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Experiment No 1:-Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines

The document discusses the construction details of synchronous machines. It explains the operating principles of electromagnetic induction and interaction of magnetic fields that allow synchronous machines to convert mechanical to electrical energy and vice versa. It describes the main components of a synchronous machine including the stator, rotor, and armature winding. The stator contains the frame, core and 3-phase winding. The rotor can be of the salient pole or non-salient pole type. Distributed and concentrated windings on the armature are also discussed along with distribution and pitch factors.

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61EEPrabhat Pal
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563 views5 pages

Experiment No 1:-Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines

The document discusses the construction details of synchronous machines. It explains the operating principles of electromagnetic induction and interaction of magnetic fields that allow synchronous machines to convert mechanical to electrical energy and vice versa. It describes the main components of a synchronous machine including the stator, rotor, and armature winding. The stator contains the frame, core and 3-phase winding. The rotor can be of the salient pole or non-salient pole type. Distributed and concentrated windings on the armature are also discussed along with distribution and pitch factors.

Uploaded by

61EEPrabhat Pal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No 1:- Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines.

Aim- To study the constructional details of synchronous machines.


Theory-
1. Operating Principle-
A synchronous machine is just an electro-mechanical transducer which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice-versa. The fundamental phenomenon
which make these conversions possible are :
(i) Law of electromagnetic induction: This relates to the production of emf, i.e.,
emf is induced in a conductor whenever it cuts across the magnetic field. This
is called Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction.
(ii) Law of interaction: This law relates to the phenomenon of production of force.
or torque i.e., whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic
field, by the interaction of the magnetic fields produced by the current
carrying conductor and the main field, force is exerted on the conductor and
torque is developed.
In generator action, an emf is induced in the armature conductors when they cut
across the magnetic field. On closing the circuit, current flows through the armature
conductors which produces another field. By the interaction of this field and main
field a force is exerted on the conductor which acts is opposite direction to that of
rotation. It is this force against which the relative motion of conductors has to be
maintained by the mechanical power supplied by the prime-mover, thus the
mechanical power is converted into electrical power.
In motor action, a current is supplied to the machine which flows through the
armature conductors. The armature conductors produce a field which interacts with
the main field. Thus, a force is exerted on the conductors and rotation takes place (i.e.,
torque is developed). Once rotation occurs, an emf is induced in the conductors due to
relative motion. This emf acts in opposite direction to the flow of current. The flow of
current has to be maintained against this emf by applying external voltage source thus
electrical power is converted into mechanical power.

2. Construction-
A synchronous machine has 3-phase armature winding on the stator and a d.c. field
winding on the rotor.
i) Stator: The outer stationary part of the machine is called stator; it has the following
important parts:

(i) Stator frame: It is the outer body of the machine made of cast iron and it protects
the inner parts of the machine. It can be also made of any other strong material since it
is not to carry the magnetic field. Cast iron is used only because of its high
mechanical strength.
(ii) Stator Core: The stator core is made of silicon steel material. It is made from
number of stamping which are insulated from each other. Its function is to provide an
easy path for the magnetic lines of force and accommodate the stator winding.

(iii) Stator Winding: Slots are cut on the inner periphery of the stator core in which
three-phase or one-phase winding is placed. Enamelled copper is used as winding
material.

ii) Rotor: The rotating part of the machine is called rotor. From construction point of
view, there are two types of rotors named as:
(i) Salient pole type rotor: In this case, projected poles are provided on the rotor. The
cost of construction of salient pole type rotors is low, moreover sufficient space is
available to accommodate field winding but these cannot bear high mechanical
stresses at high speeds. Therefore, salient pole type construction is suited for medium
and low speeds. Since the speed of these machines (generators) is quite low, to obtain
the required frequency, the machines have large number of poles. To accommodate
such a large number of poles, these machines have larger diameter and small length.
(ii) Non-salient pole type rotor: In this case, there are no projected poles but the poles
are formed by the current flowing through the rotor (exciting) winding. Non-salient
pole type construction is suited for the high speeds. Due to high speed a small number
of poles are required for given frequency. Hence, these machines have smaller
diameter and larger length.
iii) Armature Winding:
(i) Concentrated Winding
When one slot per pole or slots equal to the number of poles are employed, the
windings thus obtained are called concentrated windings. Such windings give
maximum induced emfs for given number of conductors but the wave form of
induced emf is not exactly sinusoidal.
(ii) Distributed Winding
When number of slots per poles are more than one, the windings thus obtained are
called distributed windings. Such windings give slightly less than maximum induced
emf for a given number of conductors but the wave form of induced emf is more
sinusoidal.
o Distribution Factor-
Total induced emf in the coil group when the winding is distributed in number of slots
to the induced emf in the coil group when the winding is concentrated in one slot is
called a distribution factor or breadth factor and it is generally denoted by Kd. It is
always less than unity.

(iii) Full Pitch Winding


When the two coil sides of the same coil are 180 electrical degrees apart, the winding
is called full pitch winding. The emf induced in each coil is maximum with full pitch
winding
(iv) Short Pitch Winding
When the two sides of the same coil are less than 180 electrical degrees apart, the
winding is called short pitch winding. The emf induced in the short pitch winding is
less than that in full pitch winding.

o Pitch Factor-
The ratio of induced emf in a coil when the winding is short pitched to the induced
emf in the same coil when it is full pitched is called a coil span factor or pitch factor
or chord
ed factor and it is generally denoted be Kp . It is always less than unity.

Conclusion- Thus we have studied the basic operating principle of synchronous machines
and its construction, including types or rotor construction, types of armature
winding and winding factors.
Assignment- Draw winding diagram of 24 slots, 4 pole stator winding of 3-phase
Synchronous Machine

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