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On Cell Cycle

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39 views28 pages

On Cell Cycle

Uploaded by

Abhinav Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELL CYCLE

Definition

◦ The sequence of events by which a Cell duplicates its genome. Synthesizes other
constituents of the cell and eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed as cell
cycle.
Phases of cell cycle.
◦ Cell cycle basically consists of two phases:
1. Interphase
2. M phase
Interphase
• Interphase is a phase between two successive M phase, where the
cell prepares itself for cell division. It is the biosynthetic phase in
which the cell duplicates its organelles and replicates its DNA.

• It consumes more than 95% duration of cell cycle.


Interphase division:

◦ Interphase is further dividied into three phases:


1. Gap 1 phase- It is the gap between previous mitosis and DNA replication of the next
cell cycle.
2. S phase- In this phase DNA replication takes place. The DNA content of the cell
doubles and centriole duplicates.
3. Gap 2 phase- Cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis. Protein synthasis takes
place.
M phase
◦ M phase is the phase where the actual cell division occurs. In this phase, the cell utilizes
the comstituents formed during interphase And divide into two daughter cells.
◦ The M phase starts with the nuclear division, corresponding to the separation of
daughter chromosomes and usually ends with division of cytoplasm.
stages of mitosis
Mitosis consists of 4 basic stages:
◦Prophase
◦Metaphase
◦Anaphase
◦telophase
During prophase:
◦ Chromosomal material condenses to form compact
mitotic chromosomes.
◦ Centrosome radiates microtubules called asters.
◦ These asters together form mitotic apparatus.
During metaphase :
◦ Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of
chromosomes.
◦ Chromosomes are moved to spindle eqyator to fprm
metaphasic plate.
During anaphase the following events occur:
◦ Centrosomes split and chromatids separate.
◦ Chromatids move to opposite poles.
During telophase:
◦ Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles and their identity is not
lost.
◦ Nucleolus, golgi complex and ER reform.
◦ Nucleur envelope develops around the cells.
CYTOKINESIS
Definition
◦ Cytokinesis is a stage where the cytoplasm of parent cell divides
into two daughter cells. This process is different in plants and
animals. Hence, it is the final stage of cell divison.
Basis of cytokinesis
◦ In animal cells, the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches
inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. In
plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell
and new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side
of the cell plate.
Conclusion
◦ It thereby ensures that chromosomes number are maintained
from parent cell to daughter cell. It differs from animal cytokinesis
partly because of the rigidity of plant cell walls.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITOSIS
Since cell reproduce through divison. Cell growth results in
distributing the ratio between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is
very essential to understand the significance of divison in life of an
organism.
In plants
◦ # It is responsible for growth of leaves, stem, roots etc.
◦ # helps in overall development of plant.
◦ # Here centrioles are absent.
In animals
◦ # It helps in growth and repair of cells.
◦ # It gives rise to new identical cells in place of old worn out cells.
◦ # It undergo open mitosis.
◦ # It also leads to change in shape of cell.
SIGNIFICANCEOF
MEIOSIS
◦ Significance of meiosis–
◦ Meiosis forms the gametes that are essential for sexual
reproduction.
◦ Crossing over introduces new recombinationof traits.
◦ Helps in maintenance of chromosome number of sexually
reproducing organism.
◦ Provides evidence of basic relationship of organisms.
◦ CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
◦ The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes
the other constituents of cells and eventually divides into two daughter cells
is called cell cycle.
◦ DNA synthesis occurs in one specific stage of cell division but
distribution of chromosome in cells occurs in complex series of
events during cell division.
◦ Phases of Cell cycle
◦ Human cell divides once in approximately 24 hours, which may
varyin different organisms. In yeasts it takes about 90 minutes to
complete the cell division process.
◦ Cell cycle is divided into twobasic phases-
◦ Interphase– it is the phase between two successive M phases.
Interphase lasts for 95% of a cell cycle. This phase is called as
resting phase but during this period the cells prepare itself for
nuclear division by cell growth.
◦ M Phase– when the actual cell division or mitosis occurs. It starts
with karyokinesis (nuclear division) or duplication ofchromosome
and end with cytokinesis or division of cell matrix (cytoplasm
division).
◦ Meiosis- The cell division that reduces the number of
chromosome into half and results in the production of haploid
daughter cells is called meiosis. It helps in production of haploid
phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organism. It
involves following events.
◦ Two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis
I
and meiosis II but single cycle of DNA replication.
◦ It involves pairing of homologous chromosome and
recombination of them.
◦ Four haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II.
Meiosis I Meiosis II

Prophase I Prophase II

Metaphase I Metaphase II

Anaphase I Anaphase II

Telophase I Telophase II
◦ During Leptotene, the chromosome becomes distinct and visible under microscope. Compaction of chromosome continues
throughout the leptotene phase.
◦ During Zygotene stage, chromosomes start pairing together (synapsis). The paired chromosomes are called homologous
chromosome. Synaptonemal complex formed by a pair of homologous chromosome is called bivalent or a tetrad.
◦ During Pachytene stage, crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome occurs for exchange of genetic
materials. The crossing over is enzyme –mediated process which involves enzyme recombinase.
◦ Diplotene is recognized by dissolution of synaptonemal complex and tendency to separation of bivalent except at the site of crossing
over. This forms an X like structure called chiasmata.
◦ Diakenesis is marked by terminalisation of chiasmata. The nuclear membrane breaks and nucleolus disappear.
◦ In metaphase I the bivalent chromosome align at equatorial plate and microtubules from the opposite poles of the spindle get
attached to the pair of homologous chromosomes.
◦ Anaphase I – homologous chromosome separate but sister chromatids remain attached at centromere.
◦ During Telophase I, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears and cytokinesis follows. This is called as diad of the cells.
◦ The stage between two meiotic divisions is called interkinesis and it is short lived that follows Prophase II.
◦ Meiosis II
◦ It is initiated immediately after cytokinesis before chromosome gets elongated.
◦ In prophase II, nuclear membrane disappears and chromosome becomes compact.
◦ At metaphase II stage, the chromosomes align at equator and microtubules attach with
kinetochores of sister chromatids.
◦ Anaphase II start with splitting of centromere of each chromosome to move towards opposite
poles.
◦ Meiosis ends with Telophase II in which two groups of chromosomesget enclosed by nuclear
membrane followed by cytokinesis to form tetrad of cells (four haploid daughter cells).

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