Hatchback

A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door[1][2][3][4][5] that swings upward to provide
access to a cargo area. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second row seating, where the
interior can be reconfigured to prioritize passenger or cargo volume. Hatchbacks may feature
two- or three-box design.

Volkswagen Golf 5-door hatchback

Mini Hatch 3-door hatchback

While early examples of the body configuration can be traced to the 1930s, the Merriam-Webster
dictionary dates the term itself to 1970.[2]
The hatchback body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis
to small family cars, as well as executive cars and some sports cars. They are a primary
component on a sport utility vehicle

Characteristics

The body characteristics of a sedan (top), estate/station wagon (middle) and hatchback (bottom)

Comparison of a hatchback with a station wagon from the same model range

The distinguishing feature of a hatchback is a rear door that opens upwards[6] and is hinged at
roof level (as opposed to the boot/trunk lid of a saloon/sedan, which is hinged below the rear
window). Most hatchbacks use a two-box design body style,[7][8] where the cargo area
(trunk/boot) and passenger areas are a single volume. The rear seats can often be folded down
to increase the available cargo area.[9] Hatchbacks may have a removable rigid parcel shelf,[10] or
flexible roll-up tonneau cover to cover the cargo space behind the rear seats.

3 door and 5 door terminology

When describing the body style, the hatch is often counted as a door, therefore a hatchback with
two passenger doors is called a three-door and a hatchback with four passenger doors is called
a five-door.[10][11]

Estates vs. liftbacks vs. notchbacks

A tailgate hinged at the roof is a predominant characteristic of hatchbacks, estates/station wagons and liftbacks

Estates/station wagons and liftbacks have in common a two-box design configuration, a shared
interior volume for passengers and cargo[6][12] and a rear door (often called a tailgate in the case
of an estate/wagon) that is hinged at roof level, similar to hatchbacks.[13][14] Liftback cars are
similar to hatchbacks from a functional perspective in having a tailgate hinged from the roof, but
differ from hatchbacks from a styling perspective in having more of a sloped roofline. The term
"fastback" may sometimes also be used by manufacturers to market liftback cars.[15]A fastback
is a broad automotive term used to describe the styling of the rear of a car in having a single
slope from the roof to the rear bumper.[16][17][18]

Some hatchbacks are notchback three box designs, bearing a resemblance to sedans/saloons
from a styling perspective, but being closer to hatchbacks in functionality by having a tailgate
hinged from the roof. This is featured on cars such as the 1951 Kaiser-Frazer Vagabond,[19][20]
Simca 1100,[21] Mazda 6 GG1, and Opel Vectra C. As such, notchbacks are not fastbacks, as the
slope of the roofline on a notchback is interrupted by its three box design.

An estate/wagon typically differs from a liftback or hatchback by being longer (therefore more
likely to have a D-pillar). Other potential differences of a station wagon include:

steeper rake at the rear (ie the rear door is more vertical)[6][10][22]

a third row of seats

rear suspension designed for increased load capacity or to minimize intrusion into the cargo
area[10]

the tailgate is more likely to be a multi-part design or extend all the way down to the bumper

Hyundai i30 as a conventional 5- Hyundai i30 fastback, with a Hyundai i30 estate/station wagon.
door hatchback liftback tailgate. Note the tailgate The roofline extends further to the
and roofline sloped at a more rear
horizontal angle than on a
traditional hatchback

Liftback

1976 Toyota Celica GT Liftback U.S. Model

"Liftback" is a term for hatchback models in which the rear cargo door or hatch is more
horizontally angled than on an average hatchback, and as a result, the hatch is lifted more
upwards than backwards, to open.[12]

The term was first used by Toyota in 1973, to describe the Toyota Celica Liftback GT.[23][24]

Toyota called the new body style a Liftback, signifying that it was a three-
door hatchback rather than a two-door coupe. With its sloping fastback
roofline, the Celica Liftback was, if anything, even less habitable for rear-
seat passengers than was the hardtop, but the hatchback roof and folding
rear seat made the Liftback more versatile for quotidian chores or the
sort of "active lifestyle" pastimes that so fascinate advertising
copywriters.[25]

Later, Toyota needed to distinguish between two 5-door versions of the Toyota Corolla, one of
which was a conventional 5-door hatchback with a nearly vertical rear hatch while the other one
was a 5-door more horizontal hatch, for which the term Liftback was used.

History

1938 Citroën Traction Avant

Commerciale - 1952 shape is
shown
 1951 Kaiser-Frazer Vagabond

1959 Austin A40 Farina

Countryman

1966 Jaguar E-Type with side

opening hatch

History

The first production hatchback was marketed by Citroën in 1938: the Citroën 11CV
Commerciale.[26][27] The initial target market was tradesmen who needed to carry bulky objects,
like butchers, bakers, vintners, and grocers.[27] Before World War II, the tailgate had two pieces, a
top section hinged from roof level and a bottom section hinged from below.[27] When production
of the Commerciale resumed after the war, the tailgate became a one-piece design which was
hinged from roof level, as per the design used on most hatchbacks since.[27][28]

In 1949, Kaiser-Frazer introduced the Vagabond and Traveler hatchbacks. These models were
styled much like a typical 1940s sedan, fully retaining their three-box profile; however, they
included a two-piece tailgate as per the first Citroën 11CV Commerciale.[29] The Vagabond and
Traveler models also had folding rear seats, and a shared volume for the passengers and
cargo.[30] The design was neither fully a sedan nor a station wagon, but the folding rear seat
provided for a large, 8-foot (2.4 m) long interior cargo area.[31] These Kaiser-Frazer models have
been described as "America’s First Hatchback".[32]

The British Motor Corporation (BMC) launched a 'Countryman' version of the Austin A40 Farina
two‑box economy car in 1959. Just like its A30 and A35 Countryman predecessors, it was a very
small estate car — but instead of regular, sideways opening rear doors, it had a horizontally split
tailgate, having a top-hinged upper door and bottom-hinged lower door. The 1959 A40
Countryman differed from the 1958 A40 Farina saloon, in that the rear window was marginally
smaller, to allow for a frame that could be lifted up, with its own support, so that the car now
incorporated a horizontal-split two-piece tailgate. The lower panel was now flush with the floor
and its hinges had been strengthened.[33]

Sports cars

In 1953, Aston Martin marketed the DB2 with a top-hinged rear tailgate, manufacturing 700
examples. Its successor, the 1958 DB Mark III, also offered a folding rear seat. The 1954 AC
Aceca and later Aceca-Bristol from AC Cars had a similar hatch tailgate, though only 320 were
built.

In 1965, MG had Pininfarina modify the MGB roadster into a hatchback design called the MGB
GT, becoming the first volume-production sports car with this type of body.

Many coupés have 3 doors, including the Jaguar E-Type and Datsun 240Z.

Mass market acceptance

1961 introduced Renault 4

1965 introduced Renault 16 — the

brand's top saloon in the later
1960s
In 1961, Renault introduced the Renault 4 as a moderately upscale alternative to the Citroën
2CV.[34][35] The Renault 4 was the first million-selling, mass-produced, compact two-box car with
a steeply raked rear side, opened by a large, one-piece, lift-gate hatch.

During its production life cycle, Renault marketed the R4 calling it a small station wagon, just like
Austin's series of small Countryman estate models from 1954 to 1968 – even after the term
"hatchback" appeared around 1970. The company only offered one two-box body style. The
Renault 4 continued in production in until 1992, selling over 8 million cars.

In 1965, the R4 economy car was complemented by the D-segment Renault 16, the first volume
production two-box, hatchback family car.[36] Its rear seats were adjustable, would fold down, or
could be completely removed. The Renault 16 was successful in a market segment previously
exclusively populated by notchback sedans, and in spite of making only the one body style for 15
years, selling over 13⁄4 million cars.

1967 introduced Simca 1100

1967 introduced Citroën Dyane

 1969 introduced Austin Maxi

1974 introduced Volkswagen Golf

1975 Rover 3500 5 door

hatchback

2017 Ford Mondeo Mk V (Ford

Fusion) hatchback. This variant is
not sold in the US

Modern hatchbacks

Unlike the Renault 4, which had a semi-integrated body, mounted on a platform chassis, and a
front mid-mounted and longitudinally placed engine behind the front axle, the 1967 Simca 1100,
which followed in the footsteps of the 1959 BMC Mini with front-wheel drive, a more space-
efficient transverse engine layout, unitary bodywork and independent suspension (features
which became key design concepts used by almost every mass-market family car since) - and it
was the first hatchback with these features.[37] The Simca 1100 also came in both three and five-
door variants, and the hatchback models took a central position, traditionally taken up by
saloons, in a full model line-up, completed by a station wagon, as well as panel van versions.
Also in 1967, Citroën released the Dyane, a redesigned 2CV with a large rear hatch, to compete
with the Renault 4.

The Simca was closely followed by the Mini's larger stablemate, the Austin Maxi, which with the
hatch was a five-door saloon, and with a transverse SOHC engine, a five-speed transmission, and
a flexible seating arrangement which gave the option of forming a double bed.[38] Created by the
same designer as BMC's Mini, sir Alec Issigonis – accountants had determined that the car had
to use the same set of doors as the Austin / Morris 1800, but would be marketed below it in the
model range, so needed a shorter rear body. A curtailed rear end with a big hatch resulted.[36]
The Austin Maxi operated in the same market segment as the Renault 16, and the two
competitors were closely matched in specifications and exterior dimensions, although the Maxi
had significantly more interior space due to its transverse engine.[36]

In 1974, the Volkswagen Golf was introduced, intended to replace the ubiquitous Beetle.[39]

In 1976 British Leyland introduced the Rover 3500, a rear wheel drive executive car five-door
hatchback.[38]

Europe

Increasing demand for compact hatchbacks in Europe during the 1970s led to the release of
models such as the Austin Ambassador, Austin Maestro, Fiat 127 and Renault 5. By the late
1970s and early 1980s, the majority of superminis and compact cars had been updated or
replaced with hatchback models.

Hatchbacks were the mainstay of manufacturers' D-segment offerings in Europe in the 1990s
(they were already popular in the 1980s) and until the late 2000s. It was common for
manufacturers to offer the same D-segment model in three different body styles: a 4-door sedan,
a 5-door hatchback, and a 5-door station wagon. Such models included the Ford Mondeo, the
Mazda 626/Mazda6, the Nissan Primera, the Opel Vectra/Insignia, and the Toyota
Carina/Avensis. There were also models in this market segment available only as a 5-door
hatchback or a 4-door sedan, and models available only as a 5-door hatchback or a 5-door
station wagon. Often the hatchback and the sedan shared the same wheelbase and the same
overall length, and the full rear overhang length of a conventional sedan trunk was retained on
the five-door hatchback version of the car.

The 1989-2000 Citroën XM and second-generation Skoda Superb (2008-2015) are cars that blur
the line between hatchbacks and sedans. They feature an innovative "Twindoor" trunk lid. It can
be opened like in a sedan, using the hinges located below the rear glass; or together with the
rear glass, like in a hatchback, using the hinges at the roof.[40]

Audi and BMW introduced hatchbacks in 2009, but marketed them as "Sportback" (Audi) or
"Gran Turismo"/"Gran Coupe" (BMW).

In the 2010s hatchback versions became available on luxury cars such as the BMW 5 Series
Gran Turismo, Porsche Panamera, and Audi A7 while the Skoda Octavia was always available as
a hatchback. Meanwhile, three-door hatchbacks have seen a fall in popularity, compared with 5-
door models. This has led to many models no longer being offered in 3-door body styles, for
example, the Audi A3 and Renault Clio.

North America

1972 AMC Gremlin

1971 Ford Pinto Runabout

1973 Chevrolet Vega

 Mini-Camper for AMC Hornet
In 1970, American Motors Corporation (AMC) released the first North American subcompact car
since the 1953-1961 Nash Metropolitan, the AMC Gremlin.[41] Although the Gremlin has the
appearance of a hatchback, it is frequently called a Kammback coupe instead,[42] with only its
rear window being an upwards opening hatch, that gives access to the rear luggage space.[43]
The Gremlin was based on the AMC Hornet, but its abrupt hatchback rear end cut the car's
overall length from 179 to 161 inches (4,500 to 4,100 mm). AMC added a hatchback version to
its larger compact-sized Hornet line for the 1973 model year.[44] The design and fold-down rear
seat more than doubled cargo space and the Hornet was claimed to be the "first compact
hatchback" manufactured by U.S. automaker.[45] The 1975 Pacer featured a rear door or
hatchback.[46] A longer model with a wagon-type configuration was added in 1977 with its large
rear "hatch" as one of the car's three doors, all having different sizes.[47] The 1979 AMC Spirit
was available in two designs, a "sedan" with a rear lift up window and a semi-fastback "liftback"
version.[48]

General Motors' first hatchback model was the Chevrolet Vega, introduced in September 1970.
Over a million Vega hatchbacks were produced for the 1971–1977 model years accounting for
about half of the Vega's total production.[49] The Vega hatchback was also rebadged and sold as
the 1973–1977 Pontiac Astre, 1978 Chevrolet Monza S, 1975–1980 Buick Skyhawk, 1975–1980
Oldsmobile Starfire and 1977–1980 Pontiac Sunbird.

In 1974, the larger Chevrolet Nova became available in a hatchback body style. The Nova
hatchback was also rebadged as the Chevrolet Concours, Pontiac Ventura, Pontiac Phoenix,
Oldsmobile Omega, Buick Apollo, and Buick Skylark. In 1980, General Motors released its first
front-wheel drive hatchback models, the Chevrolet Citation and Pontiac Phoenix.

Both AMC and GM offered a dealer accessory that turned their compact hatchback models into
low-cost recreational vehicles.[50] An example is the Mini-Camper Kit for the AMC Hornet, a low-
priced canvas tent that converted an open hatchback into a camping compartment with room
for sleeping.[51][52] The "Mini-Camper" was a weatherproof covering that fitted over the roof
section from the B-pillar back to the rear bumper that was easy to set up.[53]
Ford Motor Company's first hatchback was the Ford Pinto Runabout, introduced in 1971.[54] The
Pinto-based 1974-1978 Ford Mustang II was offered as a hatchback. The body style was
continued for the redesigned Fox platform-based 1979 third generation Mustang and the
Mercury Capri derivative. For 1981, Ford offered hatchback versions of its sub-compact Escort
and the badge engineered Mercury Lynx, which were now front-wheel drive. Two-seat hatchback
derivatives were introduced for 1982, the Ford EXP and the Mercury LN-7.

Chrysler Corporation's first hatchbacks (and first front-wheel drive cars) were the 1978 Dodge
Omni / Plymouth Horizon models, which were based on the French Simca-Talbot Horizon.[55]
These were followed by the 3-door hatchback Dodge Omni 024 / Plymouth Horizon TC3 which
were later renamed Dodge Charger and Plymouth Turismo.

Japan

1974-1975 Honda Civic RS

The first Japanese hatchbacks were the 1972 Honda Civic, Nissan Sunny, and Nissan Cherry.
The Civic and Cherry had front-wheel drive powertrains, which later became the common
configuration for a hatchback. Along with the Honda Civic, other Japanese hatchback models
included the Nissan Pulsar, Toyota Corolla, and Suzuki Swift.

Almost all Japanese Kei cars ("city cars") use a hatchback body style, to maximize cargo
capacity given the overall vehicle size is limited by Kei car regulations. Kei cars include the
Mitsubishi Minica, Honda Life, Suzuki Fronte, Subaru Vivio, and Daihatsu Mira.

USSR
Lada Samara 1500

The first Soviet hatchback was the rear-wheel drive IZh 2125 Kombi, which entered production in
1973.[56] This was followed only in the 1980s by the front-wheel drive Lada Samara in 1984, the
Moskvitch 2141/Aleko in 1986, and ZAZ Tavria in 1987.

Brazil

Chevrolet Onix

In 2014, four of the top five selling models in Brazil were hatchbacks.[57] However, in the 1980s
and 1990s, hatchbacks were less popular than sedans, leading manufacturers to develop
compact sedan models for the Brazilian market, for example, the Fiat Premio and sedan
versions of the Opel Corsa and Ford Fiesta.

India
Maruti 800 hatchback in India

Hatchbacks are the highest selling car body style in India.[58] The Maruti 800 sold over 2.5
million units since its launch in 1983.[59] Since 2004, Maruti 800 has been overtaken by Maruti
Alto as the car with highest annual sales. In 2015, Tata Motors launched a hatchback version of
the Nano, the least expensive road car in the world.[60]

See also

Trunk (car)

Hot hatch

Fastback

Shooting brake

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External links

The dictionary definition of hatchback at Wiktionary

Media related to Hatchbacks at Wikimedia Commons

 Media related to Liftbacks at Wikimedia Commons

Portals: Cars Environment

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title=Hatchback&oldid=1070076518"

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