Chapter 19 The industrial Revolution Begins (1750-1850)

19.1 Dawn of the Industrial Age

 Life Before Industry

In 1750, most people farmed, lived in rural areas
Handmade tools
Firelight or candles, wood stoves
Made their own food and clothes
2nd agriculture revolution
Larger fields, more efficient fertilization
Mixed soil and crop rotation
- The master craftsman
 Life started to change……
Rural way of life was replaced
※travelers moved rapidly between countries and continents by train or steamship, or through
telegraph wires
※Anesthetic 麻醉药 was invented by an American dentist
※French physicist discovered the speed of light
※Hungarian doctor introduced antiseptic 抗菌的 methods to reduce the risk of women dying in
childbirth

 How and why did these great changes occur?

※Agriculture
Farming fields of Western Europe improved the quality and quantity of farm products
- Farming methods improve
Dutch:
1. built earthen walls known as dikes
2. Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of the lands
3. Used fertilizer to renew the soil
British
1. Mixed different kinds of soils to get higher crop yields
2. Crop rotation
3. Grow turnips, which restored exhausted soil
4. Jethro Tull invented a new mechanical device, seed drill. Deposit seeds in rows rather than
scattering them wastefully over the land
- Enclosure increases output but causes migration
Def of enclosure: the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant
farmers (more specialized)
Land unionmore pastures for sheepwool output increasesprofit increases (large field
requires less workers)unemployment
Ex: wanted more, British Parliament facilitated enclosures
through legislation
- Population multiplies
Surplus of food, better hygiene and sanitation, improved
 medical care (lowered deaths)
※New Technology becomes Key
- Harnessing new source of energy (Thomas Newcomen and James Watt)
Steam enginesWatt’s engine, powering locomotives and steamships
- Quality of Iron improves
Abraham Darby used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore
Result: less expensive and better-quality iron

New technology
New forms of energy beyond wood and oil
The cotton gin: created by Eli Whitney, separated cotton from seeds. 50X more effective than
separating by hand
Supply of cotton increases—> demand increases (especially Britain) more slaves in the US
- Effect: sharp increase in population
 Changes and Growth
By 1850, more ppl lived in urban areas (Urbanization)- and these ppl needed to buy things
Population steadily rose as well, with improved farming
More and better food, so ppl ate better
 Responses to Early Industry
Thomas Malthus felt population would grow exponentially, food supply would grow linearly
- Only way for food production to keep pace=natural population controls (ex: don’t have lot of
children)
- Argued families should have fewer children
- David Ricardo argued wage increases= pointless (comparative advantage)

21.1 The Spread of Industry

 New leaders Rise
By 1807, other parts of Europe/US starting to catch up to England
Other countries can imitate what Britain’s got for their inventions
- Germany=Europe’s industrial power by end of 1800s
- US=industrial power of the world
 Technologygrowth
Henry Bessemer developed the Bessemer Process in 1856
New way to purify iron using blast furnaces, in order to create steel
- 1866, Alfred Nobel created dynamite 炸药
- Much more stable explosive, safer
- Intended for mining/construction, quickly adopted for war
- Michael Faraday invented first electric motor, or dynamo
- All electric motors still work based on principle of dynamo
 The war of Currents
- Thomas Edison
Laboratory helped produce first phonographs, alkaline batteries, lightbulbs, etc.
Championed direct current electricity
- George Westinghouse invented railway brake, was a pioneer of the electrical industry
 New methods of production (Samuel Slater)
Division of labor
Interchangeable (identical) parts
Assembly lines
 Increasing efficiency
Fredrick Taylor
Father of ‘process management’
Motion studies
Found that workers who were paid the same on assembly lines worked to match the slowest
worker
Favored piecework pay: the more you produce, the more you earn
Ex: commission
 Communication Improvements (how fast things were developing this time)
Samuel Morse developed telegraph, 1844
By 1860s, telegraph connected Europe and North America
Alexander Graham Bell patented telephone, 1876
1890s, Gugliermo Marconi invented radio
1901, receive message in Morse code over radio, sent from Britain to Canada
First transatlantic message
 Transportation Advances
Gasoline-powered internal combustion engine
Karl Benz patented first automobile
Henry Ford perfected mass production
 Business takes a new direction
Growth of businesses required investment of large amounts of capital
Owners sold stocks, formed corporationsmonopoly (1 company dominate the market)
Groups of corporations form cartels 联合企业
Goes against the idea of free market!!!
 Consolidation
Vertical (production line): gaining control of all businesses that make up the development of a
given product
Horizontal (monopoly): gaining control of all companies in a certain type of industry
 Labor Strife
Labor unions (group of ppl aim to protect their rights, higher wage, better working condition)
often illegal (cuz they’re working against high power)
However, they had no power…
First industrial riots occurred 1811-1813, led by Luddites (highly-skilled workers)

 Alternatives to Capitalism
Socialism: workers own means of production in an economy
Socialist revolution seemed necessary to some thinkers in order to prevent injustice, poverty and
close the gap between rich and poor
- Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto with Fredrich Engels
- Felt history=class struggles
- Proletariat would overthrow bourgeoisie, create classless society in which means of
production were owned by the ppl
- Even in countries that tried it, never crossed cultural borders in Europe

Urbanization and problems of industry 19.3/21.2

 New social classes
The industrial middle class- or, new bourgeoisie
Comprised mostly of ppl who invested in tech/factories
Merchants, inventors, whatever skilled artisans remained
Lived comparatively well, had good clothes, some material wealth
 Women and children
Upper class (Nobles/old money): children cared for by maidservants, women lived a luxurious
life, generally
Middle class (Bourgeoisie/new money): women did not work initially
Lower class (working class) women and children were part of work force
- Lived in tenements: multistory building divided into small apartments, designed to house as
many families as possible
- No running water or privacy, dirty and disease-ridden
- Factories had rigid schedules, ppl had to work 12-16 hour shifts, 6-7 days a week
- Work conditions were dangerous and unhealthy
Loud, poor lightning, no ventilation, faulty equipment, careless training, many ppl were
injured by machines, textile workers breathed in lint, damaging their lungs
- Injured or sick workers could be fired without compensation
- Wages were very low, but higher than what was offered on farms
 Women and work
Textile factory workers often women
Created double burden
 Men and work
Mining paid more than factory work, but conditions much worse
Coal dust destroyed lungs
Worked in near-total darkness
Constant risk of flooding, explosion, collapses
*women and children carried carts

 Was the Industrial Revolution more helpful or harmful for Industrial workers?

11/22
Warm up
1. UK get cotton from US to supply its textile industry
2. Why might the British want to look elsewhere for its supply of cotton
British no longer control US, there’re a lot of anti-british ppl
3. Why might be a possible region for British to get cotton?
India, under control, favored environment for growing cotton

 Chapter 24.4 British Imperialism in India

Imperialism: a nation has several controls over diff places
 Mughal India
16th to mid 19th century, most of Inida ruled by Mughal Empire
Proto-industrialized, especially around cotton
At height, accounted for 25% of world’s production
Flaws: never united, has so many sub-regions
 Mughal India declines
Mid-1700s, Mughals internally collapsing
Weak administration, economic systems
British East India Company soon got involved in Mughal politics.
 No longer about country fighting country, it’s about companies
 Video
1. What is indirect rule
Regional leader, leave by finding rulers (exchanging revenue), EIC used indirect rule to spread
their influences throughout india
2. In what ways did the British interact with the ruling class of india
Private trading, be friend with Indians (mimic/appreciate their cultures), telling them that EIC is
good
3. In what ways was British influence felt by the working classes
Grow cropsppl didn’t get enough food coming out from agriculture
4. How did the British view their objectives in India
 British conquest
- British exploited diversity
- Encourage local princes to fight each other/compete
- If that failed, Britain also used superior weapons
 British policy in India
DOING GOOD?
British east India company
Improved roads, other infrastructure, fought bandits
Western education, British common law introduced I early 1800s
Christian missionaries arrived around same time
Social reforms imposed:
- Try to end slavery, caste system, improve position of women
- Made sati (a women must follow her husband to death) illegal
British improving lives in India
- The BEIC ethnocentric laws and policy
Enacted law requiring sepoys to serve anywhere in empire
Passed law allowing Hindu widow to remarry
Last straw issued new rifles to Sepoys, 1857
Result: Sepoy Rebellion
 Scramble for Africa
Ethnocentric
 Imperialism
Def: Extension of one nation-state’s domination or control over territory outside its own
boundaries
Peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world
The huge African continent (3 times the size of continental US)
 Berlin Conference (1884-5)
The formalization of the Scramble of Africa
Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa
Eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance
 No indirect ruling now, direct control over African
Despite 14 countries being represented, 5 of them come home without any formal possessions in
Africa
 Rapid partition
-in 1875, ＜10% Africa was under European control
-by 1895 only 10% was independent
Between 1871 and 1900 Britain+4.25 million square miles and +66 million ppl to its empire
British holdings were far flung, the “sun never sets on the British empire”
France+3.5 million square miles of territory and +26 million ppl to its empire
By 1912 only Liberia and Ethiopia in Africa remained independent states
 Motivations of this scramble of Africa
1. Capitalism
Imperialism was an inevitable result of capitalism
Vast mineral resources of Africa were exploited by European imperial powers
Many Africans became laborers in mines or workers on agricultural plantations owned by
Europeans
Ex: the harsh treatment of workers in the rubber plantations of the Belgian Congo
2. Nationalism
Nations competed for bragging rights over having the largest empire
Nations also wanted control over strategic water ways such as the Suez Canal, ports and naval
bases
Christian missionaries travelled to Africa in hopes of gaining converts
Western missionaries often called on their governments to provide military and political protection
“the flag followed the Bible”
3. Cultural imperialism
Most westerners believed they lived in the best possible world
European powers often built ports, transportation, communication systems, and schools, as well as
improving health care
Social Darwinists argued it was the duty of the west to bring the benefits of its civilization to
lesser peoples and cultures
Western ethnocentrism contributed to the idea of the “white man’s burden, a term popularized by
the poet Rudyard Kipling
 How African ppl reacted to the colonization?

21.2 Urban Renewal

> Population growth

Between 1800-1900, Europe’s population doubled
- Farm production increased
- Food storage/distribution methods improved
- Nutrition improved
- Public sanitation cleaned up cities, improved quality of life
- Medical advancements improved urban life
> Workers and Religion
John Wesley founded the Methodist movement in the 1750s
Stressed need for personal sense of faith (since ppl don’t have time to go to church as they’re
working for the factory, thus, they are more likely to please their own faiths)
Encouraged followers to improve by adopting sober, moral ways
People who migrated to cities lost connection with old churches
> Child labor “reform”
In early 1800s, factory acts were passed into law
Reduced workday of children to max. of 12 hours
Outlawed children younger than 8-9 years old from working in cotton mills
> Women’s rights
Starting in 1830s/40s, women push for suffrage, greater voice
Started using language of enlightenment for arguments
> Medical Advances
Doctors speculated about germ theory, as they tried to fight more diseases
Louis Pasteur proved germ theory in 1870, disproving the idea of “spontaneous generation”
1880s, Robert Koch identified cause of tuberculosis (1 in 7 ppl died because of this)
> Hospital Care
Hospital care improved as germ theory developed
Anesthesia introduced, first used during the 1840s
Allowed doctors to experiment with new procedures
Once people understood sanitation better, hospitals=safer
> Florence Nightingale
Considered the founder of modern nursing
Learned by caring for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War
Founded a nursing school in 1860 which is now part of King’s College, London
Statistical analysis of sanitation
> Medical Advances
Joseph Lister promoted idea of sterile surgery, led to reduction in post-surgical infection
Edward Jenner, an English physician, invented smallpox vaccine and immunization process
Small pox infected many, killed 10-20% of the population
Father of modern immunalogy, his work “saved lives”
> City life changes
City planners created spacious new squares boulevards, led urban renewal projects to rebuild and
improve poor urban areas (get the money from colonization in Africa)
Cities became safer with sanitation workers, electric streetlights, police forces
Settlement changed, the poor moved in, rich moved to the outskirts

Sidewalks, sewers, and skyscrapers started to appear

Sidewalks helped make cities cleaner, more organized
Skyscrapers gave cities a new direction to grow, allowed more people to live in/ use less space
> Working class advances
Mutual-aid societies to help sick, injured, or in-need workers
By late 1800s, workers in many Western nations earned right to form unions
Voluntary groups of workers that could represent you and provide assistance if needed
Unions fought business owners for labor reform, mainly for strikes

Slowly, protests brought changes

Work conditions improved, child labor outlawed, 8-hour day introduced
Pensions and disability insurance earned
Robert Owen
> Life improves
Though it occurred unequally, slowly, and painfully at times, standard of living improved for all
classes
Health improved, infant mortality decreased
Ppl have more time for leisure
Ppl ate better quality food, slowly could afford more luxury goods