Unit II

Different Calculas

Curvature:

The rate of bending of a curve in any interval is called

the curvature of the curve in that interval.

1 d
 =
p ds

Note:

1. The curvature of a circle at any point on it is the sance and is equal to the reciprocal of its
radius.

2. The curvature of a straight line is zero.

3. The radius of curvature P is positive.

Radius of Curvature:

The reciprocal of the curvature of a curve at any point is called the radius of curvature at
the point and it is denoted by P.

ds 1
p= . curvature =
d radius of curve

1
radius ofcurvature =
curvature.
1. Cartesian form: Radius of curvature
Curve

( )
3
1 + ( y' )
2 2

(i) Y = f(x) at (x,y) p=

y"

( )
3
 ' 2 2

 1 + x 
p= "

x

(ii) X = f(x) at (x,y)

 1
Curavature =
radius of curvature
1
Radius of Curuvature =
curvature
Radius of Curuvature
1 + (y1 ) 2 3 2 
 ( ) 
p= 
y"
1 + (x1 ) 2 3 2 
 ( ) 
p=
x"

1. Find the radius of the curve y = e x at (0,1)

Sol:
Given that the curve y = e x at (0, 1).
W.k.to the curve y = f (x) at (x, y),
Here, x = 0, y = 1.
 y = ex
dy x o
y' = = e = e =1
dx
d 2 y d  dy  d x
y "= =   = (e ) = e x = eo = 1.
dx 2 dx  dx  dx

(1 + ( y ) )
3
(1 + 1)
' 2 2 3
2 3
 = "
= =2 2 =2 2
y 1


2. Find the radius of curvature at x = on the curve y = 4 sin x .
2
Sol:

Given: Y= 4 sin x at x = .
2

y ' = 4 cos x = 4 cos =0
2

y" = − 4sin x = − 4sin = 4 1 = − 4 .
2
 (1 + ( y ) )
3
' 2 2 3 3
(1 + 0) 2
12 1
 = = = =− .
y" −4 −4 4
1 1
3. Find the radius of curvature at the point  ,  on the curve vx + vy = 1.
4 4
Sol:
1 1
Given vx + vg = 1 at  ,  .
4 4
1 1
Here, x = , y = .
4 4

x + y =1

i.e.,

( )
2
y =1 − x  y = 1 − x  x n = n x n−1 

 y =1 + x − 2 x .

1 −1 1 −1 1 1
y ' =1 − 2 x 2
=1 − x 2 =1 − =1 −
2 x 1
4

1
= 1− =1 − 2 = − 1
1
2

y' = −1

−3 −1
−1 −1  1  1 −3 2 1  1  2
11 1
y =− x
" 2
− = x =   =    
 2 2 2 4 24  4

1 1
= 4 4 = 4. 2 = 4
2 2

y" = 4

(1+ ( y ) ) (1+ (−1) )

3 3
' 2 2 2 2 3 3
(1 + 1) 2
22
 = = = =
y" 4 4 4
 2 2 2 1
= = =
42 2 2 2

1
= .
2

x y2
4. Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the catenary y = c cosh   is also
c c
find P at (o, c).
Sol:
x
Given y = c cosh   →1
c
 x  1   x
y ' = c sinh     = sinh   .
 c  c  c
 x  1   1   x
y" = cosh     =   cosh   .
 c  c   c  c
3
   x  
2 2

1 +  sinh    
(1+ ( y ) )    c   
3
' 2 2
 
 = =
y" 1  x 
 c cosh  c  
  
3
 2  x 
2

1 + sinh  c  
 
=
1 x
cosh
c c
3
  x  2
x
c  cosh 2    cosh 3  
 c 
=  =c c
x x
cosh cosh  
c c
 x
= c cosh 2  
c
y
( )
x 
 c = cosh c 

 y2  y2
c 2 =
c  c
y2
=
c
 c2
at (o, c)  = =c
c

= c.
x
5. Find the radius of curvature at any point (x, y) on y = c log sec .
c
Sol:
x
Given y = c log sec
c
x 1 x 1 x
y' = c tan sec = tan
x c c c c
sec
c
1 x
y" = sec 2
c c
3

(1+ ( y ) )
3   2 x  2
' 2
1 +  tan c  
2

 
 = =
y" 1 2x
sec
c c

( )
3
2
c sec x 2
c sec3 x
= c = c
sec x
2
sec 2 x
c c
x
= c sec
c

x y
6. Show that the measure of curvatures of the curve + =1 at any point (x, y) on it is
a b

ab
.
2 ( ax + by )
3
2

Sol.

x y
Given + =1 → 1
a b
x y
 + =1
a b
 y x
 =1 − →2
b a
 x
 y = b 1 − 
 a 
2
 x 2
 y = b 1 − 
 a 
1
 x   −1 
( )
2
y =2'
b 1 −   
 a   2 x a 
 y  −1 
( b)  ( by (2) )
2
=2  
 b   2 x a 

b y
y' = −
a x
1−1
b  1  32  x
y =−"
−  x b 1 − 
a  2  a 
b b
=+ ( )
0
3
2
2 ax
b
= 3
2
2 ax
3
   
2 2

1 +  − b y  
(= 1+ ( y ) )
3
' 2
  a x  
2

=  
y"  b 
 
 2 a x 32 
 
3 1
 by  2 a =a 2
1 +  ( ax + by ) 2
3

=  ax 
=
1
= a 2 a1 a −1
 b   b  3 3
   a 2 x 2
3

2 ax 2  2 ax 2 
3 3 = a 2 a −1
   
( ax + by )
3
2  2 a x 32 
=  
( ax ) 2
3
 b 
 
  3 3 
2 a x 
2 2
( ax + by )
3
 
2
= 3 3
a 2
x 2 ab

2
( ax + by ) 2
3
=
ab
1 ab
 Curvature = = .
2 ( ax + by )
3
2

1 x −x
7. Find the radius of curvature at any point (x, y) on the centre y = a e a + e a
2 ( )
Sol:

Given:

( x
+e
−x
) = a cosh  x 
( )=a
a a
−x
e
a x
y= e a +e a
2 2 a
x 1 x
y ' = a sinh   = sinh
a a a
x1
y" = cosh  
aa
3
   x  
2 2

(1+ ( y ) )
 1 +  sinh    
3
' 2 2
   a   
 = = 
y" 1 x
  cosh  
a a
3 3
 2  x 
2
  x  2

 1 + sinh    cosh 2   
 a   a 
= =
1  x 1  x
cosh   cosh  
= a a a a
x
cosh 3  
=  a  = a cosh 2  x  .
 
1 x a
cosh
a a
x
= a cosh 2   .
a
8. Find the radius of curvature at the point (c, c) on the curve xy = c 2 .
Sol.
 Given: xy = c 2
c2
y= = c 2 x −1
x
dy
x +y=0
dx
dy − y
=
dx x
dy c2 −c
y' = = − 1c 2 x −2 = − 2 = − c 2 x −2 = = −1
dx x c
d y2
2c 2  dx 
y" = 2 = + 2c 2 x −3 = 3 2
d y  x. dy .1 
dx x = − 
dy c 2 dx 2  x 
2

at (c, c) = − 2 = − 1  
dx c
2
d y 2c 2 2  x ( −1) − y 
at (c, c) 2 = 3 = =−
dx c c x2

 =
(1+ y ) = (1+ (−1) )
'2 2
3
2
= 2
x+ y
x
y" 2
c+c
c = 2
c ( 2)
3
2 c
2 2
= =c 2c 2
2 2 = 2 =
c c
=c 2

9. Find for the curve xy 3 = a 4 at (a, a)

Sol:

Given: xy 3 = a 4
u = x, v = y 3
dy dy dy
y' =  x.3 y 2 + 1. y 3 = 0 du =1, dv = 3 y 2
dx dx dx
uv = udv + vdu.
dy y3 y
 y' = =− = −
dx 3x y 2 3x
  dy  a 1
  = − =− .
 dx ( a ,a ) 3a 3
dy 1y  u vdu − vdv 
=−  v = 
dx 3x v2
 dy 
x −y
d y 2
1  dx
=−  
dx 2 3  x2 
 

  1 
a − −a
 d2y  1   3 
 2 =−  
 dx ( a ,a ) 3 a2 
 
 
1  −3a − a  −1 −4a 4 a
=−  = =
3a 2  3  3a 2 3 9a 2
4
=
9a
3
  dy 2  2 3

1 +     1 2

 dx   1 + 
 = =
9
d2y 4
dx 2 9a
3
 10  2 9a
=  
9 4
9a 9 a (10 ) 2 a (10 ) 2
3 3 3
2
10
= = =
9
3
2 4 49 9 43
5
10 10 a
=
12 6
5 10 a
=
6
dy
Note: If =  Then the radius of curvature can be taken as
dx
3
  dx  2  2

1 +   
  dy  
= 2

d x
dy 2
 10. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x 2 y = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) at ( −2a, 2a ) .

Sol:

Given: x 2 y = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) →1
x 2 y = ax 2 + ay 2
Differentiating (1) w.r.to x we get,
dy  dy 
x2 + y.2 x = a  2 x + 2 y 
dx  dx 
dy dy
 x 2 − 2ay = 2 ax − 2 xy
dx dx

 ( x 2 − 2ay ) = 2ax − 2 xy
dy
dx
dy 2ax − 2 xy
 = 2 →2
dx x − 2ay
 dy  −4a 2 + 8a 2 −4a 2 + 8a 2
  = = = .
 dx ( 2 a ,2 a ) 4a − 4a
2 2
0
dy
=→ 2
dx
3
  dx 2  2

1 +   
  dy  
 we use the formula, =  2

d x
dy 2
 
 1 dx 1 
 From (2), = = = 0
  dy  dy  
   
 dx 
From (2),
1 dx x 2 − 2ay
= =
 dy  dy 2ax − 2 xy
 
 dx 
 dx 
  =0
 dy ( −2 a ,2 a )
   dx   dx 
− 2a  − ( x 2 − 2ay )  2a − 2   x + y 
dx
( 2ax − 2 xy )  2 x
 dt 
2
d x
=  dy   dy
( 2ax − 2 xy )
2
dy 2
  d 2x 
=
( (
4a 2 − 8a 2 ) ( 2 x 0 − 2a ) − ( 4a 2 − 4a 2 ) 2a 0 − 2 ( ( 2a ) + 2a 0 ) )
 2
( 2a ( −2a ) − 2 ( −2a )( 2a ) )
2
 dy ( −2 a ,2 a )

=
( 4a − 8a ) ( −2a ) = − 4a  − 2a
2 2 2

( −4a + 8a )
2
( 4a )
2 2 2 2

+ 8 a3 1
= 4
=
16 2 a 2a
d 2x 1
= =
dy 2 2a

3
  dx  2  2

1 +   
  dy  
 =
d 2x
dy 2

(1 + 0 )
3
2 2
3 2a
= =1 2
= 2a
1 1
2a
= 2a
11. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy 2 = a3 − x3 at (a,0).

Sol:

xy 2 = a 3 − x 3 → (1)
Given:

Differenting (1) w.r.to x we get,

dy
x.2 y + y 2 = − 3x 2
dx
dy
 2 xy + y 2 = − 3x 2
dx
dy
 2 xy = − 3x 2 − y 2
dx
dy
 =−
( 3x 2 + y 2 )
→ ( 2)
dx 2 xy
 dy 
  = −
( 3a 2 + 0 )
=
 dx ( a ,0) 0
 dy
Here, at (a, 0) is .
dx
3
  dx 2  2

1 +   
  dy  
 = 
d 2x
dy 2
dx −2 xy
= 2 = 0.
From (2) we get, dy 3x + y 2

dx
=0
dy

 dx   dx 
2 ( 3x 2
+ y 2 ) ( −2 )  x + y  + 2 xy  6 x + 2 y 
d x
=  dy   dy 
dy 2 ( 3x + y )
2 2 2

 d 2x  −2 ( 3a 2 + 0 ) ( a + 0 ) + 2 ( a )( 0 )( 6a 0 + 20 )
 2 =
( 3a 2 + 0 )
2
 dy ( a ,0)

( −2 ) ( 3a 2 ) ( a ) − 6 a3
2

= =
(3a ) 2 2 3
9 a4
−2
=
3a

(1+ 0 )
3
2 2
3a 3 2 3a
= =− 1 = −
−2 a 2 2
3
3a
 =
2
 8a 3a 
12. Find for the curve x3 + y 3 = 3axy at  , 
 2 2 

Sol:

Given: x.3 + y3 = 3axy →1

Differencing w.r.to x we get,
 dy  dy 
3x 2 + 3 y 2 = 3a  x + y 
dx  dx 
dy dy
 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 3ax + 3ay
dx dx
dy dy
 3 y 2 − 3ax = 3ay − 3 yx 2
dx dx
 ( 3 y 2 − 3ax ) = 3ay − 3 x 2
dy
dx
dy 3ay − 3 x 2 ay − x 2
 = 2 =
dx 3 y − 3ax y 2 − ax
3a 9a 2 3a 2 9a 2
a − −
 dy  2 4 2 4
  3 a 3 a  = 2 =
 dx  ,  9a
−a
3a 9a 2 3a 2
−
 2 2 
4 2 4 2

3a 2 4
=−  2
4 3a
= −1
Diff 1- w.r.to x we get,
 dy   dy 
2
d y
( y 2 − ax )  a − 2 x  − ( ay − x 2 )  2 y − a 
 dx   dx 
=
( y − ax )
2 2
dx 2

 9a 2 3a 2   3a   3a 2 9a 2   6a 
 −   a ( −1) − 2  − −   ( −1) − a 
 d2y   4 2  2  2 4  2 
 2 = 2
 dx  3a , 3a   9a 2 3a 2 
 2 2 
 − 
 4 2 
 3a 2   −3a 2 
 ( − a − 3a ) 
−  ( −3a − a )
=  4   4 
2
 3a 2 
 
 4 
 3a 2   3a 2 
  ( −4 a ) +   ( −4a )
=  4   4 
 9a 4 
 
 16 
  3a 2 
2  − 4a ( )
=  4  2
= − 6 a3 
16
4
9a 9 3a4
16
−32
=
3a
3
  dy 2  2

1 +   
( )
3
1 + ( −1)
2 2
 dx  
= =
d2y −32
dx 2 3a
3
−2 2  3a 2 2 3a 3a 2
= =− =−
32 32 16 16
3a 2
=
16

2 2 2
13. Show that the radius of curvature of the hypocycloid x 3 + y 3 = a 3
at any point (b, c) is

3 ( abc ) 3 .
1

Sol:
2 2 2

Given: x + y = a →1
3 3 3

Diff (1) w.r.to x, we get,

2 −13 2 −13 dy
x + y =0
3 3 dx
2 −1 dy 2 −1 dy 2 −1 3 −1
 x 3 =− x 3  =− x 3  y 3
3 dx 3 dx 3 2
1
dy  y 3
 =− 
dx x
1
 dy  c 3

  =− 
 dx ( b ,c ) b
 13 1 − 2 3 dy 1 1 −2 
2
 x y −y 3 x 3 
d y 3 dx 3
2
=− 2 
dx  x 3 
 
 1  13  −2 1 
 x 3 y− 3  y  − x 3 y 3 
2

  x 13  
=−   
 3x 3
2

 
 
 
−1 2 1 2 1 −1 2 1 1 −2
y 3
−x 3
y 3 x 3
y 3
y 3
−x 3
y 3
y 3
x 3

=
(x )
= 2 2 2 1
3
3x 3x 3 3
y 3

2 2 2
d2y x 3 + y 3 a 3
= =
4 1
dx 2 3 x 3 y 3 3x 4 3 y 13
2
 d2y  a 3
 2 = 4 1
 dx ( b ,c ) 3 x 3 y 3
3
 y 3
2 2

 1+ 2 
 x 3 
3  2
3

  1
3 
2
 2
 y 
1 +   −   
y 



   x   
   2
 =
3
= a
2 4 1
+a 3 3x 3 y 3
4 1
3 3
3x y
 ( )
3
2 2 2 4 1
y 3+y 3
3x 3
y 3

= 2 3 2
3 2 3
x a

( )
3
2 2 4 1
3 3 3
a 3x y −2 4 +1
= 2
= 3a1 a 3
x 3
x −1 y 3
3
xa

 x = b, y = c 
1 1 1
3 3 3
= 3a x y
1 1 1
= 3a 3 b 3 c 3

= 3 ( abc ) 3 .
1

1. Parametric form:
Curve
Radius of curvature
3
 f ' + g'  2
2 2

x = f ( t ) and y = g ( t ) = ' "  (or )

f g −f g " '

3
 x' + y '  2
2 2

=  ' " ' "

x y −y x
( derivative w.r.to t ) ' '

1. Find at any point ( at , 2at ) on the parabola y

2 2
= 4ax.

Sol:

Given y 2 = 4ax at ( at 2
, 2at )

Here, x = at 2 y = 2at
dx dy
x' = = 2at , y ' = = 2a
dt dt
d 2x d2y
x" = = 2 a , y "
= =0
dt 2 dt 2
3
( x ' ) 2 + ( y ' ) 2 
3
( 2at )2 + ( 2a )2  2
2

 
=  ' " ' " =  
x y −y x ( )( ) ( )( 2a )
2 at 0 − 2 a

( 4a ) ( t + 1)
3 3 3
 4a 2 t 2 + 4a 2  2 2 2 2 2

= =
0 − 4a 2 −4a 2
 4 4 a 3 ( t 2 + 1)
3
2

= − 4a ( t 2 + 1)
3
= 2

−4 a 2

= − 2a ( t 2 + 1)
3
2

= 2a (1 + t 2 ) 2 .
3

2. Find the radius of curvature at any point ( a cos , b sin  ) on the ellipse
x2 y 2
+ =1.
a 2 b2

Sol:

x2 y 2
Given that the ellipse + =1. at ( a cos , b sin  )
a 2 b2
Here,
x = a cos  y = b sin 
dx dy
, x' = = − a sin  y ' = = b cos 
d dx
d 2x d 2x
x" = 2 = − a cos  y" = 2 = b sin 
d d
3
( x ' ) 2 + ( y ' ) 2  2

 
 =  ' " ' "
x y −y x
3
( −a sin  )2 + ( b cos  )2  2
=  
( − a sin  )( −b sin  ) (
− b cos  )( −a cos  )
(a sin 2  ) + ( b 2 cos 2  )
3
2 2

ab sin 2  + ab cos 2 

( a 2 sin 2  + b2 cos2  )
3
2

=
ab

=
( a sin  + b3 cos3  )
3 3

ab

=
(a 3
sin 3  )+b 3
cos3 
ab ab
a sin 3  b 2 cos3 
2
= +
b a
1. Parametric to Cartesian form:
 2 2 2

1. Find the radius of curvature at any point x = a cos  , y = a sin  of the curve x + y = a ,
3 3 3 3 3

also show that p = 27axy.

3

Sol:
Given: x = a cos3  →1 y = a sin 3  → 2
 dy  d
 
dy dy d  d  d
= ( a sin 3  )
y' = = =
dx d dx  dx  d '
 
 d   d
( a cos3  )

dy 3 a sin 2  cos  sin 

= =− = − tan 
dx −3a cos  sin 
2
cos 
d 2 y d  dy  d
=   = ( − tan  )
dx 2 dx  dx  dx
d d
d d (
− tan  ) ( − tan  )
=
d
( − tan  ) = = d 
d dx dx
d
d
d
( a cos3  )

− sec 2
=
−3 a cos 2  sin 
sec 2   1 
=
3a cos 2  sin   sec  = cos  
1
y" = 1 + tan 2  = sec 2 
3a cos  sin 
4

1 + cot 2  = cos ec 2

(1+ y ) = (1+ ( − tan  ) )

3 3
'2 2 2 2

=
y"  1 
 
 3a cos  sin  
4

= (1 + tan 2  ) ( 3a cos  sin  )

3
2 4

= ( sec 2  ) ( 3a cos  sin  )

3
2 4

sec3  3 a cos 4  sin 

1  sin 2 
= 3 a sin  cos 4   sin 2 = 2sin  cos  2 = sin  cos  
cos 3 
 3a sin  cos 
sin 2
= 3a
2
3
= a sin 2
2

3
To find ;
= ( 3a sin  cos  ) ( 0 )  x = a cos3 
3 3

x
= 27 a 3 sin 3  cos3  = cos3 
a
 y  x 
= 27 a 3     ( 2 )  y = a sin 3 
 a  a 
y
3
= 27 axy. = sin 3 
a

2. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid


x = a ( + sin  ) , y = a (1 − cos  ) is 4a cos .
2

Sol:

Given,
x = a ( + sin  ) , y = a (1 − cos  )

= ( a ( 0 + sin  ) )
dx dy
 x' = = a (1 + cos  ) y' =
d d
= a (1 + cos  ) = a sin 
dy
a sin  sin 
y ' = = d =
dy
=
dx dx a (1 + cos  ) 1 + cos 
d
     sin 2  + cos 2  = 1 
2sin cos 2 sin cos
= 2 2 = 2 2  
2   cos  = 2 cos 2    − 1
1 + 2 cos − 1 2 cos 2    
2 2 2 

sin
= 2

cos
2
 
y ' = tan
2
d y d  dy 
2
y" = 2 =  
dx dx  dx 
d  dy  d
=  
d  dx  dx
d  dy  d  
   tan 
d  dx  = d  2
=
dx dx
d d
 1 1 2
sec 2   sec
22
= = 2 2
a (1 + cos  )  
a 2 cos 2  
2
1
y" =

4 a cos 4
2
3
 2 
(1+ y )
3 2
'2 2
 1 + tan 
=
2
=
y"  
 1 
 
 4 a cos 4 
 2
3
 2 
= 1 + tan 2   4a cos 4
 2 2
3
 2 
=  sec 2  4a cos 4
 2 2
 
= sec3 ( 4a ) cos 4
2 2
 
= 4a sec3 cos 4
2 2
 1
= 4a cos 4 
2 cos 3 
2

= 4a cos
2

= 4a cos
2
 PONAR form:
Curve
r = f ( ) Radius of curvature
3

(r )
2
2
+r2

=
1

r 2 + 2r12 − r1 r2
Derivative w.r.to 
1. For the cardioid r = a (1+ cos  )

Sol:

Given,
r = a (1 + cos  ) = a + a cos 
dr
r1 = = − a sin   r12 = a 2 sin 2 
d
d 2r
r2 = 2 = − a cos   r22 = a 2 cos 2  .
d
r 2 = a 2 + a 2 cos 2  = a 2 (1 + cos  )
2

(r + r12 )
3
2 2

w.k .t =
r 2 + 2r12 − r r2
Consider , r 2 + r12 = a 2 (1 + cos  ) + a 2 sin 2 
2

= a 2 (1 + cos 2  + 2cos  ) + a 2 sin 2 

= a 2 + a 2 cos 2  + 2a 2 cos  + a 2 sin 2 
= a 2 + a 2 ( cos 2  + sin 2  ) + 2a 2 cos 
= a 2 + a 2 + 2a 2 cos 
= 2a 2 + 2a 2 cos 
= 2a 2 ( 1 + cos  )
 
= 2a 2  2 cos 2 
 2

= 4a 2 cos 2
2
Consider,
 r 2 + 2r12 − r r2 = a 2 (1 + cos  ) + 2a 2 sin 2  + ( − a cos  ) a (1 + cos  )
2

= a 2 + a 2 cos 2  + 2a 2 cos  + 2a 2 sin 2  + a 2 cos  + a 2 cos 2 

= a 2 + 2a 2 cos 2  + 2a 2 cos  + 2a 2 sin 2  + a 2 cos  + a 2 cos 2 
= a 2 1 + cos 2  + 2 cos  + 2sin 2  + cos  + cos 2  
= a 2 1 + 1 + 1 + 3cos  
= a 2  3 + 3cos  
= 3a 2 (1 + cos  )
 
= 6a 2 cos 2  
2

(r + r12 )
3
2 2

=
r 2 + 2r12 − r r2
3
2  
3
 2 2

 4a cos   2a cos 
=
2
=
2
 
6a 2 cos 2 6a 2 cos 2
2 2
4 3 
8 a 3 cos
= 2 = 4a cos 
 3 2
6 3 a 2 cos 2
2
4a  16a 2 
= cos  2 = cos 2
3 2 9 2
 16a 2  2  
2   cos 8 cos 2
=
9  2 16 a 2 8a
= =
r a (1 + cos  ) 9  9
2 cos 2
2
2
8a
=
r 9
2. Find the radius of curvature at any point  on the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .

Sol:

Given: r 2 = a 2 cos 2
dr
2r = − 2a 2 sin 2
d
 dr − 2 a 2 sin 2 −a 2 sin 2
 = r1 = =
d 2r r
dr d 2 r −a 2 2
r = − a 2 sin 2 = cos 
d d 2 r
a 4 sin 2 2
r 2 = a 2 cos 2 r12
r2
d 2 r − r a 2 cos 2
r 2= = − 2a 2 cos 2
d r
2
d 2r  dr 
+  = − 2a cos 2 = − 2r
2 2
r
d 2  d 
a 4 sin 2 2
2
d 2r  dr 
r r2 = r 2 = − 2r − 
2
 = − 2r −
2

d  d  r2

3
 2 a 4 sin 2 2  2
r +
( r + r1 ) 2 
3
2 2
 r2 
= 2 =
r + 2r1 − r r2
2
2a sin 2
4 2
a 4 sin 2 2
r2 + + 2 r 2
+
r2 r2
3
 r 4 + a 4 sin 2 2  2
( )
3

r 2 r 4
+ a 4
sin 2
2 2
 r2
= 2 4 2 =
3r + a sin 2 2a 4 sin 2 2 3r ( r 4 + a 4 sin 2 2 )  r 3
+
r2 r2
(r + a 4 sin 2 2 )
3
4 2

(r + a 4 sin 2 2 )
−1
= 4

3r

( r + a sin 2 ) 2 = ( a 4 cos 2 2 + a 4 sin 2 2 ) 2

1 4 4 2 1
1 1
=
3r 3r

r2 a2
( ) 3r
1
= cos 2
2 + sin 2
2 2
=
3r
Centre of curvature:
The co-ordinates of the centre of curvature in the Cartesian form is,

x=x−
y'
y "(1+ y'
2

)
1+ y'
y= y+
y"

1. Find the centre of curvature of y = x 2 at the origin

Sol:

Given: y = x2
y ' = 2 x , at ( 0, 0 )  y ' = 0
y" = 2, at ( 0, 0 )  y " = 2
W.K.T the centre of curvature is,
y'
x = x − " 1+ y '
y
2

( )
= 0 − (1 + 02 )
0
2
=0
1+ y' 1+ 0 1
y= y+ "
=0+ =
y 2 2
1
y=
2
 1
 Centre of curvature is  0,  .
 2
2. Fid the coordinate of the centre of curvature on the parabola y 2 = 4ax at
any point (x, y).

Sol:

Given: y 2 = 4ax
dy
2y = 4a y 2 = 4ax
dx
2
dy 4 a 2a 1 1
 = = y =2a 2
x 2
dx 2 y y
1 −1 1
2a 2 a 2 a
−1
2
x 2=
y
1 +1 −1
2 2 2
2a a
=
y
−1 2a 1 −1 2a
x 2
= 1 a 2
x 2
=
ya
2
y
 dy 1 −1
y' = =a 2 x 2
dx
d 2 y −1 1 −3
y" = 2 = a 2 x 2
dx 2
The centre of curvature x and y is given by,

x=x−
y'
y "
1+ y'
2

( )

( ) 
−1 2
1 −1 1
+
2


2 2 2
a x 1 a x
=x− 
−1 1 2 −3 2
a x
2
(1+ a x )
1 −1
2 2 −1
2a x
=x+ 1 −1
a 2
x 2
x −1
 a
= x + 2 1 +  x = x +
( 2 x + 2a ) x
 x x
= 3 x + 2a
1+ y'
2
 y 2 = 4ax 
y= y+ "  
y  y = 2 a 12 x 12 
 

( ) = 2a
−1 2

(1+ ax )
1
1+ a 2
x 2
1 1
−1

= y+ 2
x 2
−2 −3
1 1 −3 1
− a 2x 2 a 2
x 2

2
 12 12  a  1 1  2 x + 2a 
 2a x − 2  1 + x   x 2 − 
2
2a
    x 
= 1 −3
= 1 −3
2 2 2 2
a x a x
−1
x 2 − ( 2 x + 2a ) a
1 1 3
= 2a 2 2
x 2

1 3 −1 3 1 3
= 2a 2
x 2 − 2x a 2
x 2 − 2a1 a 2
x 2

1 3 −1 3 1 3
= 2a 2
x 2
− 2x a 2
x 2 −2a 2
x 2

x 2 − ( 2 + 2ax −1 ) a
1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3 −1 3
= 2a 2 2
x 2 =2a 2
x 2 − 2a 2
x 2 − 2a 2
a x −1 x 2

1 1 −1 3 1 1 −1 3
= 2a 2
x 2
− 2a 2
x 2 − 2a 2
x 2
= 2a 2
x 2.
Circle of curvature:
 ( ) ( )
2 2
The equation of the circle of curvature is x − x + y − y − 2 .
3. Find the centre and circle of curvature of the curve
a a
x + y = a at  ,  .
4 4
Sol:
Given: x + y = a
Differentiating w.r.to ‘x’ we get,
1 1 dy
+ =0
2 x 2 y dx
dy y
=−
dx x
 1 dy 1 
 x − y. 
d2y  2 y dx 2 x 
=−
dx 2 x
a
−
 dy  4 = −1
y' =   =
 dx  a , a  a
4 4
4
 
 
 a 1
 4 ( ) −1 −
a 1 
a 4 a 
 2 2 
 d 2
y   4 4 
y = 2 
"
=
 dx  a , a  a
 4 4
4
  1 1 
 − 2 − 2  4
=− =
a a
4
4
y" =
a

x=x−
(
y' 1+ y'
2

)
y"

(
a ( −1) 1 + ( −1)
= −
2
) = a + 2a = 3a
4 4 4 4 4
a
3a
x=
4
y + (1 + y 2 )
y=
y"

a (1 + 1) a 2a 3a
= + = + =
4 4 4 4 4
a
3a
y=
4

( )
3
1 + ( −1)
2 2
a a2
= =  2
=
4 2 2
a
 3a 3a 
 The centre of curvature is  , 
 4 4 
The equation of the circle of curvature is,
( x − x) + ( y − y)
2 2
= 2

2 2
 3a   3a 
 x−  + y −  =
2

 4   4 
2 2
 3a   3a  1 2
 x−  + y −  = a
 4   4  2

1 1
4. Find the equation of the circle of curvature of x + y =1 at  , 
4 4
 Sol:
y ' = − 1, y" = 4

(1+ ( −1) )
3
2 2
( 2)
3
2
2 2 1
= = = . =
4 4 42 2
1 1( 1 + 1) 1 2 3
x=x−
y'
y " (
1+ y '
2

) = +
4 4
= + =
4 4 4
1 + y ' 1 1 + ( −1) 1 2 3
2 2

y= y+ " = + = + =
y 4 4 4 4 4

3 3
 The centre of curvature is  ,  the equation of the circle of
4 4
curvature is
( x − x) + ( y − y)
2 2
= 2

 −3   −3  1
2 2

x  + y  = .
 4   4  2

Evolutes:

The locus of the centre of curvature of the given curve is called the evolute
of the curve. The given curve is called the invdute of its centre.
Evolute of a curve in two ways:
1. Evolute of a curve is the locus of the centre of curvature at any general
point on the curve
2. Evolute of a curve is the envelope of its normals.

Curve Cartesian equation Parametric equation

Parabola y 2 = 4ax x = at 2 , y = 2at
x 2 =4ay x = 2at , y = at 2
Ellipse x2 y 2 x = a cos  , y = b sin 
+ =1
a 2 b2
Hyperbola x2 y 2 x = a sec  , y = b tan 
− =1
a 2 b2
Rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 c
x = ct , y =
t
Asteroid 2
x 3+y
2
3
=a
2
3 x = a cos 
3

y = a sin 3 
1. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola y 2 = 4ax
Sol:
The parametric equations of the parabola y 2 = 4ax are x = at 2 , y = 2at.
x = at 2 y = 2at
dx dy
= 2at = 2a
dt dt
 dy 
dy dy dt  dt  2a 1
y= = = =
'
= =
dx dt dx  dx  2a t t
 
 dt 
1
y' =
t
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
y = 2 =  =  
"

dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
d 1
d  1  dt dt  t 
=   =
dt  t  dx dx
dt
 −1 
 2  −1
= =
t
2at 2at t 2
1
y" = −
2at t 3

( )
Let x, y be the centre of curvature at t,

x=x−
(
y' 1+ y'
2

)
"
y
 1  1 
 1 + 2 
3 1 (
 t 2 + 1) 
= at −
2  t  t 
= at + 2a t
2
 
−1 t  t2 
 
2at 3
= at 2 + 2at 2 + 2a = 3at 2 + 2a
x = 3at 2 +2a → 1
1+ y'
2

y = y+ "
y
  1
1 + 2  ( t 2 +1)
= 2at + 
t 
= 2at − 2at 3
 −1  t2
 3 
 2at 
= 2at − 2at ( t 2 + 1) = 2at − 2at 3 − 2at
y = − 2at 3 → 2
Now eliminate‘t’ we get,
From (1)
 x = 3at 2 + 2a
 3t 2 a = x − 2a
x − 2a
t2 =
3a
3
 x − 2a 
(t ) 2 3
= 
 3a 
( x − 2a )
3

t6 = →3
27 a 3
From (2)  y = − 2at 3
y
t3 =
−2a
2
 y 
2

(t ) 3 2
=
y
 = 2
 −2a  4a
2
y
t = 2 →4
6

4a

From (3) & 4

( x − 2a )
3
2
y
=
4 a2 27a 3

( )
3
y
2
x − 2a
=
4 27a
) (
2 3
27a y = 4 x − 2a

 the locus of ( x , y ) is,

27 a y 2 = 4 ( x − 2a ) 4 ( x − 2a ) = 27 ay 2
3 3
(Or)
 x2 y 2
2. Find the equation of the evolute of the ellipse 2 + 2 =1 .
a b

Sol: The parametric equation of the ellipse are

x = a cos  y = b sin 

dx dy
= a sin  = b cos 
d d
 dy 
dy  d  b cos  −b
y' = =  = = cot 
dx  dx  −a sin  a
 
 d 
d  −b 
 cot   b cos ec 2
d y d  dy  d  a
2
= a
y" = 2 =   =
dx dx  dx  dx −a sin 
d
−b 1
y" = 2 co cec 3 cos ec =
a sin 
Let ( x, y ) be the coordinates of the centre of curvature,

x=x−
(
y' 1+ y'
2

)
y"
 −b  b 
2

 cot   1 + cot 2  
 a  a
2
= a cos  − 
−b
cocec 3
a2
b − a2  b2 
= a cos  + cot   sin 3  1 + 2 cot 2  
a b  a 
cos   b 2 cos 2  
= a cos  − a sin  3
1 + 
sin   a 2 sin 2  
 b 2 cos 2  
= a cos  − a sin 2  cos  1 + 2 
 a sin  
2

b cos 
= a cos  − a sin 2  cos  − a sin  cos 
a 2 sin 2 
b2
= a cos  − a sin 2  cos  − cos3 
a
 b2
= a cos  (1 − sin  ) − cos 3 
2

a
2
b
= a cos  cos 2  − cos3 
a
 a 2 − b2  3
x =  cos  → (1)
 a 
1+ y'
2

y= y+ "
y
b 2 cot 2 
1+
= b sin  + a2
b
− 2 co ces 3
a
 2 2 cos 2  
a2  a +b 
= b sin  − sin   3 sin 2  
b  a2 
 
 
a2  a 2 sin 2  + b 2 cos 2  
= b sin  − sin 3  
b  a 2 sin 2 
 
sin  2 2
= b sin  −
b
( a sin  + b 2 cos 2  )
2
a
= b sin  − sin 3  − b cos 2  sin 
b
a2
= b sin  (1 − cos  ) − sin 3 
2

b
2
a
= b sin 3  − sin 3 
b
 a2   b2 − a 2  3
=  b −  sin 3  =   sin 
 b   b 
 b2 − a 2  3
y =  sin  → (2)
 b 
 a 2 − b2  3
(1)  x =   cos 
 a 
ax = ( a 2 − b 2 ) cos3 

= ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3 cos3 
2
( ax )
2
3
  b2 − a 2  3
(2)  y =   sin 
 b 
by = ( b 2 − a 2 ) sin 3 

( by ) 3 = ( b2 − a 2 ) 3 sin 2 
2 2

( by ) 3 = ( a 2 − b2 ) 3 sin 2 
2 2

( ax ) 3 + ( by ) 3 = ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3 ( sin 2  + cos 2  )
2 2 2

( ax ) 3 + ( by ) 3 = ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3
2 2 2

= ( a2 − b2 )
2
Locus of ( x, y ) is ( ax ) 3 + ( by )
2 2
3 3

x2 y 2
3. Find the evolute of the hyperbola − =1.
a 2 b2

Sol:

The parametric equations of the hyperbola are,

x = a sec  y = b tan 

dx dy
= a sec  tan  = b sec 2 
d d

 dy 
dy  d  b sec  b sec 
2

y =
'
= = =
dx  dx  a sec  tan  a sec 
  cos 
 d 

b cos  b
= =
a sin  cos  a sin 

b
y ' = cos ec 
a

d b 
d y d  dy  d
2  cos ec  
y '' = 2 =   = a 
dx dx  dx   dx 
 
 d 
 −b
cos ec  cot 
= a
a sec  tan 

−b 1
= cos ec  .cot  
a 2
sec  tan 

−b 1 cos  cos 
=    cos  .
a sin  sin 
2
sin 

−b cos3  −b 3
= 2  3 = 2 cot 
a sin  a

−b 3
y '' = cot 
a2

Let ( x, y ) be the coordinates of the centre of curvature,

y ' (1 + y ' )
2

x=x−
y ''

b  b 
2

 cos ec   1 + cos ec 2  
a  a
2
= a sec  − 
b
− 2 cot 3 
a
b a 2  a 2 + b 2 cos ec 2  
cos ec    
a b  a2 
= a sec  +
cot 3 
1 cos ec  ( a + b cos ec  )
2 2 2

= a sec  + .
a cot 3 
1 1 sin 3   2 1 
= a sec  + . a + b
2

a sin  cos3   sin 2  
1 sin 2   a 2 + b 2 
= a sec  + .  
a cos3   sin 2  

a 2 sin 2  b 2 sin 2 
= a sec  + +
a cos3  a sin 2  cos3 
a (1 − cos 2  ) b2
= a sec  + +
cos3  a cos3 
 b2
= a sec  + a sec  − sec  a + − sec3 
3

a
ax = a 2 sec  + a 2 sec3  − a 2 sec  + b 2 sec3 
ax = ( a 2 + b 2 ) sec3 

( ax ) 3 = (a 2 + b2 )
2 2
3
sec2 
b2
1+ cos ec 2 
y +1 + y '2
a2
y= = b tan  +
y '' b
− 2 cot 3 
a
1
a 2 + b2
sin 2 
= b tan  −
cos3 
b 3
sin 
 2 2 1  3
a +b  sin 
 sin 2  
= b tan  −
b cos3 
a 2 sin 3  b 2 sin 3  1  
 cos 2  = ( sec  ) 
1
= b tan  − − 2

b cos3  b cos3  sin 2   

a2
= b tan  − tan 3  − b 2 tan  (1 + tan 2  )
b
by = b 2 tan  − a 2 tan 3  − b 2 tan  − b 2 tan 3 
by = − ( a 2 + b 2 ) tan 3 

= ( a 2 + b 2 ) 3 tan 2 
2
( by )
2
3

− ( by ) 3 = ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( sec  − tan  )
2
( ax )
2 2
3 3 2 2

= ( a 2 + b2 )
2
3

Locus of ( x, y ) is

( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3 = ( a 2 + b2 ) 3
2 2 2
4. Find the evolute of the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2

Sol:

The parametric equation for xy = c 2 is,

c
x = ct , y=
t
dx dy  −1  −c
=c , =c 2 = 2
dt dt t  t
dy  −c 2 
dy − c −1
y =
'
= dt = t = 2 = 2
dx dx  c  ct t
dt  
−1
y' = 2
t
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
y '' = 2 =   =  
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx
d  −1   2 
   3 2 1 2
=  = = 3. = 3
dt t 2 t
dx c t c ct
dt

2
y '' =
ct 3

( )
Let x , y be the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature, then
 x=x−
(
y' 1 + y'
2

)
y ''
 −1  1
−  2 1 + 4 
= ct  
t t 
 2 
 3
 ct 
1 ct 3  1
= ct + 2 1 + 4 
t 2  t 
ct  1 ct  t 4 + 1 
= ct +  1 +  = ct +  
2  t4  2  t4 
ct 5 c t ct c
= ct + 4
+ 4 = ct + + 3
2t 2t 2 2t
2ct + ct c 3ct c
= + 3= +
2 2t 2 2t 3
3ct c
x = + → (1)
2 2t 3

1
1+
1+ y c '2
t 4 c ct 3  1 
y = y+ = + = + 1 + 
y '' t 2 t 2  t4 
ct 3
c ct 3  t 4 + 1  c ct 3t 4 ct 3
= +  = + 4 + 4
t 2  t4  t 2t 2t
c ct 3 c 2c + c ct 3
= + + = +
t 2 2t 2t 2
3
3c ct
y= + → ( 2)
2t 2

Adding (1) & (2) we get,

 3ct c 3c ct 3
x+ y= + + +
2 2t 3 2t 2
c 1 3 
= 3t + 3 + + t 3 
2 t t 
c  3t 4 + 1 + 3t 2 + t 6 
=  
2 t3 

c ( t + 1) 
 2 
c  ( t + 1) 
3 3
2

= =  
2 t3 2 t 
 
3
c  t 2 1
3
c  1
=  +  = t + 
2 t t  2 t 
3
c  1
x + y = t + 
2 t 
2 2

( )  c  3  1
2
x+ y
3
=  t +  → ( 3)
2  t 

Subtracting 1 & 2 we get,

3ct c 3c ct 3
x− y = + − −
2 2t 3 2t 2
c 1 3 
= 3t + 3 − − t 3 
2 t t 

3 1  −c  ( t − 1)  −c  t 2 − 1 
 2 3
 3
−c  3
= t − 3t − − 3  = =  
2  t t  2  t3  2  t 
 
3
−c  t 2 1 
3
c  1
=  3 −  = −  t − 
2 t t 2 t 

3
−c  t 2 1 
=  − 
2  t t
 −c  1 
3

= t − 
2  t
−c  1 
3

x − y = t − 
2  t
2
 −c  3  1 
2

( x − y)
2
=  t − 
3

 2   t
2 2

( x − y)  c  3  1
2
3
=  t −  → ( 4)
2  t 

Subtracting (3) & (4) we get,

 c  3  1   1  
2 2
2

( x + y)
2
−( x − y)
2
=    t +  −  t −  
3 3

 2   t   t  
2
 c  3  1   1 
=    t 2 + 2 + 2  −  t 2 + 2 − 2  
 2   t   t 
2
c 3 1 1 
=    t 2 + 2 + 2 − t 2 − 2 + 2
2  t t 
2 2
c
 4 = 2  
3 3
c
=  2

2 2
2
3
c 2 2− 2
=2 2
2
=c 3 2 3
3
2
2 4
=c 3 2 3

( 4) 3
2 2
=c 3

( ) −( x − y)
2 2
= ( 4c )
2
 x+ y
3 3 3

 The Locus of x , y ( ) is,

( x + y ) 3 − ( x − y ) 3 = ( 4c ) 3 .
2 2 2

2 2 2
5. Find the equation of the evolute of the curve x 3 + y 3 = a 3
.

Sol:
2 2 2
Given: x 3 + y 3 = a 3
 The parametric equations of the given curve are,

x = a cos3  y = a sin 3 
dx dy
= − 3a cos 2  sin  = 3a sin 2  cos 
d d
dy
3 a sin 2  cos  − sin 
y = = d =
dy
'
= = − tan 
dx dx − 3a cos 2  sin  cos 
d
y = − tan 
'

d  dy  d
2  
d  dx 
( − tan  ) − sec 2 
= d 2
d y
y '' = 2 = =
dx dx −3a cos  sin  −3a cos 2  sin 
d
1
y '' =
3 a sin  cos 4 

( )
Let x , y be the coordinates of the centre of curvature.

x=x−
(
y' 1 + y'
2

)
''
y
( − tan  ) (1 + tan 2  )
= a cos  − 3

 1 
 3a sin  cos 4  
 

sin   sin 2  
= a cos3  + 3a sin  cos 4   1 + 
cos   cos 2  
  sin 2  
= a cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos3  1 + 
 cos  
2

sin 2 
= a cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos 3 
cos 2 
= a cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos3  + 3 a sin 4  cos 
= a cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos  ( cos 2  + sin 2  )
x = a cos3  + 3a sin 2  cos  → (1)

1 + y'
2

y =y+
y ''
1 + tan 2 
= a sin  +
3

 1 
 3 a sin  cos 4  
 
= a sin 3  + 3 a sin  cos 4  (1 + tan 2  )
= a sin 3  + 3 a sin  cos 4  ( sec 2  )
1
= a sin 3  + 3 a sin  cos 4  . .
cos 2 
= a sin 3  + 3 a sin  cos 2 
y = a sin  (sin 2  + 3cos 2  ) → (2)

To find the equation of the evolute we have to eliminate (1) from (1) and (2).

Adding (1) & (2) we get,

x + y = a cos  ( cos 2  + 3sin 2  ) + a sin  ( sin 2  + 3cos 2  )

= a cos3  + 3 a cos  sin 2  + a sin 3  + 3 a sin  cos 2 

= a cos3  + sin 3  + 3cos  sin 2  + 3sin  cos 2  

x + y = a ( cos  + sin  )
3
 ( x + y)
2
( cos  + sin  )
2
=a
3 3 2

( cos  + sin  + 2 cos  sin  )

2
=a 3 2 2

( x + y) (1 + 2 cos  sin  ) ( 3)
23 2
=a 3
→

Subtracting (1) & (2) we get,

x − y = a cos  ( cos 2  + 3sin 2  ) − a sin  ( sin 2  + 3cos 2  )

= a cos3  + 3 a cos  sin 2  − a sin 3  − 3 a sin  cos 2 
= a cos3  − 3cos 2  sin  + 3sin 2  cos  − sin 3  

x − y = a  cos  − sin  
3

( )
2
( cos  − sin  )
2
x− y =a
3 3 2

( cos  + sin 2  − 2 cos  sin  )

2
=a 3 2

( x − y)
2
(1 − 2 cos  sin  ) ( 4)
2
=a →
3 3

( ) + ( x − y)
2 2
( 3) + ( 4 )  x+ y
3 3

2
= a 3 1 + 2 cos  sin  + 1 − 2 cos  sin  

(1 +1) = 2 a
2 2
=a 3 3
.

( )
The locus of x , y is, ( x + y ) 3 + ( x − y ) 3 = 2a 3 .
2 2 2

6. Show that the evolute of the cycloid x = a ( − sin  ) y = a (1 − cos ) is another cycloid.

Sol:

Given the parametric form of the given cycloid is,

 x = a ( − sin  ) y = a (1 − cos  )
dx dy
= a (1 − cos  ) = a sin 
d d
 
dy 2 sin .cos
a sin 
= d =
dy 2 2
y' = =
dx dx a (1 − cos  ) 
d 2 sin 2
2


cos
= 2 = cot 
 2
sin
2

y ' = cot
2
d  dy  d   
d y d  dx  d 
2 cot 
2
y = 2=
''
=
dx dx a (1 − cos  )
d
 1
− cos ec 2   − cos ec 2 
22 2
= =
a (1 − cos  )  
2a  2sin 2 
 2
−1
y '' =

4 a sin 4
2

( )
Let x , y be the co-ordinates of the centre of curvature

x − y ' (1 + y ' )
2

x=
y ''
 cos   cos 2  
 2 1 + 2
 sin   sin 2

= a ( − sin  ) −  2  2
1
−
4 a sin 4 
2

4
cos   sin 2  + cos 2  
= a ( − sin  ) + 4 a sin 2 2 2
2 sin   sin 2

2 2 
  
cos 
= a ( − sin  ) + 4 a sin 4 2  1 
 
sin   sin 2 
2
2  2 
= a ( − sin  ) + 4 a sin  cos 
2 2
= a ( − sin  ) + 2 a  2sin  cos  
 2 2
= a ( − sin  ) + 2 a sin  = a  − a sin  + 2 a sin 
= a  − sin  + 2sin  
= a  + sin   → (1)
1 + y'
2

y= y+
y ''
1 + cot 2 
= a (1 − cos  ) + 2
 −1 
 
 4a sin 4  
 2
 cos 2  
4
= a (1 − cos  ) − 4 a sin 1 + 2
2  sin 2  
 2
 2 
4   sin + cos 2  
= a (1 − cos  ) − 4 a sin 2 2
2 
 sin 2  
2
= a (1 − cos  ) − 4 a sin 2 
2
1 − cos  
= a (1 − cos  ) − 4 a  
 2
2
4 a 4 a cos 
= a (1 − cos  ) − +
2 2
= a (1 − cos  ) − 2 a + 2 a cos 
= a 1 − cos  − 2 + 2 cos   = a  −1 + cos  
y = + a  −1 + cos   → ( 2)
y = a ( cos  −1)

7. Find the evolute of the parabola x 2 = 4 a y

 27 a x 2 = 4 ( y − 2a )
3
Ans:

y2 − 4 x a = 0

ie , y 2 = 4 a x

a
2. Find the envelope of the family of lines y=mx + where a is a constant.
m

Sol:

a
Given y=y=mx + (1)
m

1 m1  y = m2 x + a
= m2 x − ym + a = 0.

This is a quadratic in m. A=x

B=–y

 The Envelope is b 2 − 4ac = 0. C=a

y 2 − 4 xa = 0
ie., y 2 = 4ax.

3. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines x cos  + y sin  = a sec  ,  being the
parameter.

Sol:

Given: x cos  + y sin  = a sec 

 cos   x + tan  = a sec 2 

x + y tan  = a (1 + tan 2  )
x + y tan  = a + a tan 2 
a tan 2  − y tan  + a − x = 0

Which is a quadratic in tan 

 Here, A = a , B = − y , c = a − x

 The envelope is B 2 − 4 AC = 0

(− y) − 4 a (a − x) = 0
2

 y2 − 4 a (a − x) = 0
ie, y 2 = 4 a ( a − x ) .

4. Find the envelope of y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 where is a parameter m is a parameter.

Sol:

Given: y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2

( y − mx ) = a 2 m2 + b2
( y − mx ) = a 2 m2 + b2
2

y 2 + m2 x 2 − 2 m x y = a 2 m2 + b2
y 2 + m2 x 2 − 2 m x y − a 2 m2 − b2 = 0
m2 ( x 2 − a 2 ) − 2 m x y + y 2 − b2 = 0

Which is a quadratic in m

Here, A = ( x 2 − a 2 ) , B = ( − 2 x y ) , c = y 2 − b 2

 The envelope is, B 2 − 4 a c = 0

(− 2 x y) − 4 ( x 2 − a 2 )( y 2 − b 2 ) = 0
2

4 x 2 y 2 − 4 ( x 2 − a 2 )( y 2 − b 2 ) = 0
x 2 y 2 − ( x 2 − a 2 )( y 2 − b 2 ) = 0
x 2 y 2 −  x 2 y 2 − b 2 x 2 − a 2 y 2 + a 2 b 2  = 0

ie, x 2 y 2 − x 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 − a 2 b 2 = 0
b2 x2 + a 2 y 2 = a 2 b2
x2 y 2
ie, + =1.
a2 a2
5. Find the envelope of ( x −  ) + y 2 = 4  ,  being the parameter.
2

Sol:

Given: ( x −  ) + y 2 = 4 
2

x2 +  2 − 2 x  + y 2 − 4 = 0
 2 − ( 2 x + 4) + x2 + y 2 = 0

Which is quadratic in  .

Here A = 1, B = − ( 2 x + 4) , c = x2 + y 2

 The envelope is, B 2 − 4 AC = 0

( 2x + 4) − 4 (1) ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0
2

( 4x 2
+ 16 + 16 x ) − 4 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 0

4 x 2 + 16 + 16 x − 4 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 0
16 + 16 x − 4 y 2 = 0
4 y 2 =16 + 16 x
y2 = 4 + 4 x
y 2 = 4 (1 + x ) .

x y
6. Find the envelope of + = 1 where the parameter a , b are related by ab = c 2 , where c is
a b
known. (or) Find the envelope of straight lines which move such that the product of the
intercepts on the two axis is constant.

Sol:

c2
Given: b=
a

x y
The straight line is, + =1
a b
 x ay
 + 2 =1
a c
 c 2 x + a 2 y = ac 2

 a 2 y − a c2 + c 2 x = 0 is a quadratic in a .

Here, A = y , B = − c 2 , C = c 2 x

 The envelope is, B 2 − 4 AC = 0

( −c )
2 2
− 4 y ( c2 x ) = 0
c4 − 4 y c2 x = 0
c2 − 4 y x = 0
4 y x = c2

7. Find the envelope o x sec2  + y cos ec 2  = a , where  is the parameter.

Sol:

Given: x sec2  + y cos ec 2  = a

x (1 + tan 2  ) + y (1 + cot 2  ) = a
x + x tan 2  + y + y cot 2  = a
1
x + x tan 2  + y + y =a
tan 2 

( x + y − a ) tan 2  + x tan4  + y = 0
Let m = tan 2  weget,

x m2 + ( x + y − a ) m + y = a

Here, A = x, B = x + y − a , C = y.

The envelope is , B 2 − 4 AC = 0
 ( x + y − a) − 4( x) ( y) = 0
2

x2 + y 2 + a2 + 2 x y − 2 x a − 2 y a − 4 x y = 0
x2 + y 2 + − 2 x y − 2 a x − 2 a y + a 2 = 0
(x 2
− y2 ) − 2 a x − 2 a y + a2 = 0

1
8.Find the envelope of y = m x + where m is the parameter.
m

Sol:

1
Given: y = m x +
m

m y = m2 x + 1
m2 x − m y + 1 = 0

Here , A = x , B = − y, C =1

 The envelope is B 2 − 4 AC = 0

(− y) −4 x=0
2

ie, y 2 = 4 x

3
9. Find the envelope of the curve y = m x +
2m

Sol:

3
Given y=m x+
2m

2 m y = 2 m2 x + 3
2 m2 x − 2 y m + 3 = 0

Here, A = 2 x , B = − 2 y , C = 3.
 B 2 − 4 AC = 0
4 y 2 = 8 ( x )( 3) = 0
4 y 2 − 24 x = 0
y2 − 6x = 0
y2 = 6x

Case (ii)

The envelope is got by eliminating c between the equations f ( x, y, c) = 0 and

f
( x, y , c ) = 0
c

1. Find the envelope of x cos  + y sin  = a , where  is a parameter.

Sol:
Given x cos + y sin  = a → (1)
Differentiating P. W.R to 

− x sin  + y cos = 0 → ( 2)
Eliminate  between (1) and (2)

( x cos  + y sin  ) + ( − x sin  + y cos  ) = a 2 + 02

2 2

x 2 cos 2  + y 2 sin 2  + 2 x y sin  cos  + x 2 sin 2  + y 2 cos 2  − 2 x y sin  cos  = a 2

x 2 (cos 2  + sin 2  ) + y 2 (sin 2  + cos 2  ) = a 2
x2 + y 2 = a2

x cos  y sin 
2. Find the envelope of the family of curves + =1 where  being the
a b
parameter and a , b constants.
Sol:
x cos  y sin 
Given: + =1 → (1)
a b
Diff. P. W. R to  .
− x sin  y cos 
+ =0 → ( 2)
a b

(1)2 + (2)2 
  x cos  y sin    − x sin  y cos  
2 2

 a + b  +  a
+
b 
=12 + 02

x 2 cos 2  y 2 sin 2  2 x y sin  cos  x 2 sin 2  y 2 cos 2  2 x y sin  cos 

+ + + + − =1
a2 b2 ab a2 b2 ab
x2 y2

2 
cos 2
 + sin 2
 
 + cos 2  + sin 2   =1
2 
a b
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
a b

3. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y cos  − x sin  = a cos 2  where  is a
parameter.
Sol:
Given :
y cos  − x sin  = a cos 2 → (1)
Diff P.W.R to 

− y sin  − x cos  = − 2 a sin 2 → ( 2)

Eliminate y between (1) and (2),

(1)  sin   y sin  cos  − x sin 2  = a sin  cos 2 

( 2 )  cos   − y sin  cos  − x cos2  = − 2 a sin 2  cos 
− x sin 2  + cos 2   = a  cos 2  .sin  − 2sin 2  cos  

− x = a ( cos 2  − sin 2  ) sin  − 2.2sin  cos  cos  

− x = a cos 2  sin  − sin 3  − 4sin  cos 2  

− x = a  − 3sin  cos 2  − sin 3    sin 2 A = 2sin A cos A
cos 2 A = cos 2 A − sin 2 A
x = a sin 3  + 3sin  cos 2   → ( 3)
Eliminate x between (1) and (2),
(1)  cos   y cos 2  − x sin  cos  = a cos 2  cos 
( 2 )  sin   (−+ ) y sin 2  (−+ ) x sin  cos  = (−+ ) 2 a sin 2  sin 
y ( cos 2  + sin 2  ) =   cos 2  cos  + 2 a sin 2  sin  

y = a  ( cos 2  − sin 2  ) cos  + 2 a sin  cos  sin  

y = a cos3  − sin 2  cos  + 4 a sin 2  cos  

y = a cos3  + 3sin 2  cos  
y = a cos3  + 3sin 2  cos   → ( 4)

x + y = a sin 3  + 3sin  cos 2   + a cos3  + 3sin 2  cos  

x + y = a sin 3  + 3sin  cos 2  + cos3  + 3sin 2  cos  

x + y = a sin  + cos  
3

( x + y ) 3 = a ( sin  + cos  )
2 2 2
3

( sin  + cos 2  + 2sin  cos  )

2
=a 3 2

( x + y ) 3 = a 3 (1 + 2sin  cos  ) (5)

2 2
→

x − y = a sin 3  + 3sin  cos 2  − cos3  − 3sin 2  cos  

= a ( sin  − cos  )
3

( x − y ) 3 = a 3 ( sin  − cos  )
2 2 2

( sin  + cos 2  − 2sin  cos  )

2
=a 3 2

( x − y ) 3 = a 3 (1 − 2sin  cos  ) (6)

2 2
→

( 5) + ( 6 )  ( x + y ) 3 + ( x − y ) 3 = a (1 + 2sin  cos  +1− 2sin  cos  )

2 2 2
3

2
=a 3 2
( x + y) 3 + ( x − y) 3
2 2 2
=2a 3

ax by
4. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines − = a 2 − b2
cos  sin 
Sol:
ax by
Given − = a 2 − b2
cos  sin 
 a x sec − b y cos ec  = a 2 − b 2
Diff P.W.R to 
a x sec  tan   − b y  − cos ec  cot   = 0
sin  cos 
a x sec  + b y cos ec  =0
cos  sin 
a x sin  b y cos 
+ =0
cos 2  sin 2 

a x sin  −b y cos  ax −b y
=  = 3
cos 
2
sin 
2
cos  sin 
3

 ax   by  ax by
  −  −
 cos   =  sin   = cos  sin  = a − b
2 2

cos 2  sin 2  cos 2  + sin 2  1

ax −b y
 3 = 3 = a 2 − b2
cos  sin 

a x = ( a 2 − b 2 ) cos3 , b y = − ( a 2 − b 2 ) sin 3 

( a x ) 3 = ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3 cos2  , ( b y ) 3 = ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3 sin 2 
2 2 2 2

( a x ) 3 + ( b y ) 3 = ( a 2 − b 2 ) 3 ( cos2  + sin 2  )
2 2 2

= ( a 2 − b2 )
2
3
(1)
( a x ) 3 + (b y ) 3 = ( a 2 − b2 ) 3
2 2 2

5. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = m x − 2 a m − a m3 , where m is the

parameter.
Sol:
Given: y = m x − 2 a m − a m3 → (1)
Diff P.W.R to m
0 = x − 2a − 3 a m2 → ( 2)
x − 2 a = 3 a m2
Eliminate ' m ' from (1) and (2),
 y = m  x − 2 a − am 2 

= m ( x − 2 a ) −
( x − 2 a)  b y ( 2 ) 

 3 
2 
= m  ( x − 2 a )
3 
y = 2 m( x − 2 a)
3
3y
m=
2( x − 2 a)
2
 3y 
( 2)  0 = ( x − 2 a ) − 3 a  
 2( x − 2 a) 
9 y2
0 =( x − 2 a) −3a
4 ( x − 2a )
2

9 y2
( x − 2 a) =3a
4 ( x − 2a )
2

27 a y 2
( x − 2 a) =
3

4
27 a y 2 = 4 ( x − 2 a )
3
ie,

Case (ii)
Envelope of two parameter family of curves (Eliminate m from f ( x , y , m) = 0
and  f ( x, y, m) = 0 which gives the equation of envelope)
m

x y
1. Find the envelope of + = 1 subject to a + b = c where c is a known constant.
a b
Sol:
x y
Given: + =1 → (1)
a b

a +b =c → ( 2)
Diff (1) P.W.R to b , we get,
  −1  d a  −1   d b 
x 2  + y  2  =0
a db  b  d b 
−x d a y
− =0
a 2 d b b2
d a − y a2
= . → ( 3)
d b x b2

Diff (2) P.W.R.to b weget,

da
+1= 0
db
da
= −1 → ( 4)
db

Now,
(3) = (4)

− y a2
= −1 − y a 2 = − x b2
x b2
x y
=
a 2 b2

x y x y
+
a = b = a b =1
a b a +b c
x 1 y 1
 2= =
a c b2 c

x 1
=
a2 c
a 2 = cx
a = cx
sub ' s a b in ( 2 ) ,
 a+b = c
y 1
=
cx + cy = c b2 c
c
1
2
y 2 =c
x
1
2
+c
1
2
1
b 2 = yc
c b = cy
x+ y=
c
x + y = c.

x y
2. Find the envelope of the lines + = 1 where a and b connected by the relation
a b
a n + b n = c n.
Sol:
x y
Given: + = 1 (1)
a b
a n + b n = c n. (2)
Diff 1 2 w.r.to b, we get,
− x da y
− =0
a 2 db b 2
− x da y
=
a 2 db b 2
da y a2
=− 2  (3)
db b x
da
n a n −1 + n b n −1 = 0
db
da
n a n −1 = −n b n −1
db
da −nb n −1 −b n −1
= =  (4).
db −na n −1 −a n −1

Now (3) = (4)

− y a 2 −b n −1
=
b 2 x a n −1
y a 2 b n −1
=
x b 2 a n −1
 y b n −1 b 2 b n −1+ 2 b n +1
= = =
x a n −1 a 2 a n −1+ 2 a n +1
y b n +1
=
x a n +1
x y
ie, n +1
= n +1
a b
x y
n
= n
a . a b .b
x y
x y+
a= b = a b = 1
a n bn a n + bn cn
x y 1
ie, n +1
= n +1 = n
a b c
x 1 y 1
 n +1 = n , n +1 = n
a c b c
n +1 n +1
xc =a
n
, y c =b
n

a = ( x cn ) , b = ( y cn )
1 1
n +1 n +1

Sub’s a & b in (2) we get,

xn + bn = cn

(xc ) + ( y cn )
n n
n +1 n +1
n
= cn
n n2 n n2
n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
x c +y c = cn

( )=c
n2 n n
n+1 n+1 n+1
c x +y n

n2 + n − n2
n n − n2 n
n+1
n+1 n+1 n+1 n +1
x +y = cn .c =c =c

x2 y 2
3. Find the envelope of the family of ellipses + =1 such that a + b = c
a 2 b2
Sol:
x2 y 2
Given + =1 → (1) a+b=c → ( 2)
a 2 b2
 −2  d a  −2 
(1)  x 2  3 
+ y2  3  = 0
 a db b 
−2 x 2 d a − 2 y 2
+ 3 =0
a3 d b b
−2 x 2 d a 2 y 2
=
a 3 d b b3
da −2 y
2
a3
= 
db b3 2 x2
d a −a 3 y 2
 = → ( 3)
d b b3 x 2
da
( 2)  +1= 0
db
da
= −1 → ( 4)
db

Now (3) = (4)

−a3 y 2 y 2 b3 y2 x2
= − 1  =  =
b3 x 2 x 2 a3 b3 a 3
x2 y 2
=
a 3 b3
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
+
a 2 = b2 = a 2 b2 = 1
a b a +b c

x2 y 2 1
 = =
a 3 b3 c
x2 1 y2 1
= =
a3 c b3 c
x 2 c = a 3 y 2 c = b3

a = ( x2 c ) b = ( y2 c)
1 1
3 3

Sub’s a & b in (2) we get,

 ( x c) + ( y2 c) 3 = c
1 1
2 3

2 1 2 1
x 3 c 3 + y 3 c 3 =c
c
1
3
(x 2
3
+y
2
3
)=c
2 2 c −1 1− 1 2
x 3+y 3= 1
= c1 c 3
=c 3
=c 3
3
c
2 2 2
x 3
+y 3
=c 3

x2 y 2
4. Find the envelope of 2 + 2 =1 where a n + b n = c n
a b
Sol:
x2 y 2
Given + =1 → (1)
a 2 b2

a n + bn = c n → ( 2)
Diff (1) and (2) P W R to b we get

− 2 x 2 d a −2 y 2
(1)  =0
a 3 d b b3
d a − 2 y 2 a3
= 3  2
db b 2x
d a − y 2 a3
= 2 3 → ( 3)
db x b

da
( 2 )  n a n −1 + n b n −1 = 0
db
da
n a n −1 = − n b n −1
db
da n b n −1 b n −1
=− = − → ( 4)
db n a n −1 a n −1

Now (3) = (4)

 y 2 a3 b n −1
− 2 3 = − n −1
x b a
y b b bn+2
2 n −1 3
= =
x 2 a n −1 a 3 a n + 2
x2 y2
 =
a n+2 bn+2
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
+
a 2 = b2 = a 2 b2 = 1
an bn a n + bn cn
x2 1 y2 1
 n+2
= n n+2
= n
a c b c
n+2 n+2
a =c x n 2
b = cn y 2

a = ( cn x2 ) b = (cn y 2 )
1 1
n+2 n+2

Sub’s a & b in (2) a n + bn = c n

(c x ) + ( cn y 2 )
n n
n+2 n+2
n 2
= cn
n2 2n n2 2n
c n+2
x n+2
+c n+2
y n+2
= cn
− n2 n 2 + 2n − n 2
2n 2n 2n
x n+2
+y n+2
=c c n n+2
=c n+2
=c n+2

2n 2n 2n
x n+2
+y n+2
=c n+2

x y
5.Find the envelope of + = 1 where a & b are connected by a 2 + b2 = c 2 , c is being a
a b
constant .
Ans:
2 2 2
x 3
+y 3
=c 3

EVOLUTE AS THE ENVELOPE OF NORMALS

1. Find the evolute of y 2 = 4 a x connecting it as the envelope of the normals.

Sol:
Given y 2 = 4 a x
Any point on y 2 = 4 a x is ( a t 2 , 2 a t )
 x = at 2 y =2at

dx dy
x' = =2at y' = = 2a
dt dt
d y
 
d y  d t  2a 1
m= = = =
d x  d x  2a t t
 
 dt 
1
m=
t

W.K.T the equation of the normal is,

1
y − y' = − ( x − x' )
m
y − y' = −
1
1
( x − x' )
 
t 
y − 2at = −t ( x − at2 )
y − 2 a t = − x t + a t3

y + xt = at 3 + 2 at → (1) now we want to find the envelope of (1)

Diff (1) Partially W R to ' t ' we get,

x =3a t2 + 2 a
3a t2 = x − 2 a
x−2a
t2 =
3a
1
 x − 2a  2
t =  → ( 2)
 3a 
 (1)  y = a t 3 + 2 a t − x t
= t  a t 2 + 2 a − x 
= − t  −a t 2 − 2 a + x 
= −t ( x − 2 a ) − a t 2 
  x − 2 a 
= − t ( x − 2 a ) − a   b y ( 2)
  3 a 
  x − 2 a 
= − t ( x − 2 a ) −  
  3 
2 
y = − t  ( x − 2 a )
3 
4
y2 = ( x − 2 a ) t 2
2

9
4 2  x −2a 
= ( x − 2 a)   ( by (2) )
9  3a 
4 ( x − 2 a)
3

=
9 3a
27 a y 2 = 4 ( x − 2 a )
3

x2 y 2
2. Find the evolute of 2 + 2 = 1 , considering the evolute as the envelope of normals.
a b
Sol:
The parametric equations are,

x = a cos  y = b sin 
dx dy
= − a sin  = b cos 
d d

dy
d  b cos  b
m= = = − cot 
d x − a sin  a
d
−b
m = cot 
a

W.K.T The equation of the normal is,

 1
y − y' = − ( x − x' )
m
−1
y − b sin  = ( x − a cos  )
−b cot 
a ( )
a sin 
y − b sin  = ( x − a cos  )
b cos 
y b cos  − b 2 sin  cos  = a x sin  − a 2 sin  cos 
 cos  sin  ,
yb ax
− b2 = − a2
sin  cos 
ax yb
ie, − = a 2 − b2 → (1)
cos  sin 

Now we want to find the envelope of (1)

Diff (1) Partially W.R to  we get,

−a x by
( − sin  ) + 2 ( cos  ) = 0
cos 
2
sin 
ax by
sin  + 2 cos  = 0
cos 
2
sin 
ax by
sin  = − 2 cos 
cos 
2
sin 
sin 3  − b y
=
cos3  a x

−b y
tan 3  =
ax
1
 −b y  3
tan  =  
 ax 
(−b y)
1
3
sin  =
(a x) + (b y )
2 2
3 3

(a x)
1
3
cos  =
(a x) + (b y )
2 2
3 3
NOTE:
 ax by
(1)  − = a 2 − b2
   
(a x) 3 (−b y) 3
1 1
   
 2   2 
( a x ) 3 + ( b y ) 3  ( a x ) 3 + ( b y ) 3 
2 2
 

( a x ) ( a x ) 3 + (b y ) ( a x ) 3 + (b y ) 3
2 2 2 2
3
by
+ = a 2 − b2
(a x) 3 (b y ) 3
1 1

 ax by  2 2
( a x ) 3 + (b y )
2 2
3  +  =a −b
 ( a x ) 3 (b y ) 3 
1 1
 

( a x ) 3 + ( b y ) 3 ( a x ) 3 + ( b y ) 3  = a 2 − b 2
2 2 2 2

3
( a x ) 2 3 + ( b y ) 2 3  2
= a 2 − b2
 

= ( a 2 − b2 )
2
( a x ) 3 + (b y ) 3
2 2
3

2 2 2
3. Find the evolute of the asteroid x 3 + y 3 = a 3 . considering the evolute as the
envelope of the normals.
Sol:
The parametric equation of the astroid is,

x = a cos3  . y = a sin 3 
dx dy
= 3 a cos 2  ( − sin  ) = 3 a sin 2 cos 
d d
= − 3 a cos 2  sin  = 3 a sin 2  cos 
d y
 
d y  d   3 a sin 2  cos 
m= = = = − tan 
d x  d x  −3 a cos 2  sin 
 
 d 
m = − tan 

W .K. T the equation of the normal is,

 1
y − y' = − ( x − x ')
m
−1
y − a sin 3  =
( − tan  )
( x − a cos3  )

y − a sin 3  = cot  ( x − a cos3  )

cot 
y − a sin 3  =
sin 
( x − a cos3  )

y sin  − a sin 4  = x cos  − a cos 4 

y sin  − x cos  = − a cos 4  + a sin 4 
= − a cos 4  − sin 4  

= − a ( cos 2  + sin 2  )( cos 2  − sin 2  ) 

= − a cos 2  − sin 2  
y sin  − x cos  = − a cos 2  → (1)
Now we want to find the envelope of (1),
Diff, (1) partially W.R to  weget,

y cos  + x sin  = 2 a sin 2 → ( 2)

(1)  cos   y cos  sin  − x cos  = − a cos  cos 2 →
2
( 3)
( 2 )  sin   y cos  sin  + x sin 2  = 2 a sin  sin 2 → (4)
( 4 ) − ( 3)  x ( sin 2  + cos 2  ) = 2 a sin  sin 2 + a cos  cos 2 
x = 2 a sin  ( 2sin  cos  ) + a cos  ( cos 2  − sin 2  )
= 4 a sin 2  cos  + a cos3  − a cos  sin 2 
x = a cos3  + 3 a cos  sin 2 
(1)  sin   y sin 2  − x sin  cos  = − a sin  cos 2 → (5)
(1)  cos   y cos 2  + x sin  cos  = 2 a cos  sin 2 (6)
( 5) + ( 6 )  y ( sin 2  + cos 2  ) = − a sin  cos 2 + 2 a cos  sin 2
y = − a sin  ( cos 2  − sin 2  ) + 2 a cos  ( 2sin  cos  )
= − a sin  cos 2  + a sin 3  + 4 a cos 2  sin 
y = a sin 3  + 3 a cos 2 sin 
 x + y = a cos3  + 3 a cos 2  sin  + 3 a cos  sin 2  + a sin 3 
= a ( cos  + sin  )
3

( x + y ) 3 = a 3 ( cos  + sin  )
2 2 2

( cos  + sin  + 2 cos  sin  )

2
=a 3 2 2

(1 + 2 cos  sin  ) (7)

2
=a 3
→

x − y = a cos3  − 3 a cos 2  sin  + 3 a cos  sin 2  − a sin 3 

= a  cos  − sin  
3

( x − y) ( cos  − sin  )
2 2
=a 3 2
3

( cos  + sin 2  − 2sin  cos  )

2
=a 3 2

(1 − 2 cos  sin  ) (8)

2
=a 3
→

( 7 ) + (8)  ( x + y ) + ( x − y) 3 = a (1 + 2 cos  sin  + 1 − 2 cos sin  )

2 2 2
3 3

2
=2a 3

( x + y) +( x − y) 3 = 2a
2 2 2
3 3

4. x 2 = 4 a y
27 a x 2 = 4 ( y − 2 a ) .
3
Ans:

x2 y2
4 Find the evolute of the hyperbola 2 − = 1 considering it as the envelop of normals.
y b2

Solution:

x2 y2
Given: − =1
y 2 b2

The Parametric equations of the hyperbola are,

x=a sec  y=b tan 

x = a sec  y = b tan 
dx dy
= a sec  tan  = b sec 2 
d d

W.K.T, the equation of the normal is,

1
y − y1 = − ( x − x1 )
m
1
( y − b tan  ) = − b sec ( x − a sec )
a tan 
a tan 
y − b tan  = ( x − a sec )
b sec 
yb sec  − b 2 sec  tan  = ax tan  + a 2 sec  tan  .

Divided by sec  tan  we get,

yb −ax
− b2 = + a2
tan  sec 
ax by
 + = a 2 + b2 → (1)
sec  tan 

Diff1 p.w.r.to  we get,

 1   1 
ax  − 2 sec  tan   + by  − sec 2   = 0
 sec    tan  
2

ax tan  by sec  2
ax tan  by sec  2
+ =0  =
sec  tan 
2
sec  tan 2 
ax −by tan 3  −by
=  = .
sec3  tan 3  sec3  ax

 sin 3  
 
 cos   = −by  sin   cos 3  = −by .
3 3

1 ax cos 3  ax
cos3 
  
( )
1
−by − by 3
sin  =
3
 sin  =   → (2)
 1
 .
ax
( )
3

 ax 

( −by ) 3 ( ax ) − ( −by )
2 2 2
3 3
cos  = 1 − sin  = 2
1− 2 = 1 → (3)
( ax ) ( ax )
3 3

sin  ( −by ) 3 ( ax )
1 1
3
tan  = =
cos  ( ax ) 13
( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3
2 2

( −by ) 3
1

= → (4)
( ax ) − ( by )
2 2
3 3

 1 
(1)  ax ( cos  ) + by   = a +b
2 2

 tan  

( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3   ( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3 
2 2 2 2

ax  + by  = a 2 + b2
   
( ) ( −by ) 3
1 1
 ax 3
  
   

( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3 ( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3
2 2 2 2
= a2 + b2

( )
3/2
( ax ) 3 − ( by )
2 2
3
= a2 + b2

( ax ) 3 − ( by ) 3 = ( a 2 + b2 )
2 2 2/3