CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
( CA1 )
Module 1, 1 semester 2021
st

LESSON 1.1
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF CORRECTION AND PENOLOGY CONCEPT
DFEINITION OF TERMS

PENOLOGY - study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study
of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. The term is
derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering. Penology is
otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that deals with
prison management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with the philosophy
and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities.

Penal Management - Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of

confinement as in jails or prisons.

CORRECTION - A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody,
supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. It is that field of criminal justice
administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and
the society in general involving the processes of handling individuals who have been
convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control. It is the study of
jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and reformation of
criminals.
- It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs,
procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody,
confinement, supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
Correctional Administration - The study and practice of a systematic management of jails
or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of
criminal offenders.
Historical Perspective on Corrections
13th Century – Securing Sanctuary In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by
claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days at the end of which time he has
compelled to leave the realm by a road or path assigned to him.
1468 (England) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.

16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England was authorized. At the end of the
16th C, Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially relieved
overcrowding of prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.

17th C to late 18th C – Death Penalty became prevalent (common) as a form of punishment.

GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff.

Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by
criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century.
Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18th and 19th
century. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving
congestion of prisoners. They were also called “floating hells”.

BY: Ben Lomioan 1

The Primary Schools of Penology
1. Pre Classical School of Penology --
It maintain that people who committed an offense shall be consider as demond so the
punishment shall be death
2. The Classical School – it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free
will”. That the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates
his conduct by the result of his calculations.
3. The Neo-classical School – it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in
general, it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate
the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals; hence they
should be free from punishment.
4. The Positivist/Italian School – the school that denied individual responsibility and
reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other
act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered as sick individuals who need to be
treated by treatment programs rather than punitive actions against them.

Redress (Compensation) of a wrong act

1. Retaliation (Personal Vengeance) – the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in
the primitive society). The concept of personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe
against the family or tribe of the offender, hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early
primitive societies.
2. Fines and Punishment – Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive
societies. The acceptance of vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal
services, etc) became accepted as dictated by tribal traditions.

Early Codes, Prison and Punishment

History has shown that there are three main legal systems in the world, which have
been extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that produced them. In their
chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedan or Arabic and the Anglo-
American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most
pervading influence. The Roman private law (Which include Criminal Law), especially has
offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent
terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high
sense of equity.
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes
a. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as
the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one
hundred years older.
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law.
An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However, the
law did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western
legal codes.
* The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) – represented the earliest
codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code. It is the foundation of all
public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. It is also a collection of
legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco – In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the
same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts
(Vengeance, Blood Feuds).
* The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in
the name of the injured party.
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) – specified punishment according to the social class of
offenders, dividing them into: nobles, middle class and lower class and specifying the value
of the life of each person according to social status.
Early Codes (Philippine Setting)
 The Philippines is one of the many countries that cane under the influence of the
Roman law. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of
continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe.
Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December
7, 1889, the “Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The Revised Penal Code today,
1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain. Basically, these
laws adopted the Roman law principles (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996).
Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the Pre-
Spanish Philippines. There were also laws that were written which include:

a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and severe
law that prescribes harsh punishment.
b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
Early Prisons:

Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement that is built under
the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C
The most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in
London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners.
Wulnut Street Jail – originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was
converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.

Early prisons in the Philippines:

In 1847, the first Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of
confinement for Filipino Prisoners by virtue of the Royal decree of the Spanish crown.
In 1936, the City of Manila exchanges its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of
Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid Prison
is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “May Halique Estate”.
THE EMERGENCE OF SECULAR LAW
4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers who recognizes the need
for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas.
Three Laws were distinguished: External Law (Lex Externa), Natural Law (Lex Naturalis),
Human law, (Lex Humana). All these laws are intended for the common good, but the
Human law only becomes valid if it does not conflict with the other two laws.

PUNISHMENT
It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that
usually involves pain and suffering. It is also the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime
or wrongdoing.
Ancient Forms of Punishment
1. Death Penalty – affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking at the wheels,
pillory and other forms of medieval executions.

2. Physical Torture – affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other

inhumane or barbaric forms of inflicting pain.

3. Social Degradation – putting the offender into shame or humiliation.

4. Banishment or Exile – the sending or putting away of an offender which was

carried out either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory such as an island to
where the offender has been removed.

5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.

Early Forms of Prison Discipline:

1. Hard Labor - productive works.
 2. Deprivation – deprivation of everything except the bare essentials of existence
3. Monotony – giving the same food that is “off” diet, or requiring the prisoners to
perform drab or boring daily routine.
4. Uniformity – “we treat the prisoners alike”. “The fault of one is the fault of all”.
5. Mass Movement – mass living in cellblocks, mass eating, mass recreation, mass
bathing.
6. Degradation – uttering insulting words or languages on the part of prison staff to
the prisoners to degrade or break the confidence of prisoners.
7. Corporal Punishment – imposing brutal punishment or employing physical force
to intimidate a delinquent inmate.
8. Isolation or Solitary Confinement – non-communication, limited news, “the lone
wolf”.
Contemporary Forms of Punishment:
1. Imprisonment – putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the
public against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by
requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs.
2. Parole - a conditional release of prisoners after serving part of his/her sentence in
prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance
and supervision of a parole officer.
3. Probation – a disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the
penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the
conditions imposed by the releasing court and under the supervision of a probation officer.
4. Fine – an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.
5. Destierro – the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed
a crime, prohibiting him to get near or enter the 25-kilometer perimeter.

JUSTIFICATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
1. Retribution – the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is
violated, to afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the
offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because
they deserve it.
2. Expiation or Atonement – it is punishment in the form of group vengeance
where the purpose is to appease (satisfy) the offended public or group.
3. Deterrence – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing to others what
would happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential
offenders that they cannot afford to do what the offender has done.

4. Incapacitation and Protection – the public will be protected if the offender has
being held in conditions where he cannot harm others especially the public. Punishment is
effected by placing offenders in prison so that society will be ensured from further criminal
depredations of criminals.
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation – it is the establishment of the usefulness and
responsibility of the offender. Society’s interest can be better served by helping the prisoner
to become law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the community by requiring
him to undergo intensive program of rehabilitation in prison.
 CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION
INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION
( CA1 )
ACTIVITY 1, 1st semester 2020- 2021

Name : _______________________ Year: __________ Section: _______

Presented in these document are outline of Institutional Correction activities. The

outline of course topic references are provided in the learning modules in the “Correctional
Administration” as the main reference.

Competencies :
A. For Introduction to Corrections:
1. Trace the history and evolution of corrections and appreciate the past and present status
of handling prisoners
2. Analyze how corrections forms part of the overall criminal justice system
3. Explain the concept of punishment, the purposes, justifications and limits of application
4. Explain the role of prisons and jails in treating criminal offenders

Prepared by: Noted by:

Ben Lomioan Jossette Y. Perez Daes RN

( Instructor ) ( school president

Reviewed by: DR. Trofima M. Pangonilo

( VPAA )