c +1 c = 0, then the points are
(a) 2 (b) – 2 (a) vertices of a right triangle
(c) – 1 + w2 (d) none of these (b) vertices of an isosceles triangle
41. If |z – i Re(z)| = |z – Im(z)|, then z lies on (c) vertices of an equilateral triangle
(a) Re (z) = 2 (b) Im(z) = 2, (d) collinear
z -1
(c) Re(z) + Im(z) = 2 (d) none of these 50. If the complex number is purely imaginary,
then z +1
42. If w is a complex cube root of unity, then value of
expression (a) |z| = 1 (b) |z| < 1
È (c) |z| > 1 (d) |z| ≥ 2
cos Í{(1 – w) (1 – w2) + +
Î 51. If z is a complex number such that –p/2 £
p ˘ arg z £ p/2, then which of the following inequality
(12 – w) (12 – w2)} is true.
370 ˙˚
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (a) | z – z | £ | z | | arg (z) – arg ( z )|
(b) | z – z | £ | arg (z) – arg ( z )|
(c) 1 (d) 3 2
2 (c) | z – z | > | z | | arg (z) – arg ( z )|
43. If roots of the equation z + az + b = 0 are purely
(d) none of these
imaginary then
52. If |w | = 1, then the set of points
(a) (b – b )2 + (a + a ) ( a b + a b ) = 0
1
(b) (b – b )2 + (a – a )2 = 0 z=w+ is satisfies
w
(c) (b + b )2 – (a – a )2 = 0 (a) |Re (z)| £ 2 (b) |z| £ 1
(d) none of these (c) |z| = 1 (d) |Im (z)| ≥ 2
44. The system of equations |z + 1 – i| = 2 and |z| 53. Number of complex numbers satisfying |z| = 1 and
= 3 has z z
(a) no solution + = 1, is
z z
(b) one solution
(c) two solutions (a) 0 (b) 2
(d) infinite number of solutions (c) 4 (d) 8
45. If 8i z3 + 12z2 – 18z + 27i = 0, then 54. If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| =
3 2 |z2| = 2 and |z1 + z2| = 3 , then |z1 – z2| equals:
(a) |z| = (b) |z| =
2 3 (a) 2 2 (b) 5
3 (c) 3 (d) 2 - 2
(c) |z| = 1 (d) |z| =
4 55. Let z1, z2, z3 be three non-zero complex numbers
46. If the complex number z lies on the boundary of the
such that z1 z2 = z2 z3 = z3 z1 , then z1, z2, z3
circle of radius 5 and centre at 4, then the greatest
value of |z + 1| (a) are vertices of an equilateral triangle
(b) are vertices of an isosceles triangle
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) lie on a straight line
(c) 10 (d) 9
(d) none of these
3
47. If x + iy = , then 4x – x2 – y2 56. If |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1, then value of |z2 – z3|2 +
cos q + i sin q + 2 |z3 – z1|2 + |z1 – z2|2 cannot exceed
reduces to
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) 9 (d) 12
48. Suppose z1, z2, z3 represent the vertices A, B, and 57. Let z1, z2, z3 be three complex number such that
C respectively of a DABC with centroid at G. If the z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 and |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1, then
mid point of AG is the origin, then z12 + 2 z22 + z32 equals
2.38 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
(a) 1 (b) 2 67. If z Œ C – {0, –2} is such that
(c) 3 (d) 4 log(1/7) |z – 2| > log(1/7) |z|
58. Let z1, z2, z3 be three complex numbers such that then
|z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 and (a) Re (z) > 1 (b) Re (z) < 1
Ê1 1 1ˆ (c) Im (z) > 1 (d) Im (z) < 1
z = ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) Á + + ˜ , then |z| cannot
Ë z1 z2 z3 ¯ Ê 2 z + 1ˆ
68. Im = 5 represents
exceed Ë iz + 1 ¯
(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 9 (a) a circle (b) a straight line
(c) a parabola (d) an ellipse
59. Suppose z is a complex number such that z π –1,
z(1 - z ) 69. Let z1, z2 be two complex numbers such that Im (z1
|z| = 1, and arg (z) = q. Let w = , then + z2) = 0 and Im (z1 z2) = 0 then
Re (w) is equal to z (1 + z )
(a) z1 = – z2 (b) z1 = z2
(a) 1 + cos (q/2) (b) 1 – sin (q/2) (c) z1 = z2 (d) none of these
(c) –2 sin2 (q/2) (d) 2 cos2 (q/2)
(1 + i )n
Ê 1 + z2 ˆ 70. If n Œ N, then is equal to
60. Let a = Im Á
Ë 2iz ˜¯
, where z is any non-zero com- (1 - i )n - 2
plex number. Then the set (a) i n +1 (b) –2i n +1
A = {a : |z| = 1 and z π ± 1} (c) i n +2 (d) –2i n +2
is equal to 71. Let w π 1, be a cube root of unity, and f : I Æ C
(a) (–1, 1) (b) [–1, 1] be defined by
(c) [0, 1) (d) (–1, 0] f(n) = 1 + w n + w 2n, then range of f is
(a) {0} (b) {0, 3}
61. Number of complex numbers such that
(c) {0, 1, 3} (d) {0, 1}
|z| = 1 and z = 1 – 2z is
1
(a) 0 (b) 1 72. If z + = 2 cosq, z ΠC then z2n Р2zn cos (nq)
(c) 2 (d) infinite z
is equal to
62. Let z1, z2 be two complex numbers such that z1 π 0
2iz1 + 5z2 (a) 1 (b) 0
and z2/z1 is purely real, then is equal to (c) –1 (d) –n
2iz1 - 5z2
73. If w π 1 is a cube root of unity, then
(a) 3 (b) 2
60 30
(c) 1 (d) 0 z= Âw k - ’w k is equal to
63. If z = i (1 + 3 ) , then z4 + 2z3 + 4z2 + 5 is equal to k =1 k =1

(a) 5 (b) –5 (a) 0 (b) w

(c) 2 3 i (d) -2 3 i (c) w 2 (d) –1
64. Suppose a < 0 and z1, z2, z3, z4 be the fourth roots 74. Let g(x) and h(x) be two polynomials with real
2 2 2 2 coefficients. If P(x) = g(x3) + xh(x3) is divisible by
of a. Then z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 is equal
x2 + x + 1, then
(a) – a2 (b) |a| – a
(c) a + |a| (d) a2 (a) g(1) = 0, h(1) = 1
Ê z+z ˆ (b) g(1) = 1, h(1) = 0
65. Suppose arg (z) = – 5p/13, then arg is
Ë 1 + zz ¯ (c) g(1) = 0, h(1) = 0
(a) – 5p/13 (b) 5p/13 (d) g(1) = 1, h(1) = 0
(c) p (d) 0
75. If x2 – x + 1 divides the polynomial xn+1 – xn + 1,
66. The number of values of q Π(0, p], such that (cos q + then n must be of the form
i sin q) (cos 3q + i sin 3q) (cos 5q + i sin 5q) (cos 7q
(a) 3k + 1 (b) 6k + 1
+ i sin 7q) (cos 9q + i sin 9q) = –1 is
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 6k – 1 (d) 3k – 1
(c) 14 (d) 16
 Complex Numbers 2.39

Assertion-Reason Type Questions

76. Statement-1: z2 + z |z Р1| + |z Р1|2 = 0, z ΠC Statement-2: A square matrix A with complex

has no solution in C. entries is non-singular if and only if |A| π 0
Statement-2: z2 + az + a2 = 0, z ΠC, a > 0 has 81. Statement-1: If |z1| |z2| = 1, then
no solution in C. 1 1
77. Let z ΠC satisfy the relations |z1 Рz2| = -
z1 z2
|z| = 1 and z = 2i + z Statement-2: | z | = | z | " z ΠC.
Statement-1: z is purely imaginary. 82. Let f(z) be a polynomial in z with complex coef-
Statement-2: |arg (z)| < p/6. ficients. Suppose, when f(z) is divided by z – i, the
remainder is i and when f(z) is divided by z + i,
Ê8p ˆ Ê3p ˆ
78. Let a = cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë ¯ the remainder is 1 + i.
11 11
1 Statement-1: The remainder when f(z) is divided
Statement-1: Re (a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5) = – 1
10
2 by z2 + 1 is (iz + 1) + 1
2
Statement-2: Â ak = 0 Statement-2: If r(z) is remainder when f(z) is di-
k =0
vided by p(z), then
79. Let z = cos q + i sin q. q Π(0, p), a = p/60 r(z) = 0 or deg (r(z)) < deg (p(z)).
15
83. Let a, b Œ C, a π 0. Suppose z1, z2, z3 are the roots
and f(q) = Â sin[(2k - 1)q ] . of the equation (z + ab)3 = a3.
k =1

1 Statement-1: Length of a side of the triangle with ver-

Statement-1: f(a) =
2 sina
tices z1, z2 and z3 is 3|a|
3 29 z(1 - z 30 )
Statement-2: z + z + … + z = 2 Statement-2: Roots of z3 = a3 lie on a circle of
1- z radius |a|.
80. Let w π 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set 84. Statement-1: The equation z2 – z + p = 0.
of all non-singular matrices of the form
has no solution in the unit disc |z| < 1.
È 1 a b˘
Í w 1 c˙ Statement-2: |z1 + z2| £ |z1| + |z2| " z1, z2 Œ C.
Í ˙
ÍÎw 2 w 1 ˙˚ 85. Let z1 = r1eiq, z2 = r2eij where q, j Œ (–p, p].

where each of a, b and c is either w or w 2. Statement-1: |z1 – z2|2 < (r1 –r2)2 + (q – f)2
Statement-1: S contains exactly two distinct Statement-2: |sin q | < | q | " q ΠR.
matrices.

LEVEL 2

Straight Objective Type Questions

86. If the complex numbers z1, z2, z3, are the vertices 87. If a, b and c are three integers such that at least
of a parallelogram ABCD, then the fourth vertex is two of them are unequal and w (π 1) is a cube root
1 1 of unity, then the least value of the expression |a +
(a) (z1 + z2) (b) (z1 + z2 – z3 – z4) bw + cw 2 | is
2 4
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) (z1 + z2 + z3) (d) z1 + z3 – z2 3 1
3 (c) (d)
2 2
2.40 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
88. The shaded region in Fig. 2.55 is given by 95. If z1, z2, z3 ΠC are distinct and are such that |z1|
= |z2| = |z3| and z1 + z2 + z3 = 0, then z1, z2, z3
(a) are vertices of a right triangle
(b) an equilateral triangle
(c) an obtuse angled triangle
(d) none of these
96. If w = cos(p/n) + i sin(p/n), then value of 1 + w +
w2 + +w n – 1 is
(a) 1+i
Fig. 2.55 (b) 1 + itan(p/2n)
(c) 1 + icot(p/2n)
(a) { z : z - 1 < 2, arg ( z + 1) <
p
2 } (d) none of these
97. Let z1, z2 be two non-zero complex numbers such
(b) { z : z + 1 < 2, arg ( z + 1) <
p
2 } z z
that |z1 + z2| = |z1 – z2|, then 1 + 2 equals
z1 z2

(c) { z : z - 1 > 2, arg ( z - 1) <

p
4 } (a) 0
(c) – 1
(b) 1
(d) none of these

(d) { z : z + 1 > 2, arg ( z + 1) <

p
4 } 98. If |z1| = 2 and (1 – i)z2 + (1 + i) z2 = 8 2 , then
(a) minimum value of |z1 – z2| is 1
(b) minimum value of |z1 – z2| is 2
w – wz
89. Let w = a + ib, b π 0 and z π 1. If is (c) maximum value of |z1 – z2| is 8
1– z (d) maximum value of |z1 – z2| is 4
purely real, then the set of value of z is
99. If z1 lies on |z| = r, then equation of tangent at z1
(a) {z : |z| = 1} (b) {z : z = z} is
(c) {z : |z| π 1} (d) {z : |z| = 1, z π 1}
z z z z
90. If z and w are non-zero complex numbers such that (a) + =2 (b) + =r
– – z1 z1 z1 z1
zw = | z |2, then | z – z | + | w + w | = 4 represents a
(a) rectangle (b) square z z z z
(c) + =2 (d) + =r
(c) rhombus (d) trapezium z1 z1 z1 z1
91. Let z be a complex number such that z = 1 Рt + 100. If z ΠC, then minimum value of |z Р2 + 3i| +
i t 2 + t + 2 , where t ΠR, then locus of z on the |z Р1 + i| is
Argand plane is
(a) 5 (b) 2 5
(a) a parabola (b) an ellipse
(c) a hyperbola (d) a pair of straight line. (c) 13 – 2 (d) 0
92. Let z1, z2, ΠC and a, b > 0 be such that 101. If a > 0 and |z Рa 2| + |z Р2a| = 3 represents an
az – bz2 ellipse then a lies in
a|z1| = b|z2|, then w = 1 lies (a) (0, 3) (b) (0, •)
az1 + bz2
(c) (1, 3) (d) (3, •)
(a) in the 1st quadrant (b) in the 3rd quadrant
102. If the points A(z), B(– z) and C(1 – z) are the vertices
(c) on the real axis (d) on the imaginary axis of an equilateral triangle, then value of z is
93. If z ΠC, then least value of the expression |z| +
|1 – z| + |z – 2| is i 3 1
(a) 1 ± (b) (1 ± i )
2 2
(a) 1 (b) 3/2
1 1
(c) 2 (d) cannot be determined (c)
4
(1 ± 3i ) (d) (1 ± 3i )
3
z – z1
94. If k > 0, k π 1, and z1, z2 Œ C, then = k 103. If |z + 1| + |z – 3| £ 10, then the range of values
z – z2
represents of |z – 7| is

(a) a circle (b) an ellipse (a) [0, 10] (b) [3, 13]
(c) a parabola (d) a hyperbola (c) [2, 12] (d) [7, 9]
 Complex Numbers 2.41
104. If w π 1 is a cube root of unity and |z – 1| 2 + 2|z 105. If x > 0, the least value of n Œ N such that
2
– w | 2 = 3|z – w 2| then z lies on n
Ê1 + iˆ 2 2
–1 Ê 1 + x ˆ is
(a) a straight line ÁË 1 – i ˜¯ = sin ÁË ˜
p 2x ¯
(b) a parabola
(c) an ellipse (a) 2 (b) 4
(d) a rectangular hyperbola (c) 8 (d) 32

Previous Years' AIEEE/JEE Main Questions

1. z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such p 5p

that |z| = |w| and Arg z + Arg w = p, then z equals (c) (d) [2004]
4 4
(a) (b)
8. If z = x – iy and z 1/3 = p + iq, then
(c) w (d) – w [2002]
2. If |z – 4| < |z – 2|, then 1Ê x yˆ
Á + ˜
p + q Ë p q¯
2 2
(a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0
(c) Re(z) > 3 (d) Re(z) > 2 [2002] is equal to
(a) 2 (b) – 1
3. The locus of the centre of a circle which touches the
circles |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = b, a π b, externally (c) 1 (d) – 2 [2004]
2 2
is 9. If |z – 1| = |z| + 1, then z lies on
(a) an ellipse (b) a hyperbola (a) a circle (b) the imaginary axis
(c) a circle (d) a pair of straight lines (c) the real axis (d) an ellipse [2004]
[2002]
10. If the cube roots of unity 1, w, w2, then the roots
1 + iˆx
of the equation (x – 1) 3 + 8 = 0, are
4. If ÊÁ = 1 , then
Ë 1 – i ˜¯ (a) – 1, 1 – 2w, 1 – 2w2
(a) x = 2n, where n is any positive integer (b) – 1, 1 + 2w, 1 + 2w2
(b) x = 4n + 1, where n is any positive integer (c) – 1, – 1 + 2w, – 1 – 2w2
(c) x = 2n + 1, where n is any positive integer (d) – 1, – 1, – 1 [2005]
(d) x = 4n, where n is any positive integer
z
[2003] 11. If w = and |w| = 1, then z lies on
1
5. If z and w are two non-zero complex numbers such z– i
3
p
that |zw| = 1, and Arg(z) – Arg(w) = , then z w (a) straight line (b) a parabola
is equal to 2
(c) an ellipse (d) a circle [2005]
(a) – 1 (b) i 12. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such
(c) – i (d) 1 [2003] that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then arg z1 – arg z2 is
6. Let z1 and z2 be two roots of the equation z2 + az equal to
+ b = 0, z being complex. If the origin, z1 and z2 p
(a) 0 (b) –
form an equilateral triangle, then 2
(a) a2 = 2b (b) a2 = 3b p
(c) a2 = 4b (d) a2 = b [2003] (c) (d) p [2005]
2
7. Let z, w be two complex numbers such that 10
2 kp 2 kp ˆ
z + i w = 0 and arg(zw) = p, then arg(z) equals 13. The value of  ÊËsin 11
+ i cos
11 ¯
is
k =1
3p p
(a) (b) (a) – i (b) i
4 2
(c) 1 (d) – 1 [2006]
2.42 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
14. If z 2 + z + 1 = 0, where z is a complex number, (d) either on the real axis or on a circle passing
then value of through the origin. [2012]
2
Ê 1ˆ 2 Ê 2 1 ˆ Ê 1 ˆ2 22. If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argu-
z+ + Á z + 2 ˜ + Á z3 + 3 ˜ + + 1+ zˆ
Ë z¯ Ë z ¯ Ë z ¯ ment q, then arg Ê equals
Ë1+ z ¯
2
Ê 6 1ˆ p
ÁË z + 6 ˜¯ is (a) -q (b) q
z 2
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) p – q (d) –q [2013]
(c) 54 (d) 6 [2006] 23. If z1 π 0 and z2 be two complex numbers such that
15. If |z + 4| £ 3, then the maximum value of |z + 1| 2 z1 + 3z2
z2/z1 is purely imaginary number, then
is 2 z1 - 3z2
is equal to:
(a) 4 (b) 10
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 0 [2007]
(c) 3 (d) 1 [2013, online]
1
16. The conjugate of a complex number is . Then Ê 1 + z2 ˆ
i – 1 24. Let a = Im Á , where z is any non-zero com-
that number is Ë 2iz ˜¯
–1 1 plex number. The set A = {a : |z| = 1 and z π ±1}
(a) (b) is equal to:
i –1 i +1
(a) (–1, 1) (b) [–1, 1]
–1 1 (c) [0, 1) (d) (–1, 0] [2013, online]
(c) (d) [2008]
i +1 i –1 †
25 . Let z ΠC satisfy |z| = 1 and z = 1 Рz .
4 Statement-1: z is a real number
17. If z – = 2, then the maximum value of |z| is
z Statement-2: Principal argument of z is ± p/3.
equal to [2013, online]
(a) 1 (b) 2 + 2 26. If a complex number z satisfies z + 2 |z + 1| + i
3 +1 5 +1 = 0, then |z| is equal to:
(c) (d) [2009]
(a) 2 (b) 3
18. The number of complex numbers z such that
|z – 1| = |z + 1| = |z – i| equals (c) 5 (d) 1 [2013, online]
(a) 2 (b) • 27. If z is a complex number such that |z| ≥ 2, then
(c) 0 (d) 1 [2010] 1
minimum value of z + :
19. If w (π1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + w)7 2
= A + Bw, there (A, B) (a) is strictly greater than 5/2
(a) (–1, 1) (b) (0,1) (b) is strictly greater that 3/2 but less than 5/2
(c) (1, 1) (d) (1, 0) [2011] (c) is equal to 5/2
(d) lies in the interval (1, 2) [2014]
20. Let a, b be real and z be a complex number. If
z2 + az + b = 0 has two distinct roots on the line 28. Let w (Im w π 0) be a complex number. Then the
Re (z) = 1, then it is necessary that set of all complex numbers z satisfying the equation
w – wz = k (1 – z), for some real number k, is:
(a) b Œ (1, •) (b) b Œ (0, 1)
(c) b (–1, 0) (d) |b| = 1 [2011] (a) {z : |z| = 1} (b) {z : z = z}
(c) {z : z π 1} (d) {z : |z| = 1, z π 1}
z2 [2014, online]
21. If z π 1 and is real, then the point represented 29†. If z1, z2 and z3, z4 are 2 pairs of complex conjugate
z -1
by the complex number z lies: numbers and z1, z3 œ R, then
(a) on a circle with centre at the origin. Êz ˆ Êz ˆ
arg Á 1 ˜ + arg Á 2 ˜ equals:
(b) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing Ë z4 ¯ Ë z3 ¯
through the origin.
† Slightly modified version.
(c) on the imaginary-axis.
 Complex Numbers 2.43

p (a) 17 (b) 2
(a) 0 (b)
2
3p 3 5
(c) (d) p [2014, online] (c) 2 (d) 2 [2015, online]
2 2 2
z-i 34. If z is a non-real complex number, then the mini-
30. Let z π –i be any complex number such that Im z 5
z+i mum value of is:
1 (Im z )5
is a purely imaginary number. Then z + is: (a) – 1 (b)
–2
z (c) – 4 (d)
–5 [2015, online]
(a) 0
(b) any non-zero real number other than 1 2 + 3i sin q
35. A value of q for which z = is purely
(c) any non-zero real number 1 - 2i sin q
imaginary, is
(d) a purely imaginary number [2014, online]
p p
31. For all complex numbers z of the form 1 + ia, (a) (b)
a ΠR if z2 = x + iy, then 3 6

(a) y2 – 4x + 2 = 0 (b) y2 + 4x – 4 = 0 Ê 3ˆ Ê 1 ˆ
(c) sin 1 Á ˜ (d) sin 1 Á ˜ [2016]
(c) y2 – 4x + 4 = 0 (d) y2 + 4x + 2 = 0 Ë 4 ¯ Ë 3¯
[2014, online] 36. The point represented by 2 + i in the Argand plane
32. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if |z| moves 1 unit eastwards, then 2 units northwards and
= 1. Suppose z1 and z2 are complex numbers such finally from there 2 2 units in the south-westwards
z - 2 z2 direction. Then its new position in the Argand plane
that 1 is unimodular and z2 is not unimodu- is at the point represented by:
2 - z1 z2
(a) 1 + i (b) 2 + 2i
lar. Then the point z1 lies on a: (c) –2– 2i (d) –1 – i [2016, online]
(a) straight line parallel to the x-axis. 37. Let z = 1 + ai be a complex number, a > 0, such
(b) straight line parallel to the y-axis. that z3 is a real number. Then the sum 1 + z + z2
(c) circle of radius 2. + … + z11 is equal to:
(d) circle of radius 2 . [2015]
(a) 1365 3 i (b) – 1365 3 i
33. The largest value of r for which the region rep-
(c) –1250 3 i (d) 1250 3 i
resented by the set {w Œ C: |w – 4 – i| £ r} is
contained in the region represented by the set {z [2016, online]
ŒC: |z – 1| £ |z + i|}, is equal to:

Previous Years’ B-Architecture Entrance

Examination Questions

5 + i sin q (a) 1 (b) 2

1. is a real number when (c) 3 (d) 4 [2008]
5 - 3i sin q
127 124
(a) q = p/4 (b) q = –p Ê 1 3ˆ Ê 1 3ˆ
(c) q = –p/2 (d) q = p/2 [2006] 4. If i = -1 , then 4 + 3 ÁË - + i ˜¯ + 5 ÁË - + i ˜¯
2 2 2 2
2. Two points P and Q in the Argand diagram rep- is equal to
resent complex numbers z and 3z + 2 + i. If P (a) 4 3 i (b) 2 3 i
moves arround the circle with centre at the origin
and radius 2, then Q moves on the circle, whose (c) 1 - 3 i (d) 1 + 3 i [2009]
centre and radius are 5. The real part of a complex number z having minimum
(a) –2 – i, 6 (b) 2 – i, 3 principal argument and satisfying |z – 5i| £ 1 is
(c) 2 + i, 6 (d) 2 + i, 3 [2007] 2
(a) 6 (b) 0
3. Let z be a complex number such that |z| = 2, then 5
2 2 1
maximum possible value of z + is (c) (d) - 6 [2010]
z 5 5
2.44 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
6. Area of a triangle with vertices given by z, iz, Level 1
z + iz, where z is a complex number, is
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d)
1 2
(a) 0 (b) z 25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d)
2
(c) | z |2 (d) 2| z |2 [2011] 29. (d) 30. (a) 31. (a) 32. (d)
7. Two circles in the complex plane are 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c)
C1 : |z – i| = 2 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
C2 : |z – 1 – 2i| = 4 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a)
then 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (d)
(a) C1 and C2 touch each other 49. (d) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (a)
(b) C1 and C2 intersect at two distinct points 53. (d) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c)
(c) C1 lies within C2 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (a)
(d) C2 lies within C1 [2012] 61. (a) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (c)
8. If z = i (i + 2 ) , then value of z4 + 4z3 + 6z2 + 4z 65. (c) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (a)
is 69. (d) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (c)
(a) –5 (b) 3 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (c)
(c) 6 (d) – 9 [2013] 77. (c) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (a)
9. Suppose z is a complex number such that z π –1, 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (a)
z(1 - z ) 85. (a)
|z| = 1 and arg(z) = q. Let w = , then Re(w)
z (1 + z ) Level 2
is equal to

Êq ˆ Êq ˆ 86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (d) 89. (d)

(a) 1 + cos Ë ¯ (b) 1 - sin Ë ¯
2 2 90. (b) 91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (c)
94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (a)
Êq ˆ Êq ˆ
(c) -2 sin 2 Ë ¯ (d) 2 cos2 Ë ¯ [2014] 98. (b) 99. (a) 100. (a) 101. (a)
2 2
10. If |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 102. (c) 103. (b) 104. (a) 105. (b)
and z1 + z2 + z3 = 2 + i, then the number Previous Years’ AIEEE/JEE Main Questions
z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 is: 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d)
(a) a positive real number 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d)
(b) a negative real number
(c) always zero 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a)
(d) a purely imaginary number [2015] 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c)
11. Let S = {z ΠC: z(iz1 Р1) = z1 + 1, [z1] < 1}. Then, 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (a)
for all z ŒS, which one of the following is always true? 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a)
(a) Re z + Im z < 0 (b) Re z < 0 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d)
(c) Re z – Im z > 1 (d) Re z – Im z < 0 [2016]
29. (a) 30. (no answer) 31. (b)
Answers 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (d)
36. (a) 37. (a)
Concept-based
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) Previous Years’ B-Architecture Entrance
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b)
Examination Questions
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b)
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (*)
 Complex Numbers 2.45

Hints and Solutions 2 È Ê 3p p ˆ Ê 3p p ˆ ˘

\ z= cos Ë - ¯ + i sin Ë -
Concept-based 2 sin()
7
Í
p Î 4 7 4 7 ¯ ˙˚

1. |(1 + i)z| = | i | z || 2 È Ê 17p ˆ Ê 17p ˆ ˘

= cos Ë + i sin Ë
fi
fi
2 |z| = |z|
|z| = 0 fi
fi
z=0
( 2 – 1) |z| = 0
2 sin()
7
Í
p Î 28 ¯ 28 ¯ ˙˚

2. z = a + (b + ic)2015 + (b – ic)2015 17p

Thus, arg (z) =
= a + (b – ic) 2015
+ (b + ic) 2015
=z 28

\ z is real and thus, Im(z) = 0 7. (x + iy)2 (c + id) = a + ib

3. |z2| = | – |z|| fi |z|2 = |z| fi |(x + iy)2| |c + id| = |a + ib|
fi |z| = 0 or |z| = 1 fi | x + iy|2 |c + id| = |a + ib|
If |z| = 0, we get z = 0. If |z| = 1,
2
fi (x2 + y2) c 2 + d 2 = a 2 + b2
we get z = –1 fi z = ± i
1 z1 z1
4. We can write the equation as 1
8. D = 1 z2 z2 = D
2 - 4i
z- 1 z3 z3
(1 + i )
=k (1) fi D is purely real fi Im(D) = 0
4
z+
(1 + i ) 9. (a + ib) (x + iy) = (a + ib) (a – ib) i
2 12 - i 2 As a π 0
But = =1–i
1+ i 1+ i x + iy = (a – ib) i = b + ia fi (x, y) = (b, a)

and
4
= 2(1 – i) 10. w 2017 = (w 3)672 w = w
1+ i and w 2225 = (w 3)741 w 2 = w 2
Therefore, (1) can be written as
\ tan [(w 2017 + w 2225)p – p/3]
z - (1 - i )
=k (2) = tan [(w + w 2)p – p/3]
z + 2(1 - i )
= tan (–p – p/3) = – tan(p + p/3)
This will not represent a circle if k = 1. When k = 1,
= –tan (p/3) = – 3
(2) represents perpendicular bisector of the segment
joining –2(1 – i) and 1 – i. 11. Let z = –i t where t > 0, then
1 1 i z = i(i t) = – t
5. As |z| ≥ 5, £ . Now
z 5 \ arg(i z) + arg(z) = p – p/2 = p/2
1 1 1 1 24 12. The inequality a + ib < c + id is true if and only
z- ≥ z - = z - ≥ 5- =
z z z 5 5 if b = d = 0 and a > c.
The least value is attained when z = 5. 13. Let z = x + iy, then z2 = x2 – y2 + 2ixy
Ê 2p ˆ 2p \ Re(z2) = 0 fi x2 – y2 = 0
6. i Ë 1 - cos ¯ + sin
7 7 fi |Re(z)| = |Im(z)|
p p p
= 2 i sin 2 + 2 sin cos Êz ˆ Êz ˆ
7 7 7 14. arg Á 1 ˜ + arg Á 2 ˜
Ë z4 ¯ Ë z3 ¯
Êpˆ È p p˘
= 2 sin Ë ¯ Ícos + i sin ˙
7 Î 7 7˚ Êzz ˆ Ê z 2ˆ
= arg Á 1 2 ˜ + 2kp = arg Á 1 2 ˜ + 2kp = 2kp
Ê 1 i ˆ Ë z4 z3 ¯ Ë z3 ¯
Also, i –1 = 2 ÁË - + ˜
2 2¯ where k = 0 or 1
Ê 3p 3p ˆ [ z1 = z3 = i, gives answer 2p
= 2 Ëcos + i sin ¯
4 4 and z1 = z3 = 1, gives answer 0]
2.46 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

z-4 x-4 y i
15. = + or z = (2 – i) – (– 1 + 2i)
2i 2i 2 2
Ê z - 4ˆ p
For 0 £ sin -1 Ë £ , we must
2i ¯ 2
y
x – 4 = 0, 0£ £1
2
fi x = 4, 0 £ y £ 2.
-3i
16. z = fi z is purely imaginary.
z +a
17. Let z = bi, b Œ R, b π 0, Fig. 2.56
Then z2 = –b2 Œ R,
Therefore Im(z2) = 0 3 1
fi z = 1 - i or z = 3 - i
18. We have zk = wk where 2 2

Êpˆ Êpˆ 24. Let a = w, b = w 2 so that a 19 = w and b 7 = w 2.

w = cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë ¯
10 10 \ equation whose roots are a19, b 7 is x 2 + x + 1
Thus, z1 z2 z3 z4 = w . w2. w3. w4 = w10 = 0.
Ê 10 p ˆ Ê 10 p ˆ 25. Using w10 = w, w 23 = w2, we get
= cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë
10 10 ¯
[by the De Movire’s Theorem] {
sin (w 10 + w 23 ) p -
p
4 } Ë
p
4 ¯
p
= sin Ê -p – ˆ = sin =
4
1
2
= cos p + i sin p = –1. 26. (1 + w)2017 = (– w 2)2017 = – w 4034 = – w2
z1 + z2 1 / z1 + 1 / z2 z +z \ A + Bw = 1 + w fi
19. z = = = 1 2 =z A = 1, B = 1.
1 + z1 z2 1 + 1 / z1 z2 1 + z1 z2
27. Use R2 Æ R2 – R1 – R3
Thus, z is purely real.
28. (1 + w – w 2)7 = (– w 2 – w 2)7 = – 27w14 = – 128w2
20. Let z = x + iy, then z2 = x2 – y2 – 2ixy
\ Re(z2) = k2 fi x2 – y2 = k2 29. Use C2 Æ C2 + 3i C3.
which represents a hyperbola. 30. Let a = arg z < 0, then arg(– z) = p + a,

Level 1
21. |1 – w| = |w – w 2| = |w2 – 1|
Alternatively plot the points on an argand diagram.
3 1 1 1
22. x3 = p = p 3 ( ) 1
fi x = p 3 , p 3 w, p 3 w 2.
1 1 1
Fig. 2.57
Let a = p 3 , b = p 3 w, g = p 3 w 2.
31. |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1
xa + yb + zg x + yw + w 2 z 1 fi z1 z1 = z2 z2 = z3 z3 = 1
= 2
= = w2
x b + yg + za xw + yw + z w
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2
\ |z1 + z2 + z3| = + + = + + =1
If a = p w, b = p , g = p w , then
3 3 3 z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3
32. nth roots of unity are given by
xa + yb + zg 1
= = w.
x b + yg + za w 2 Ê 2mp ˆ Ê 2mp ˆ 2mp i/n
cos ÁË ˜¯ + i sin ÁË ˜=e for m = 0, 1, 2, , n – 1.
n n ¯
z - (2 - i ) AM ± p i 2 z - (2 - i ) 1 2m p i / n 2m p i / n
23. = e fi = (± i ) Let z1 = e 1 and z2 = e 2
1 + i - (2 - i ) MD - 1 + 2i 2
where 0 £ m1, m2 < n, m1 π m2.
i
fi z = (2 – i) + (– 1 + 2i) As the join of z1 and z2 subtend a right angle at the
2
origin z1/z2 is purely imaginary we get
 Complex Numbers 2.47

e2 m1p i / n 38. z 3 = z fi |z3| = | z | fi |z3| = | z |

= il for some real l fi e2(m1 - m2 )p i / n = il
e2 m2p i / n fi |z| = 0 or |z| = 1 fi z = 0 or z = 1/z.
È 2 ( m1 - m2 ) p ˘ È 2 ( m1 - m2 ) p ˘ 1
fi cos Í \ z3 = z fi z 3 = fi z4 = 1
n ˙ + i sin Í n ˙ = il z
Î ˚ Î ˚
È 2 ( m1 - m2 ) p ˘ 2 ( m1 - m2 ) p p fi z = 1,–1, i, –i.
fi cos Í ˙ =0 fi = Thus, solutions of z 3 = z are 0, 1, –1, i, –i
Î n ˚ n 2
39. Let z = x + iy so that
fi n = 4(m1 – m2)
Thus, n must be of the form 4k. x = 5 + t, y= 25 – t 2

z1 - z3 z -z 1- i 3 fi (x – 5) 2 + y2 = 25,
33. = 1 3 = This clearly passes through 2 + 4i
z2 - z3 z2 - z3 2
40. Note that w, w2 are roots of
1 1 1 1 2
= (1 + 3) = 1 + + =
4 a+x b+x c+x x
fi |z1 – z3| = |z2 – z3|
¤ x [bc + ca + ab + 2(a + b +c)x + 3x2]
z1 - z3 1- i 3 = 2[abc + (bc + ca + ab)x + (a + b + c)x 2 + x3]
Also, –1= –1
z2 - z3 2 ¤ x 3 – (bc + ca + ab)x – 2abc = 0.
If a is the third root of this equation, then
z1 - z2 -1 - i 3
fi = a + w + w2 = 0 fi a = 1.
z2 - z3 2 41. z = x + iy, |z – i Re(z)| = |z – Im(z)|
| z1 - z2 | 1 fi | x + iy – ix|2 = |x + iy – y|2
fi = (1 + 3) = 1 fi x2 + (y – x)2 = (x – y)2 + y2
| z2 - z3 | 4
fi x = ± y.
fi |z1 – z2| = |z2 – z3| 42. We have
Thus, |z1 – z3| = |z2– z3| = |z2 – z1| (r – w) (r – w2) = r2 – (w + w2 ) r + 1
Hence, z1, z2 and z3 are the vertices of an equilateral = r 2 + r + 1 = (r + 1)2 – r
12 12
triangle. \ Â ( r – w ) (r – w 2 ) = Â ÈÎ(r + 1)2 – r ˘˚
34. Using 1 + w 2 = – w, w4 = w and applying r =1 r =1
C2 Æ C2 – C1, C3 Æ C3 – C1 we get 1 1
1 0 0 = (13) (13 + 1) (26 + 1) – 1 – (12 ) (13) = 740
6 2
2
D = 1 w –1 w –1 43. Let ix (x Œ R) be root of z2 + az + b = 0, then
1 w2 – 1 w –1 – x 2 + aix + b = 0 (1)
fi – x 2 – a ix + b = 0
= (w – 1) – (w 2 – 1) 2
2
Subtracting we get
= (w + w2 – 2) (w – 1 – w2 + 1) (a + a ) ix + b – b = 0
= (– 3) (w – w 2) = 3w (w – 1)
b–b i (b – b )
35. |z – i| = |z + i| represents the real axis. fi x= – =
As z = i satisfies |z – i| < |z + i|, we get i (a + a ) a+a
|z – i| < |z + i|, represents Im (z) > 0 Putting this in (1), we get
36. iz 3 + z2 – z + i = 0 fi iz 3 – i2z2 – (z – i) = 0 (b – b )2 a (b – b )
– +b=0
fi iz 2 (z – i) – (z – i) = 0 (a + a )2 a+a
fi (iz 2 – 1) (z – i) = 0
fi z 2 = 1/i or z = i fi (b – b )2 – a(b – b ) (a + a ) + b(a + a )2 = 0
In any case |z| = 1. fi (b – b )2 – (a + a ) {ab – a b – ab – a b} = 0
2(1 - cos q ) fi (b – b )2 + (a + a ) (a b + a b) = 0
37. 2x = (x + iy) + (x – iy) =
(1 - cos q )2 + 4 sin 2 q
44. The circle |z – (– 1 + i)| = 2 completely lies
1 inside the circle |z| = 3.
fi x=
5 + 3 cosq 45. 8iz 3 + 12z2 – 18z + 27i = 0
Thus, maximum value of x is 1/2. It is attained at fi 8iz 3 – 12i2z2 – 18z + 27i = 0
q = p. fi 4iz2 (2z – 3i) – 9 (2z – 3i) = 0
2.48 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
fi (4iz2 – 9) (2z – 3i) = 0 1
52. As |w| = 1 fi |w |2 = 1 fi ww = 1 fi = w.
9 3i w
fi z2 = or z =
4i 2 Thus, z = w + 1/w = w + w = 2 Re(w)
In any case |z| = 3/2. Now, |Re(z)| = |2 Re(w)| = |2 Re(w)| £ 2|w | = 2
46. As Р1 lies on the circle |z Р4| = 5, the real number 53. | z | = 1 fi z = cos q + i sin q for some q Π[0, 2p)
|z + 1| is maximum when z is the other end point Now, | z | = 1 fi |z|2 = 1 fi zz = 1.
of the diameter. z z 1
y Thus, + = z2 + 2
z z z
= (cos q + i sin q) + (cos q – i sin q)2
2

= 2(cos2q + i2 sin2q) = 2 (cos 2q)

x
–1 4 9

Fig. 2.58

1 cosq + 2
47. = + i sinq
x + iy 3 3
x – iy cosq + 2 sinq
fi 2 = + i
x + y2 3 3
x cosq + 2 Fig. 2.59
fi 2 2
=
x +y 3
z z 1
2 2 9 9 \ + = 1 fi |cos 2q| =
Also, x + y = 2 2
= z z 2
(2 + cos q ) + sin q 5 + 4 cos q
fi cos 2q = ± 1/2
\ 4x – (x2 + y2) fi 2q = p/3, 2p/3, 4p/3, 5p/3, 7p/3, 8p/3, 10p/3, 11p/3
4 (cosq + 2 ) ˆ 2 fi q = p/6, p/3, 2p/3. 5p/6, 7p/6, 4p/3, 5p/3, 11p/6
= Ê - 1¯ ( x + y 2 )
Ë 3 Hence, there are 8 values of z
4 cos q + 5 9 54. |z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2|z1|2 + 2|z2|2
= ◊ =3 fi 3 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(2) + 2(2)
3 5 + 4 cos q
1 fi |z1 – z2|2 = 5 fi |z1 – z2| = 5 .
48. Affix of G is ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) . 55. z1 z2 = z2 z3 = z3 z1
3
As origin is the mid-point of AG, fi |z1| |z2| = |z2| |z3| = |z3| |z1| fi |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = r(say)
1 1 [ z1, z2, z3 π 0]
0 = ÈÍ ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) + z1 ˘˙
2 Î3 ˚ Thus, z1 z1 = z2 z2 = z3 z3
fi 4z1 + z2 + z3 = 0. Now, z1 z2 = z2 z3 = z3 z1
1 az + bz2 z1 z z
49. z3 = – ( az1 + bz2 ) = 1 fi = 2 = 3
c a+b z2 z3 z1
z –1 z –1
50. = it where t ΠR. fi = Рit fi z12 = z2z3, z22 = z3 z1 , z32 = z1 z2
z +1 z +1
Hence, z12 + z22 + z32 = z2z3 + z3z1 + z1z2
z –1 z –1
fi + =0 fi z1, z2, z3 are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
z +1 z +1
56. |z1 + z2 + z3| ≥ 0
fi (z – 1) ( z + 1) + ( z – 1) (z + 1) = 0 fi |z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2 + 2Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 ) ≥ 0
fi 2(z z – 1) = 0 fi |z| = 1.
3
z z fi Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 ) ≥ –
51. – £ |arg (z) – arg( z )| 2
z z Now, |z2 – z3|2 + |z3 – z1|2 + |z1 – z2|2
fi |z – z | £ |z| |arg (z) – arg( z )| = 6 – 2Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 )
 Complex Numbers 2.49
£ 6 – (–3) = 9 \ A = (–1, 1)
57. z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 fi z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 61. |z| = 1 fi zz = 1. Therefore z = 1 – 2z
fi z = 1 – 2/z fi z2 – z + 2 = 0
1 1 1
fi + + =0 [ z1 z1 = 1 etc.] 1± 7 i
z1 z2 z3 fi z= , but then |z| π 1.
2
2
Now, 0 = (z1 + z2 + z3) = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z2z3 + z3z1 + z1z2)
62. Suppose z2/z1 = a, where a ΠR.
Ê1 1 1ˆ 2iz1 + 5z2 2i + 5 ( z2 / z1 ) 2i + 5a
fi 0 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2z1z2z3 Á + + Now, = = =1
Ë z1 z2 z3 ˜¯ 2iz1 - 5z2 2i - 5 ( z2 / z1 ) 2i - 5a
= z12 + z22 + z32 63. z = i (1 + 3 ) = - 1 + 3 i = 2 w
Thus, z12 + 2 z22 + z32 = z12 + z22 + z32 + z22 where w π 1 is a cube root of unity.
\ z4 + 2z3 + 4z2 + 5
2
= 0+ z22 = z2 =1 = (2w)4 + 2 (2w)3 + 4 (2w)2 + 5
1 = 16w4 + 16w3 + 16w2 + 5
58. Note that = z1 etc. Thus,
z1 = 16 (w + 1 + w2) + 5 = 16 (0) + 5 = 5
z = (z1 + z2 + z3) ( z1 + z2 + z3 ) 64. Let a = – b4 where b > 0.
= |z1 + z2 + z3|2 £ (|z1| + |z2| + |z3|)2 = 9
Then z4 = a = b4(–1)
The maximum value is obtained when z1 = z2 = z3 = 1.
Ê p pˆ
z-zz z - 1 ( z - 1)z fi z = b ˱ cos ± i sin ¯
59. w = = = [ |z| = 1] 4 4
z + z z 1 z +1 z +1
\ z12 + z22 + z32 + z42
z2 - 1 z - 1 1- z
= - = z -1+
z +1 z +1 1+ z È Êp ˆ Êp ˆ Êp ˆ Êp ˆ˘
= 2b2 Ícos Ë ¯ - i sin Ë ¯ + cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë ¯˙
Ê 1 - zˆ Î 2 2 2 2 ˚
Re(w) = Re( z ) - 1 + Re = 0 = a + |a| [ a < 0]
Ë1+ z¯
Ê1- zˆ 1 Ê1- z 1- z ˆ z+z
But Re = + 65. As is a positive real number,
Ë1+ z¯ 2 Ë1+ z 1+ z ¯ 1 + zz
1 Ê 1 - z z - 1ˆ Ê z+z ˆ
= + =0 arg = 0.
2 Ë 1 + z z + 1¯ Ë 1 + zz ¯
\ Re(w) = cosq –1 = –2 sin2(q/2) 66. Using (cos a + i sin a) (cos b + i sin b)
= cos (a + b) + i sin (a + b),
2
1+ z 1 we get
60. Let w = . Im(w) = (w - w )
2iz 2 cos (25q) = – 1, sin (25 q) = 0
2 2
1+ z 1 + (1 / z ) fi 25q = (2k+ 1)p, k ΠI.
For |z| = 1, w= =
-2iz -2i (1 / z ) (2 k + 1)p
Now, 0 < £p
25
z2 + 1
= = –w fi 1 £ (2k +1) £ 25
-2iz
fi k = 0, 1, 2, …, 12
1(
Thus, Im(w) = w + w ) = -iw 67. log(1/7)|z – 2| > log(1/7)|z|
2i
fi |z – 2| < |z| (1)
1Ê 1ˆ 1
= - z+ = - (z + z ) But |z – 2| = |z| represents perpendicular bisector
2 Ë z ¯ 2
of the segment joining 0 and 2, that is, |z –2| = |z|
1 represents the line Re(z) =1. As 0 does not satisfy
= - (2 cosq ) = – cos q
2 (1), we get (1) represents Re(z) > 1.
[ |z| = 1 fi z = cos q + i sin q]
1 È 2z + 1 2 z + 1 ˘
As z π 1, q π 0 and as z π –1, q π p, 68. - =5
2i ÍÎ iz + 1 -i z + 1 ˙˚
2.50 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
fi (2z + 1) (i z –1) + (2 z + 1) (iz +1) = (–1)n+2 wn+2 + 1
= 10 i (iz + 1) (i z – 1) = 0 if n = 6 k + 1
fi 4iz z + (–2 + i) z + (2 + i) z
76. Clearly z π 0, 1. We can write the given equation
= 10 i (–z z – iz + i z – 1) as t2 + t + 1 = 0 where
fi 14iz z + (8 + i) z + (–8 + i) z – 10 i = 0
t = z/|z –1|
1 1 5
fi z z + (1 - 8i )z + (1 + 8i ) z - = 0 fi t = w, w2 where w π 1 is a cube root of unity.
14 14 7
z
This represents a circle. Thus, =w
z -1
69. Take z1 and z2 as two real numbers. fi |z| = |z – 1| |w | = |z –1|
n n-2 2 n-2
(1 + i ) Ê1+ iˆ Ê -i + i ˆ fi z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the
70. =Ë (1 + i )2 = ÁË ˜ ( 2i ) segment joining z = 0 and z = 1, that is, z lies on
(1 - i ) n-2 1- i¯ 1- i ¯
Re(z) = 1/2. Let z = 1/2 + ai where a ΠR.
= i n –2 (2i) = 2i n –1 = –2i n +1 Note that a π 0 since z = 1/2 does not satisfy z2 +
71. If n = 3k, k Œ I, then f(n) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 z|z – 1| + |z –1|2 = 0
If n = 3k + 1, k Œ I, then f(n) = 1 + w + w2 = 0 Putting z = 1/2 + ai in z2 + z|z –1| + |z –1|2 = 0
If n = 3k + 2 k ΠI, then f(n) = 1 + w2 + w = 0 and equating imaginary parts of both sides, we get
Thus, range of f is {0, 3}. a + a|z –1| = 0 fi |z – 1| = –1.
1 A contradiction.
72. z + = 2 cos q fi z2 – 2z cos q + 1 = 0
z Thus z2 + z |z – 1| – |z + 1|2 = 0 has no solution in C,
fi z = cos q ± i sin q
that is, statement-1 is true.
Now, z2n – 2 zn cos (nq)
Statement-2 is false as aw, aw2 are solutions of
= zn [zn – 2 cos (nq)]
z2 + az + a2 = 0.
= zn [cos(nq) ± i sin(nq) – 2 cos(nq)]
77. z = 2i + z fi z – z = 2i
= –zn z n = –1
fi 2i Im(z) = 2i fi Im(z) = 1
73. Using wk + wk+1 + wk+2 = 0 " k ΠI,
60
As |z| = 1, we get z = ± i
we get Âw k
=0 Thus, statement-1 is true.
k =1
As arg(i) = p/2 and arg (–i) = –p/2,
30
k m
Next, ’w = w = where \ Statement-2 is false.
k =1
78. Note that
1
m = 1 + 2 + … + 30 = (30)(31) = 465 Ê8p ˆ Ê 8p ˆ
2 a = cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ëp - ¯
11 11
30
= w465 = 1 Ê8p ˆ Ê8p ˆ
\ ’w k = cos Ë ¯ + i sin Ë ¯
11 11
k =1
74. x2 + x + 1 = (x – w) (x – w2) \ a11 = cos(8p) + i sin(8p) = 1
Therefore, w, w2 are zeros of P(x) [De Moivre’s Theorem]
10
1 - a 11
0 = g(1) + w h(1) and 0 = g(1) + w2h(1) Now, Âak = 1-a
=0
k= 0
fi g(1) = 0, h (1) = 0. \ Statement-2 is true
2 2
75. x – x + 1 = (x + w) (x + w ) aa 1
We have a = = = a10 etc.
Therefore, –w, –w2 must be zeros of xn +1– xn+1. a a
Now, Thus,
n+1 n n+1 n
(–w) – (–w) + 1 = (–1) w (w + 1) + 1 Re (a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5)
= (–1)n+1 wn (–w2) + 1
 Complex Numbers 2.51

1 \ Statement-1 is true.
= (a + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 +a + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 )
2 Statement-2 is also true but a correct explanation
for truth of statement-1.
1 10 k 1 1
= Â
2 k =1
a = (-1) = -
2 2
[Use statement-2] 82. Statement-2 is a true statement.
Suppose f (z) = (z2 + 1) q (z) + r (z).
\ Statement-1 is also correct and Statement-2 is If r (z) π 0, then r (z) = az + b
a correct explanation for it. where a, b ΠC.
We have
Statement-2 is true as it is formula for sun of a G.P.
i = f (i) = (i2 + i) q(i) + ai + b
79. zk = cos (k q) + i sin(k q) fi ai + b = i
15
Also, 1 + i = f (–i) = ((–i)2 + 1) q (–i) – ai + b
f(q) = Â Im (z2 k -1 ) fi – ai + b = 1 + i
k =1
1 1
Ê 15 ˆ \ b = + i, a = i
= Im Á Â z 2 k -1 ˜ 2 2
Ë k =1 ¯
1
Thus, az + b = (iz + 1) + i
Ê z(1 - z 30 ˆ 2
= Im Á
Ë 1 - z 2 ˜¯ 83. Statement-2 is true, as z3 = a3 fi |z|3 = |a|3
fi |z| = |a|
But z30 = cos (30 q) + i sin (30 q)
Next,
When q = a = p/60, z30 = 0 + i = i (z + ab)3 = a3
Ê z (1 - z 30 ) ˆ fi z + ab = a, aw, aw2
\ f(a) = Im Á
Ë 1 - z 2 ˜¯ Let z1 = a – ab, z2 = aw – ab
and z3 = aw2 – ab
Ê 1- i ˆ
= Im
Ë 1/ z - z¯ We gave |z2 – z1| = |a| |w –1| = 3a,
Ê 1- i ˆ |z3 – z2| = 3 a , |z1 – z3| = 3a
= Im Á
Ë - 2i sin a ˜¯ Thus, statement-1 is also true, but statement-2 is
1 1 not a correct explanation of statement-1.
= Im (1 + i ) = 84. Statement-2 is true. See Theory. Let a be a root of
2 sin a 2 sin a
z2 – z + p = 0 and suppose |a| < 1. We have
80. Statement-2 is true. See theory of chapter 5 on p = |p| = |a – a2| £ |a| + |a|2 < 2
matrices. A contradiction.
È 1 a b˘
Thus, statement-1 is also true and statement-2 is a
Let A = Í w 1 c ˙ , correct explanation for it.
Í ˙
ÍÎw 2 w 1 ˙˚ 85. We know that |sin q | £ q " q ≥ 0.
1 c w c w 1 If q < 0, then |sin (–q)| £ – q fi |sin q | £ |q |
|A| = 1 -a 2 +b 2
w 1 w 1 w w Thus, |sin q | £ |q | " q Œ R and statement-2 is true.
2
= 1 – cw – a(w – cw ) Now, |z1 – z2|2 = (r1 cos q – r2 cosj )2
= (1 – aw) (1– cw) + (r1 sin q – r2 sinj )2
Note that |A| = 0 if a = w2 or c = w2 = r12 + r22 - 2r1r2 cos(q - j )
Thus, |A| π 0 if a = c = w and b = w or w2
2 Êq - j ˆ
\ S contains exactly two distinct elements. = (r1 - r2 ) + 4r1r2 sin 2 Ë
2 ¯
1 1 2
81. |z1 – z2| – - Êq - f ˆ
z1 z2 £ (r1 – r2)2 + 4(1) (1) Ë
2 ¯
z2 - z1
= z1 - z2 - Thus, Statement-1 is also true and Statement-2 is
z1 z2 a correct explanation for it.
= |z1 – z2| – |z2 – z1| = 0
2.52 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
y
Level 2
2
86. As ABCD is a parallelogram,
mid point of AC = mid point of BD
x
-2 0 2
1 1
fi ( z1 + z3 ) = ( z2 + z4 )
2 2
-2
fi z4 = z1 + z3 – z2
87. |a + bw + cw2|2 = (a + bw + c w ) (a + b w + cw)
Fig. 2.60
= a2 + b2 + c2 – bc – ca – ab
1 This represents a square. See Fig. 2.60.
2 2 2
= ÈÎ(b - c ) + (c - a ) + (a - b ) ˘˚
2 91. Let z = x + iy, then
As a, b, c are integers and at least two of them are
unequal, we get, x = 1 – t, y = t2 + t + 2

(b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (a – b) ≥ 2. fi t = 1 – x and y2 = t2 + t + 2 = (t + 1/2)2 + 7/4

Thus, |a + bw + cw2 |2 ≥ 1 fi |a + bw + cw2| ≥ 1 fi y2 = (x – 3/2)2 + 7/4.
Least value 1 is attained when a = 2, b = 1, c = 1. This represents a hyperbola.
88. We have AP = AB = AQ = 2 az1 - bz2 az1 - bz2
92. w + w = +
Thus, for the shaded region |z + 1| > 2 az1 + bz2 az1 + bz2
Ê 2 ˆ p (az1 - bz2 ) (az1 + bz2 ) + (az1 - bz2 ) (az1 + bz2 )
Also, –BAQ = tan -1 Á ˜ = = 2
Ë 2 - 1 + 1¯ 4 az1 + bz2
and –BAP = – p / 4
a2 z1 z1 - b2 z2 z2
Hence, for the shaded region = 2 = 0 [ a |z1| = b |z2|]
az1 + bz2
|z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < p / 4 fi w lies on the imaginary axis.
w - wz
89. As is purely real, 93. |z| + |1 – z| + |z – 2|
1- z
w - wz w - wz ≥ max {|z|, |(1 – z) + (z – 2)|, |z + (1 – z)| +
= |z – 2|, |1 – z| + |z – (z – 2)|} = 2
1- z 1- z
fi (1 – z ) (w – wz ) = (1 – z) ( w – wz ) The value 2 is attained when z = 1
fi (w – w ) (1 – z z ) = 0 94. See Theory.
As w π w , we get z z = 1 95. |z2 – z3|2 + |z1|2 = |z2 – z3|2 + | –z2 – z3|2
Thus, set of values of z is fi |z2 – z3|2 + 1 = 2|(|z2|2 + |z3|2) = 4
{z: |z| = 1, z π 1}. fi |z2 – z3| = 3
90. zw = |z|2 fi zw = z z fi w = z Similarly, |z3 – z1| = |z1 – z2| = 3
Thus, z1, z2, z3 are vertices of an equilateral
Thus, |z – z | + |w + w | = 4
triangle.
fi |z – z | + | z + z| = 4
fi |2iy| + |2x| = 4 96. 1 + w + w2 + º + wn – 1
fi |x| + |y| = 2 1 - wn 1 - cos p + i sin p
= =
1- w 1 - cos (p / n) - i sin (p / n)
2
= 2
2 sin (p 2n) - 2 i sin (p 2n) cos (p 2n)
2
=
- 2 i sin(p 2 n) [cos (p 2 n) + i sin (p 2 n)]
 Complex Numbers 2.53

cos (p 2n) - i sin (p 2n) Êpˆ 101. |z – a2| + |z – 2a| = 3 will represent an ellipse if
= = 1 + i cot Á ˜
- i sin (p 2n) Ë 2n ¯ |a2 – 2a| < 3
97. |z1 + z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2 ¤ –3 < a2 – 2a < 3
fi |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 ¤ –2 < (a – 1)2 < 4
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 – z1 z2 – z1 z2 ¤ (a – 1)2 < 4 ¤ –1 < a < 3 ¤ aŒ(0, 3)
z1 z2 102. As AB = BC = CA, we get
fi 2(z1 z2 + z1 z2) = 0 fi + =0
z1 z2
2|z| = |1| = |1 – 2z|
98. z1 lies on the circle |z| = 2 and z2 lies on the line
1 1 1
x+y= 4 2 fi |z| = and |z – | =
2 2 2
Distance of x + y = 4 2 from (0, 0) is 4 fi z is the point of intersection of circles
Thus, minimum distance between z1 and z2 is 2. |z| = 1/2 and |z – 1/2| = 1/2
1
fiz=
4
(
1 ± 3i )
103. |z + 1| + |z – 3| £ 10 represents the ellipse with
z2
focii at (–1, 0), and (3, 0) and length of major axis
z1 10. Its centre is (1, 0), and its equation is
( x - 1)2 y2
+ =1
25 21
Any point on the ellipse is P (1 + 5 cosq, 21 sin q ).
Its distance from A (7, 0) is given by
Fig. 2.61 AP2 = (5cosq + 8)2 + 21 sin2q

Alternative Solution = (2cos q + 20)2 – 202 + 85

Distance of z1 = 2(cosq + isinq) from x + y = 4 2, fi 182 – 202 + 85 £ AP2 £ 222 – 202 + 85

is
fi 9 £ AP2 £ 169
2 cos q + 2 sin q - 4 2
fi 3 £ AP £ 13
2
104. |z – 1|2 + 2| z – w|2 = 3|z – w2|2
= 2 ( 2 2 – (cosq + sinq))
fi |z|2 + 1 – z – z + 2[|z|2 + 1 – z w – z w]
Maximum possible value of cosq + sinq is 2 . = 3[|z|2 + 1 – z w 2 – z w2]

99. Let z1 = r (cosq + isinq). fi (3w – 2w2 – 1) z + (3w2 – 2w – 1) z = 0

Equation of tanget to x2 + y2 = r2 at (rcosq, rsinq) which represents a straight line.

is x cosq + y sinq = r
105. As R.H.S is real, L.H.S must be real.
Ê z + z ˆ Ê z1 + z1 ˆ Ê z - z ˆ Ê z1 - z1 ˆ n
fiÁ + = r2 Ê 1 + i ˆ Ê i - i2 ˆ
Ë 2 ˜¯ ÁË 2 ˜¯ ÁË 2i ˜¯ ÁË 2i ˜¯ Also, Á = = in is real when n is even.
Ë 1 - i ˜¯ ÁË 1 - i ˜¯
fi z z1 + z z1 = 2r 2
1 + x2 1 Ê 1ˆ
z z As x > 0 and = Á x + ˜ > 1 for x π 1.
fi + =2. 2x 2 Ë x¯
z1 z1
Thus, we get only possible value of x is 1.
100. Using |z1| + |z2| ≥ |z1 – z2|, we get
\ RHS = 1, thus, least value of n is 4.
|z – 2 + 3i| + |z – 1 + i| ≥ |–1 + 2i| = 5
2.54 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

Previous Years’ AIEEE/JEE Main Questions 02 + z21 + z22 = 0(z1) + 0(z2) + z1z2
fi (z1+ z2)2 = 3z1z2 fi a2 = 3b.
1. Let |z| = |w| = r and Arg (w) = q,
so that Arg (z) = p – q. We have 7. z + iw = 0 fi z + iw = 0 fi z – iw = 0
z = r[ cos (p – q) + i sin (p – q)] Now, arg (zw) = p
= r[– cos q + i sin q]
= – r ( cos q – i sin q) = – w Ê z2 ˆ
fi arg Á ˜ = p
2. Y Ë i ¯
2
fi arg (z ) – arg (i) = p
fi 2 arg (z) – p/2 = p
fi arg (z) = 3p/4
1/3
X 8. z = p + iq
O 2 3 4
fi x – iy = (p + iq)3
fi = p3 + 3p2(iq) + 3p (iq)2 + (iq)3
fi x = p3 – 3pq2 and – y = 3p2q – q3
x -y
fi = p 2 - 3q 2 and = 3 p2 - q2
If z satisfies |z – 4| = |z – 2|, then z lies on p q
the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining x y
fi + = -2( p 2 + q 2 )
z = 2 and z = 4. p q
i.e., |z – 4| = |z – 2| fi Re(z) = 3.
Ê x yˆ
As z = 0 does not satisfy |z – 4| < |z – 2|, we get \ ÁË p + q ˜¯ ( p 2 + q 2 ) = -2
|z – 4| < |z – 2| represents the region Re(z) > 3.
9. |z2 – 1| = |z|2 + 1 can be written as |z2 +(–1)|
3. Suppose |z – w| = r touches |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = |z2| + |–1|
= b externally.
z2
Then |w – z1| = a + r, |w – z2| = b + r ¤ is a non-negative real number.
-1
fi |w – z1| – |w – z2| = a – b
¤ z2 is a non-positive real number.
fi w lies on a hyperbola with foci at z1 and z2
¤ z lies on the imaginary axis.
Alternative solution
Let z = x + iy then |z2 – 1| = |z|2 + 1, we get
|(x2 – y2 – 1) + 2ixy| = x2 + y2 + 1
fi ( x 2 - y 2 - 1)2 + 4 x 2 y 2 = x 2 + y 2 + 1
fi (x2 – y2)2 + 1 – 2 (x2 – y2) + 4x2y2
4. As 1 = – i2, = (x2 + y2 + 1)2
x 2 x x
Ê 1 + i ˆ = Ê -i + i ˆ = Ê i(1 - i ) ˆ = i x fi (x2 + y2)2 + 1– 2(x2 – y2) = (x2 + y2)2 + 1
1 = ÁË ˜¯ ÁË 1 - i ˜¯ Á
Ë 1- i ¯ ˜ + 2(x2 + y2)
1- i
fi x = 4n for some n ΠN. fi Р4x2 = 0 fi x = 0
5. | zw | = | z || w | = |z||w| = |zw| = 1 \ z lies on the imaginary axis.

Arg ( zw) = arg (w) + arg ( z ) 10. (x –1)3 = – 8

= arg (w) – arg (z) = – p/2 3
\ zw = | zw|[cos(– p/2) + i sin (–p/2)] = – i fi Ê - x - 1ˆ = 1
Ë 2 ¯
6. z1 + z2 = – a, z1Z2 = b
x -1
As 0 , z1, z2 for an equilateral triangle, fi - = 1, w , w 2
2
 Complex Numbers 2.55
fi x = – 1, 1 – 2w, 1– 2w2 As – 1 is an end point of a diameter of the circle,
maximum possible value of |z + 1| is 6 which is
1 attained when z = – 7
11. |w| = 1 fi |z| = z - i
3
1
1 1 1 -1
fi z is equidistant from z = 0 and z = i. Thus, z 16. z = fi z = = =
i -1 i - 1 -i - 1 i + 1
3
lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment 4 4 4
joining z = 0 and z = i/3. Therefore, z lies on a 17. |z| – £ |z| – £ z- =2
|z| |z| z
straight line.
fi |z|2 – 2|z| – 4 £ 0
12. |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|
fi (|z| – 1)2 £ 5 fi |z| £ 5 + 1
¤ z1, z2 lie on a ray through the origin O and
same side of the origin 18. z is equidistant from A(1 + 0i), B(–1 + 0i) and C(0
+ i). Thus, z is circumcentre of DABC, that is, there
¤ arg (z1) = arg (z2) is exaclty one such z.
2 kp 2 kp 19. (1 + w)7 = (– w2)7 = (– w2)6(– w2) = – w2
13. sin + i cos
11 11 =1+w
2 k p 2k p ˆ
= i Ê cos - i sin \ A = 1, B = 1
Ë 11 11 ¯
= iw k 20. As a, b ΠR, the roots of z2 + a z + b = 0 are of
2p 2p the form
where w = cos - i sin 1 + ia, 1 – ia, where a Œ R, a π 0.
11 11
10 2k p 2k p ˆ Now, b = (1 + ia)(1 – ia) = 1 + a2 > 1
Thus, S = Â Ê sin + i cos
k =1
Ë 11 11 ¯ fi b Œ (1, •)
11
10 Êw -w ˆ z2
= iÂwk = iÁ 21. As is real, we get
k =1 Ë 1 - w ˜¯ z -1
But w11 = cos 2p – i sin 2p = 1 z2 z2
=
z -1 z -1
\ S=–i
¤ z 2 ( z - 1) = z 2 ( z - 1)
14. z2 + z + 1 = 0 fi z = w or w2 ¤ zz ( z - z ) - ( z - z )( z + z ) = 0
¤ ( z - z )( zz - z - z ) = 0
where w is complex cube root of unity. ¤ z - z = 0 or zz - z - z = 0
1 fi
Let z = w, so that = w2 z lies on the real axis
z
Thus, or z lies on a circle through the origin.
2 2 2 2
Ê z + 1 ˆ + Ê z 2 + 1 ˆ + Ê z3 + 1 ˆ +  + Ê z6 + 1 ˆ 22. |z| = 1 fi zz = 1
ÁË ˜ ÁË ˜ ÁË ˜ ÁË ˜ 1+ z ˆ Ê 1+ z ˆ
z¯ z2 ¯ z3 ¯ z6 ¯ arg ÊÁ = arg Á
= (–1)2 + (–1)2 + (2)2+ (–1)2 + (–1)2 + (2)2 Ë 1 + z ˜¯ Ë 1 + 1/ z ˜¯
= arg (z) = q
= 12.
23. Let z2/z1 = ik where k is a real number.
15. |z + 4| £ 3 represents the interior and boundary of
the circle with centre at (–4, 0) and radius = 3. See 2 z1 + 3z2 2 / 3 + z2 / z1 2 / 3 + ik
Figure. = = =1
2 z1 - 3z2 2 / 3 - z2 / z1 2 / 3 - ik
1 + z2 1
24. Let w = . Im (w ) = (w - w )
2iz 2
1 + z 2 1 + (1 / z ) 2
For |z| = 1, w = =
-2iz -2i (1 / z )
z2 +1
= = -w
-2iz
2.56 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

1 \ |z| = 1
Thus, Im(w) = (w + w ) = -iw
2i Also, z π 1 for otherwise w = w
1Ê 1ˆ 1
= - Áz + ˜ = - (z + z ) fi Im(w) = 0
2 Ë z¯ 2
1 Êz ˆ
= - (2 cosq ) = - cosq
2 29. arg Ê z1 ˆ + arg Á 2 ˜
ÁË z ˜¯ Ë z3 ¯
4
[ |z| = 1 fi z = cos q + isin q] 2
= arg Ê z1z2 ˆ = arg Ê | z1 | ˆ = 0
As z π 1, q π 0 and as z π –1, q π p ÁË z z ˜¯ ÁË | z |2 ˜¯
4 3 3
\ a Œ (–1, 1) z - i
30. Let = ik , where k ΠR.
z +i
25. z = 1 - z fi z + z =1 fi z – i = ikz – k
1 p
fi 2 Re(z) = 1 fi Re (z) = = cos
fi z(1– ik) = – k + i
2 3
As |z| = 1, Re(z) = cos(p/3), -k + i
fi z=
Im (z) = ± sin (p/3) 1 - ik
2
Thus, arg (z) = ± p/3 k +1
Note that | z |2 = =1
1+ k2
\ statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true . fi zz = 1 fi z = 1 z
26. Im(z) + 1 = 0 Im(z) = –1 1
Thus, z + = z + z , which is a real number.
z
Let z = a – i Also, z + z = 0
Now, z + 2 | z + 1 | +i = 0 fi 2Re(z) = 0 fi Re(z) = 0
2
fi a - i + 2 (a + 1) + 1 + i = 0 fi z = ai for some a ΠR.
fi a2 = 2 (a2 + 2a + 2)
But in this case
fi a2 + 4a + 4 = 0 fi (a + 2)2 = 0
\ a=–2 z -i
is a real number
Thus, z = – 2 – i fi |z| = z +i
5
Therefore, z + z π 0 .
1 1 3
27. z + ≥|z|- ≥
2 2 2 31. (1+ ai)2 = x + iy
Minimum value 3/2 of |z + 1/2| is attained when fi 1 – a2 + 2ai = x + iy
fi 1 – a2 = x, 2a = y
z = Р2, and 3/2 Π(1, 2).
fi 1 - ( y / 2) 2 = x
fi 4 – y2 = 4x
fi y2 + 4x – 4 = 0

32. z1 - 2 z2 = 1
2 - z1z2
¤ | z1 - 2 z2 |2 = | 2 - z1z2 |2
¤ | z1 |2 + 4 | z2 |2 - 2 z1z2 - 2 z1z2

28. w - wz = k(1 – z) = 4 + | z1 |2 | z2 |2 - 2 z1z2 - 2 z1z2

fi w – k = z(w - k ) ¤ |z1|2 |z2|2 – |z1|2 – 4|z2|2 + 4 = 0
fi |w – k| = | z || w - k | ¤ (|z1|2 – 4) (|z1|2 – 1) = 0
= |z||w – k| As |z2| π 1, |z1|2 – 4 = 0 fi |z1| = 2
As Im (w) π 0, |w – k| π 0
 Complex Numbers 2.57
fi z1 lies on a circle of radius 2. =0
1
33. |z – 1| = |z + i| fi 2(2 – 6 sin2q) = 0 fi sin q = ±
3
fi z is equidistant from A(1) and B(–i)
Thus, a value of q for which z is purely imaginary
fi z lies on the line y = – x
-1 Ê 1 ˆ
is sin Á ˜
Ë 3¯

Coordinates of A are (2, 1) that of B are (3, 1) and

C are (3, 3).
Coordinates of D are (3 + 2 2 cos (5p/4), 3 +
2 2 sin (5p/4))
= (3 – 2, 3 – 2) = (1, 1)
Thus, D is represented by 1 + i
y
As z = 1 satisfies the inequality
3 + 3i
|z – 1| £ |z + i|, C
2÷2
we get |z – 1| £ |z + i| represents the region lying
above the line x + y = 0 B
D 2+i 3+i
Largest value of r is length of perpendicular from
(4, 1) to the line x + y = 0, that is, x
O
| 4 + 1| 5 5 37. z3 = (1 + ai)3
largest r = = = 2.
1+1 2 2 = 1 + 3ai – 3a2 – ia3
34. Let z = r (cos q + isin q), so that
As z3 is real 3a – a3 = 0
fi As z is non-real complex number, Im (z) π 0 fi a( 3 – a) (a + 3) = 0
5 5
z = r [cos (5q) + isin (5q)] fia= 3
fi 5 5
(Im(z)) = r cos q5 Ê p pˆ
Thus, z = 1 + 3 i = 2 Á cos + i sin ˜
Ë 3 3¯
and Im (z5) = r5 cos(5q)
We have S = 1 + z + z2 + … + z11
Im( z 5 ) cos(5q ) 1 - z12
Thus, =
(Im( z ))5 cos5 q =
1- z
But cos (5q) = 16 cos5 q – 20 cos3 q + 5 cos q
But z12 = 212 (cos (4p) + i sin (4p))
cos(5q ) = 212(1 + i0) = 212
fi = 16 – 20 sec2 q + 5 sec4 q
cos5 q
= 5(sec4 q – 4sec2 q + 4) – 4 and 1 – z = – 3i
12
1- 2
= 5(sec2 q – 2)2 – 4 ≥ – 4 Thus, S =
- 3i
Thus, least value of
4095
= i = 1365 3 i
cos(5q ) 3
is – 4 which is attained when q = p/4.
cos5 q
Previous Years’ B-Architecture Entrance
2 + 3i sin q
35. As z = is purely imaginary, Re(z) = 0 Examination Questions
1 - 2i sin q
that is, z + z = 0 5 + i sin q
1. is a real number
2 + 3i sin q 2 - 3i sin q 5 - 3i sin q
fi + =0
1 - 2i sin q 1 + 2i sin q 5 + i sin q 5 - i sin q
¤ =
fi (2 + 3isinq)(1 + 2isinq) + (2 – 3isinq)(1 – 2isinq) 5 - 3i sin q 5 + 3i sin q
2.58 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main
¤ (5 + i sin q)(5 + 3 isin q) 6. Area of triangle is
= (5 – 3 isin q)(5 – i sin q) z z 1
1
¤ 25 + 20 isinq – 3sin2q D = | iz -iz 1 |
4
z + iz z - iz 1
= 25 – 20 isinq – 3sin2q
Using R3 Æ R3 – R1 – R2, we get
¤ 40 isin q = 0 ¤ sin q = 0
z z 1
This is possible when q = – p. 1
D = | iz -iz 1|
TIP Amongst the choices given, – p is the only 4
0 0 -1
value which makes imaginary part of the numerator
and denominator 0. 1 1
= | -izz - izz |= | z |2
4 2
2. |z| = 2
7. As |i – (1 + 2i)| = 2 < | 4 – 2 | = 2,
Let w = 3z + 2 + i, then z = (w – (2 + i))/3 C1 lies inside C2
|z| = 2 fi |w – (2 + i)| = 6
fi w lies on a circle with centre at (2 + i) and
radius 6.
3. Let z = 2(cos q + i sin q). Now
2
z+ = 2(cos q + isin q) + (cos q – isin q)
z
= 3 cos q + isin q
22
fi z+ = 9 cos2q + sin2q
z
( )
8. z = i i + 2 = –1 + 2i
= 1 + 4(1 + cos 2q) £ 9 2
fi (z + 1) = –2 fi z2 + 2z + 3 = 0
2
\ maximum possible value of z + is 3 which We now divide
is attained when z = 1 z
z4 + 4 z3 + 6 z 2
+ 4 z by z2 + 2z + 3.
1 3
4. Let w = – + i then w3 = 1
2 2
z = 4 + 3w127 + 5w124
= 4 + 3(w3)42w + 5(w3)41w
= 4 + 3w + 5w = 4 + 8w
= 4 - 4 + 4 3i = 4 3i
5. Principal argument
is least at point P.
AP
sin(p / 2 - q ) = \ z4 + 4z3 + 6z2 + 4z
OA
= (z2 + 2z + 3) (z2 + 2z – 1) + 3
fi cos q = 1/5
=0+3=3
fi sin q = 24 / 5
9. |z| = 1, arg(z) = q
Now, z = 24(cosq + i sin q ) fi z = cos q + isin q

24 2 z (1 - z ) z - zz
fi Re(z) = = 6 Now, w = =
5 5 z (1 + z ) z + zz
 Complex Numbers 2.59

z -1 10.
2 2
= 2 + i = z1 + z2 + z3
z +1
fi 3 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + |z3|2 + 2Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 )
z -1
w=
z +1 fi 3 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 )
z -1 z -1 fi Re ( z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 ) = 0
Now, 2Re(w) = w + w = +
z +1 z +1
11. z (iz1 – 1) = z1 + 1
z2 -1 + z 2 -1
= fi z1(iz – 1) = 1 + z
( z + 1)( z + 1)
1+ z
2 cos 2q - 2 fi z1 =
= iz - 1
zz + z + z + 1
1+ z
2(cos 2q - 1) fi = |z1| < 1
= iz - 1
2(cosq + 1)
fi |1 + z|2 < |1 – iz|2
2
-2 sin (q ) qˆ
= = - 4 sin 2 ÊÁ ˜ fi 1 + z + z + zz < 1 – iz + iz + zz
2
2 cos (q / 2) Ë 2¯
fi 2 Re(z) < – i(2i Im(z))
Êqˆ
fi Re(w) = -2 sin 2 Á ˜ fi Re(z) – Im(z) < 0
Ë 2¯