Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)

ETU 08102

Cellular and Mobile Communication

Ally, J
ICT Professional (Radio Frequency Communication)
Huawei Certified Academy Instructor (Routing and
Switching, Cloud Computing, Storage, and 5G)

jumannea@gmail.com

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3G and B3G Network

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 3G Evolution
 Proposal of 3G

 IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile

communication system

 The third generation mobile communication was first

proposed in 1985，and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the
year of 1996
 Commercialization: around the year of 2000

 Work band: around 2000MHz

 The highest service rate: up to 2Mbps

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 3G (IMT-2000)

IMT-2000 aims to achieve Anywhere, Anytime Communications

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Improvement Beyond Voice Only

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 What is UMTS/WCDMA?
An IMT-2000 standard – 3G mobile wireless solution (also known as
UMTS/WCDMA)
 Compliments GSM/GPRS/EDGE services
 High Voice Capacity:
 51 to 83 Erlangs/sector/5 MHz (62 to 95 TCH/sector/5 MHz)
 Voice quality rated as excellent
 Always On Packet Data Rates:
 384/384kbps (DL/UL) peak data rate in initial (Release 99) commercial
deployments
 Up to 14.4 Mbps peak downlink data rate with HSDPA (Release 5)
 Up to 5.8 Mbps peak Uplink data rate with HSUPA (Release 6)
 Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 7)
 Up to 28 Mbps downlink peak data rate
 Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate
 Evolution to HSPA+ (Release 8)
 Up to 42.2 Mbps downlink peak data rate
 Up to 11.5 Mbps uplink peak data rate

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 WCDMA Bands Used
 Main bands
 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
 Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
 Frequency channel number＝central frequency×5, for
main band:
 UL frequency channel number ：9612～9888
 DL frequency channel number : 10562～10838
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 3G Requirements
3G is developed to achieve:
 Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global coverage
 High spectral efficiency
 High quality of service with complete security and reliability
 Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G
 Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
 Vehicle environment: 144kbps
 Walking environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2Mbps

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 3G Objectives
 Capable of roaming globally: users can roam within the whole
system, even in the whole world, and can be provided with guaranteed
quality of service at different rates and in different statuses of motion.
 Providing diversified services: providing voice, data with variable
rates, active video non-voice services, especially multimedia services.
 Capable of adapting to many kinds of environment: can integrate
the existing Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), Integrated
Service Digital Network (ISDN), cordless system, land mobile
communication system and satellite communication system to provide
seamless coverage.
 Sufficient system capacity, powerful management capability of multiple
users, high security performance and quality of service.

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 Core of 3G- CDMA Technology

WCDMA
Core network: MAP and GPRS-based
network
Radio transmission technology:
WCDMA－FDD/TDD

CDMA2000 3G TD-SCDMA
Core network: ANSI 41 and MIP
mechanism Core network: MAP-based
network
network
Radio transmission technology: Radio transmission technology:
CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

CDMA technology is the core of 3G.

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Comparison Between 3G Standards

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UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) R99
Network Architecture
Other PLMN
MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN,ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

PCU SCE
SS7
RNC
SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS Internet,
backbone Intranet
UMTS SGSN
GGSN
UTRAN
CG BG
Other PLMN’s
GPRS network

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 UMTS R4 Network Architecture
IP/ATM Backbone
Other PLMN
MGW MGW
PSTN,ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
VMSC Server GMSC Server
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

PCU SCE
SS7
RNC
SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS Internet,
SGSN backbone Intranet
UMTS
GGSN
UTRAN
CG BG
Other PLMN’s
GPRS network
 UMTS R5 Network Architecture
CS domain IP/ATM Backbone
Other PLMN
MGW MGW
GSM /GPRS BSS PSTN,ISDN
VMSC Server GMSC Server
BSC
HLR/AUC/HSS
BTS
Iu-CS
PCU SCE
SS7
RNC SMS
SCP
NodeB Iu-PS
GPRS Internet,
backbone Intranet
UTRAN SGSN
GGSN
PS domain MGW MGCF
CG BG
IP backbone
P-CSCF S-CSCF
MRFC
MRFP
IMS domain

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WCDMA Network Architecture

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 WCDMA Network Architecture (2)
 WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core
Network). The RAN is used to process all the radio-related functions, while the
CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS
system, and implements the function of external network switching and
routing.
 Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS
(Packet Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User Equipment) together
constitute the whole UMTS system.
 A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface
is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is adopted between RNC
and Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur
interface. The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical
connections among them or connect them through the transport network.
 RNC is used to allocate and control the radio resources of the connected or
related Node B. However, Node B serves to convert the data flows between
the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same time, it also
participates in part of radio resource management.

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CDMA Concepts – Multiple Access Methods

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 1-to-1 Frequency Re-Use

 CDMA eliminates frequency planning and achieves higher system

capacity.
 This requires good radio planning, as is true for FDMA/TDMA
systems.

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Common Frequency Channel

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 Power Control
Power Control compensates for:
- Near/Far Problem
- Path Loss
- Fading

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 Handover
Soft Handover
 Soft handover allows the mobile to establish a connection with a new
Node B before breaking the connection with the previous serving cell.
 In a WCDMA system, a mobile can be “in soft handover” with two or
more cells for an extended period of time. This is a desirable state as
it provides path diversity.
 If the path to one cell experiences a temporary fade, the
communication link through the other path or paths may not be
affected.
Hard Handover
 A hard handover occurs when all existing radio links must be dropped
before a new link is established.
 This causes a brief interruption in voice or data communication, while
making the transition from the old serving link to the new.

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Soft Handover

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 Hard Handover Versus Soft Handover

Advantages of Soft Handover

 Reduces interference and transmit power required
 Increases capacity
 Maintains call continuity and reduces dropped calls
 Improves voice quality
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 WCDMA Signal Flow

RF transmission
Source Convolution
Interleaving Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding &
Interleaving

Decovolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding Deinterleaving

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 Common Technical Terms
 Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency.
 Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
 Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming
interference.
 Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio
signals from digital signals.
 Bit, Symbol, Chip
 Bit : data after source coding
 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
 Chip: data after spreading

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

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 WCDMA Source Coding
 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
 A integrated speech codec with 8
source rates
 The AMR bit rates can be controlled
by the RAN depending on the system
load and quality of the speech
connections
 Video Phone Service
 H.324 is used for VP Service in CS
domain
 Includes: video codec, speech codec,

data protocols, multiplexing and etc.

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 WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
 Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected
errors left after error correction.
 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of
block coding.
 Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding
and they are checked after the channel decoding.
 The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error
checking of the transport blocks at the receiving end.
 The CRC length that can be inserted has four different
values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits.
 The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the probability
of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver.

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 WCDMA Channel Coding (2)
 Effect
 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when

interference occurs
 Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the

delay
 Types
 No Coding

 Convolutional Coding

(1/2, 1/3)
 Turbo Coding (1/3)

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 WCDMA Interleaving
 Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
 Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 51 52 53 54 5 56 57 58
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

The direction of the data stream

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 Correlation
 Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.
 Identical and Orthogonal signals:

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 Process Gain
 Process Gain

 Process gain differs for each service.

 If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs
more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be
smaller, vice versa.
 For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate
of video phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is
384kbps (R99). After the spreading, the chip rate of different service all
become 3.84Mcps.

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 Spreading Technology
 Spreading consists of 2 steps：
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips.

Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per
data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). The operation is
done by multiplying with OVSF code.
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF Scrambling
code code

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 Channelization Code
 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code is used as
channelization code.
 The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF
is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0  k  SF-1.
 A channelization sequence modulates one user’s bit. Because the chip
rate is constant, the different lengths of codes enable to have different
user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high
SFs are for low rate services.
 The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal
codes.
 SF in uplink is from 4 to 256.
 SF in downlink is from 4 to 512.

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 SF = chip rate / symbol rate
 High data rates → low SF code, Low data rates → high SF code

 Channelization Code

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 Spreading
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes are
employed for Channelization

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 Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code：GOLD sequence.
 Scrambling code period: 10ms, or 38400 chips.
 The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH
may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224
short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by higher layers.
 For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143
scrambling codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1,
…, 8191 are used.
 For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.

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 Primary Scrambling Code
Primary scrambling
code 0
Secondary scrambling
code 1
Set 0
……
Scrambling Secondary scrambling
codes for Set 1 code 15
downlink
physical … Primary scrambling
channels code 511×16

Set 511
8192 ……
scrambling Secondary scrambling
codes 512 sets code 511×16＋15

A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.

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 Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary scrambling
code 0
Primary scrambling
code 1

Group 0 ……
Primary Primary scrambling
scrambling code 7
codes for Group 1
downlink Primary scrambling
code 8*63
physical …
channels
Group 63 ……

Primary scrambling
code 63*8＋7

512 primary 64 primary scrambling Each group consists of 8

scrambling codes code groups primary scrambling codes

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 Purpose of Channelization Code
 Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter.
 For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell.
 For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate
different physical channels of one UE.
Purpose of Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters.
 For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in
one carrier.
 For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in
one carrier.

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 Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

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 Code Multiplexing (2)
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

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Modulation Overview

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 Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - BPSK

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 Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - QPSK

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 Demodulation
 QPSK Constellation Diagram

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UMTS Signaling Protocol Stack

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 UMTS Signaling Protocol Stack
 The UMTS signaling protocol stack is divided into Access Stratum (AS)
and Non-Access Stratum (NAS). The Non-Access Stratum architecture
evolved from the GSM upper layers and includes:
 Connection Management – Handles circuit-switched calls and includes
sublayers responsible for call control (e.g., establish, release),
supplementary services (e.g., call forwarding, 3-way calling), and short
message service (SMS).
 Session Management – Handles packet-switched calls (e.g., establish,
release).
 Mobility Management – Handles location updating and authentication for
CS calls.
 GPRS Mobility Management – Handles location updating and
authentication for PS calls.

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Air Interface Protocol Structure

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 Channel Mapping
 In the new WCDMA Access Stratum, radio bearers are mapped onto logical channels,
then onto transport channels, and eventually physical channels.

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 Access Stratum Layer 3
Radio Resource Control (RRC)
 RRC is the overall controller of the Access Stratum, responsible for configuring
all other layers in the Access Stratum and providing the control and signaling
interface to the NAS layer.
 RRC Functions:
 Broadcast of System Information
 RRC Connection Management
 Radio Bearer Management
 RRC Mobility Functions
 Paging and Notification Functions
 Routing of Higher Layer Messages
 Control of Ciphering and Integrity Protection
 Measurement Control and Reporting
 Power Control Functions

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 Access Stratum Layer 2
 Radio Link Control (RLC)
 Retransmission control, flow control
 Duplicate detection, in-sequence delivery

 Error correction
 Ciphering
 Segmentation, reassembly, concatenation, padding
 Medium Access Control (MAC)
 Mapping and multiplexing Logical Channels to Transport Channels

 Priority handling of data flows

 UE identification on common channels

 Traffic volume measurements

 Random Access Channel procedures

 Ciphering

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 Access Stratum Layer 1
 Physical Layer (PHY or L1)
 Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft handover

 Error detection on Transport Channels

 Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoding/decoding

 Interleaving/deinterleaving of Transport Channels

 Multiplexing/demultiplexing of Transport Channels

 Rate matching
 Power weighting and combining of Physical Channels

 Modulation/Demodulation

 Spreading/Despreading

 Frequency and time (chip, bit, slot, frame) synchronization

 Measurements (e.g., FER, SIR, interference power, transmit power, etc.)

 Closed loop power control

 RF processing

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 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
 PDCP is responsible for implementing different kinds of optimization methods.
The currently known methods are standardized IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) header compression algorithms.
 Algorithm types and their parameters are negotiated by RRC and indicated to
PDCP.
 Header compression and decompression are specific for each network layer
protocol type.
 In order to know which compression method is used, an identifier (PID: Packet
Identifier) is inserted. Compression algorithms exist for TCP/IP, RTP/UDP/IP, …
 Another function of PDCP is to provide numbering of PDUs. This is done if
lossless SRNS relocation is required.
 To accomplish this function, each PDCP-SDUs (UL and DL) is buffered and
numbered. Numbering is done after header compression. SDUs are kept until
information of successful transmission of PDCP-PDU has been received from
RLC. PDCP sequence number ranges from 0 to 65,535.

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 Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol (BMC)
The main function of BMC protocol are:

 Storage of cell broadcast message.

 Traffic volume monitoring and radio resource request for CBS.

 Scheduling of BMC message.

 Transmission of BMC message to UE.

 Delivery of cell broadcast messages to the upper layer.

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UMTS Channels

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Broadcast Channel
 Broadcast Channel (Downlink)
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

 Broadcast Channel (BCH)

 Primary Common Control Physical

Channel (PCCPCH)
 First channel to be decoded by UE after
acquisition
 Carries system information such as
system ID, cell ID, neighbor cell
information, system frame number, etc.

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Paging Channel
 Paging Channel (Downlink)
 Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

 Paging Channel (PCH)

 Secondary Common Control

Physical Channel (SCCPCH)
 Page Indicator Channel (PICH)

 Monitored by UE in Idle Mode,

CELL_PCH, and URA_PCH
 Carries Paging messages

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Random and Forward Access Channels
 Random Access Channel (Uplink)
 Common Control Channel (CCCH)

 Random Access Channel (RACH)

 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

 Transmitted by UE to access the system

 Forward Access Channel (Downlink)

 Common Control Channel (CCCH)
 Forward Access Channel (FACH)

 Secondary Common Control Physical

Channel (SCCPCH)
 Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

 Carries UTRAN messages to UE in Idle

mode

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Dedicated Channels
 Dedicated Channels
(Uplink/Downlink)
 Dedicated Control Channel
(DCCH)
 Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH)
 Dedicated Channel (DCH)
 Dedicated Physical Data
Channel (DPDCH)
 Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (DPCCH)
 Carries signaling and user
data
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 UE Call States
The UE call processing state is represented by a mode and
(optionally) a state within that mode. The operating modes are:
 Idle Mode – The UE is receiving messages from the network on a Paging
Channel, but does not transmit anything back to the network. In this mode,
the UE may be camped on a UTRAN cell or a GSM cell, or it may be
operating in GPRS Packet Idle Mode. The UE may be attached (registered
for service) to the CS and/or PS core networks.
 UTRAN Connected Mode – The UE has established an RRC connection for
exchange of signaling messages with UTRAN.
 GSM Connected Mode – The UE has dedicated GSM channels allocated to
it for the purpose of transferring user data and/or signaling with a GSM
network.
 GPRS Packet Transfer Mode – The UE has dedicated GPRS channels
allocated to it for the purpose of transferring user data and/or signaling with a
GPRS network.

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UE Call States

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Mobile Originated PS Data Call Setup

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High Speed Data Services
(HSDPA/HSUPA)

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 HSDPA and HSUPA
What are the drivers and motivations for HSDPA and HSUPA?
Data Rate
Demand for high data rate
multimedia services
Demand for higher peak data
rates

Throughput/Capacity
Cost per megabyte

Coverage
 Higher data rates available
over a larger cell footprint

Delay
Lower Latency

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 Release 99 Principles - Downlink
How do we do Packet Data in Release 99 (FDD)?
 DCH (Dedicated Channel)
 Spreading codes assigned per user
 Closed loop power control
 Macro diversity

 FACH/RACH (Common Channel for Downlink/Uplink)

 Common spreading code
 No closed loop power control
 No soft handover
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 HSDPA Basic Concepts
How will HSDPA address the limitations of Release 99?
 Slow outer loop power control Adaptive modulation and coding
 Fast feedback of channel condition

 QPSK and 16-QAM

 Coding from R=1/3 to R=1

 Limited data rate Multi-Code operation

 Multiple codes allocated per user

 Fixed spreading factor

 Slow rate and type switching Node B scheduling

 Physical Layer HARQ ( Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest )

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 Common Channel for Data Transfer
Common Channel for data transfer using the HS-PDSCH:

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 Multi-Code Operation
 Fixed Spreading Factor SF=16
 (Typical Spreading Factor for 128 kbps in Release 99)
 1-15 codes can be reserved for HS-PDSCH.
 Can be TDM or CDM between users.

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 Adaptive Modulation and Coding
 Coding from R=1/3 to R=1
 HSPDA supports 16QAM modulation
 4 bits per symbol versus 2 bits per symbol with QPSK

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 Link Adaptation versus Power Control
 Release 99
 Uses fast power control with fixed
data rate (DCH)

 HSDPA
 Adapts the modulation and
coding to the link quality

Fast Link adaptation:

Rate #1: e.g., QPSK, R=1/2
Rate #2: e.g., QPSK, R=3/4
Rate #3: e.g., 16QAM, R=3/4

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Scheduling Comparison

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 HSDPA Scheduling and Retransmissions
 Scheduling
 Done at the Node B
 No interaction with the RNC
 Based on Channel Quality Feedback from the UE

 Retransmissions
 H-ARQ (link level retransmissions)
 Based on UE feedback (ACK/NAK)
 Done at the Node B
 Soft combining at the UE
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 HSDPA Channels
New HSDPA Channels:
 Transport Layer Channel
 High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
 Downlink Transport Channel

 Physical Layer Channels

 High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
 Downlink Physical Channel

 High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

 Downlink Control Channel

 High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)

 Uplink Control Channel

 HS-Channels always associated with a Release 99 DPCH.

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HSDPA Channels

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UE Categories

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 HSDPA Performance Summary
 Maximum Theoretical Data Rate:
 14.4 Mbps
 Virtually impossible to obtain in the field.
 Practical Peak User Data Rate:
 10.0 Mbps
 Full capability UE
 Good RF conditions (High Cell Geometry)
 Single UE
 Dedicated HSDPA carrier
 Significant Performance Gains over Release 99
 Peak Data Rate
 Cell Throughput

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 Release 99 Packet Data - Uplink
How is Uplink Packet Data handled in Release 99?
 DCH (Dedicated Channel)
 Variable spreading factor
 Closed loop power control
 Macro diversity (soft handover)
 RACH (Common Channel)
 Common spreading code
 Fixed (negotiated) spreading factor
 No closed loop power control
 No soft handover

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 Release 99 Uplink Limitations
 Large Scheduling Delays
 Slow scheduling from RNC

 Large Latency
 Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations of 10/20/40/80 ms

 RNC based retransmissions in case of errors

 Limited Uplink Data Rate

 Deployed peak data rate is 384 kbps

 Limited Uplink Cell Capacity

 Typically about 800 kbps

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 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

 Set of high speed channels is received at the Node B.

 Interference is shared by multiple users.
 Several users may be allowed to transmit at given data rate and power on a
fast scheduling
 Maximum data rate of 5.76 Mbps

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How are the Enhancements Achieved?

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HSUPA Operation
1. The UE sends a Transmission
Request to the Node B for getting
resources.

2. The Node B responds to the UE with a

Grant Assignment, thus allocating
uplink band to the UE.

3. The UE uses the grant to select

appropriate transport format for the
Data Transmission to the Node B.

4. The Node B attempts to decode the

received data and send ACK/NAK to
the UE. In case of NAK, data may be
retransmitted.

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 HSUPA Channel Operation (1)

1. Transmission Request

The UE requests from data

transmission by means of the
Scheduling Information (SI),
which is determined according the
UE Power and Buffer Data
availability.

The scheduling information is sent

in-band to the Node-B.

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 HSUPA Channel Operation (2)
2. Grant Assignment

The Node-B determines the

UE Grant by monitoring the
uplink interference situation
(RoT at the receiver) and by
considering the UE
transmission requests and
level of satisfaction.

The grant is signaled to the

UE by new grant channels.

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 HSUPA Channel Operation (3)
3. Data Transmission

The UE uses the received

grant and, based on its power
and data availability, selects
the E-DCH Transport Format
and the corresponding
Transmit Power.

Data are transmitted by the UE

on together with the related
control information.

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 HSUPA Channel Operation (4)
4. Data Acknowledgment

The Node-B attempts to

decode the received data
and indicates to the UE with
ACK/NAK if successful.

In case no ACK is received

by the UE, the data may be
retransmitted.

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 Theoretical HSUPA Maximum Data Rate
How do we get 5.76 Mbps?
 Lower Coding Gain
 Effective code rate = 1

 Requires very good channel conditions to decode

 Lower Spreading factor

 UE can use SF2

 Multi-code transmission
 UE can use up to 4 codes, 2 with SF4 plus 2 with SF2

 Require some power back-off at UE side

 Shorter TTI
 Requires higher processing capabilities at terminal and Node B

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 HSUPA UE Capabilities

* Maximum Peak data rate for 10 ms E-DCH TTI operation is 2 Mbps in all configurations

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 HSUPA Channels
HSUPA Uplink Channels
 Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH)
 Uplink Transport Channel
 E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (E-DPDCH)
 Uplink Physical Channel
 E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (E-DPCCH)
 Uplink Control Channel

HSUPA Downlink Channels

 E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (E-HICH)
 Downlink Physical Channel
 E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH)
 Downlink Physical Channel

 E-DCH Relative Grant Channel (E-RGCH)

 Downlink Physical Channel

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HSUPA Channel Mapping

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 HSDPA/HSUPA Summary
 HSDPA and HSUPA offer Significant Performance Gains over
Release 99
 Peak Data Rate

 Theoretical Maximum: 14.4/5.74 Mbps (Downlink/Uplink)

 Cell Throughput

 Improved Spectral Efficiency

 Fast Scheduling and Improved Link Adaptation

 Delay

 Reduced Latency

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HSPA+

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 Goals For HSPA+ In Release 7
 Enhancements in Release 7 will enable:
 Reduced latency

 Higher user throughput

 Higher system capacity

 Extended talk time

 Faster call setup

It is important to achieve these goals with minimal

changes to software, hardware, and network
architecture, ensuring backward compatibility.
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 Room to Improve Release 6
 Release 6 (HSDPA and HSUPA) already provides high-speed
wireless access to a large number of users.
 But there is room for even more improvements:
 Use of Multiple Antenna techniques (MIMO) to increase
peak data rate and system capacity
 Higher order modulation schemes to improve spectral
efficiency
 Adapt system behavior to match application requirements
to reduce interference and to extend UE battery life
 Expand use of high speed HS-PDSCH channel beyond
DTCH and DCCH, extending it to the Cell_FACH state

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HSPA+ Features in Release 7

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 MIMO and Higher Order Modulation
 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
 Release 7 HSPA+ introduced support for 2x2 MIMO on Downlink.
 Especially useful in low geometry (beam-forming) and high
geometry (spatial multiplexing) regions, in presence of multi-path.
 With MIMO, peak data rate supported on Downlink is 28 Mbps.
 Higher Order Modulation (HOM)
 HOM schemes provide higher data rates, especially for users in
good cell geometry and users with Uplink power headroom.
 HOM complements MIMO by providing line of sight improvements
 64 QAM in Downlink allows peak data rates of 21 Mbps.
 16 QAM in Uplink allows peak data rates of 11 Mbps.

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 What is MIMO?
 MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
 N x M MIMO system: N transmit antennas and M receive antennas
has N x M transmitter-receiver signal path
 Multiple signals IN … Multiple signals OUT
 Improves spectral efficiency over SISO (Single Input Single Output) or
SIMO (Single Input Multiple Outputs)

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 MIMO Gains
MIMO gains depend on how the data pipes are used.
 Data stream on only the strongest pipe – Beamforming

 Use all the power on the strongest pipe (i.e., the most efficient pipe)

 Increased coverage and signal SNR

 Technique is also referred to as beamforming

 Different data streams on different pipes – Spatial Multiplexing

 Increased spectral efficiency (increased overall throughput)

 Power is split among the data streams

Schemes not in Release 7:

 Same data on all the pipes – Diversity Gain

 Increased coverage and link quality

 Different data on different pipes for different users – SDMA

 Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDMA) is also referred to as co-channel interference

reduction
 Increased system capacity

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Higher Order Modulations in Release 7

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 Higher Order Modulation in Release 7
 One of the features introduced in Release 7 is the use of Higher
Order Modulations (HOM) for both HSDPA and HSUPA, to sustain
higher peak data rate in areas with high SNR.

 In particular:
 For the Downlink, 64-QAM modulation is introduced, allowing 6
bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer and increasing the
theoretical peak data rate from 14.4 Mbps to 21.6 Mbps.
 For the Uplink, 16-QAM modulation is introduced, allowing 4
bits/symbol to be carried on the Physical Layer and increasing the
theoretical peak data rate from 5.7 Mbps to 11.4 Mbps.

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 HSPA+ Advantages
 Cost effective upgrade
 HSPA is being widely deployed. HSPA+ can leverage existing assets:
 Cell Sites, UTRAN, and Core Network.
 Can be selectively deployed in areas with high demand for data
and for voice
 Deployment of HSPA+ will provide an edge in terms of time to deploy.
 Selective deployment based upon needs can be easily achieved.
 Backward Compatibility
 Backward compatible with existing UTRA.
 No dedicated spectrum needed.
 R99, R5/R6, HSPA, and HSPA+ devices operate on the same
network.

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Evolution of HSPA Maximum Peak Bit Rate

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 Thanks!

Technology changes but communication lasts.

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