CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ON

Extracting the essential oils

present in naturally occurring
materials

Submitted to Submitted by
MRS. BHARTI GUJRE MAYUR
LARIYA
Chemistry Teacher CLASS 12, K.V.2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work titled “ Extracting

the essentials oils present in naturally occurring materials
(saunf, ajwain, elaichi) ” submitted by MAYUR
LARIYA (class XII PCB group) from “ KENDRIYA
VIDYALAYA NO.2 SAGAR ” , is the bona fide work of the
student done under the guidance and supervision of Mrs.
BHARTI GUJRE, Chemistry Teacher, during session
2021-2022, as a project report.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

Mrs. Bharti Gujre Mr. R. N.

Mohkar
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our project can never begin without you, dear

GOD. Rather than saying “thank you” to you, you
know that we feel like saying ‘I love you’, to you,
always.
We must say thank you to our Parents who
provided us sufficient money and help in making of
this project.
Mrs. B. Gujre, you are the real foundation of
the project done by us. Thank you very much.
Special thanks to our Principal who gave support to
us and library which provides all useful books
related to this project. Sincere gratitude to you all.
 MAYUR LARIYA

INDEX
PAGE
SL.NO. TOPIC NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 AIM 2
3 ANISEED OIL & USES 3

4 CAROM OIL & USES 5

5 CARDAMOM OIL & USES 7

6 REQUIREMENTS 8
7 EXPERMENTAL SETUP 8

8 PROCEDURE 9

9 OBSERVATIONS 11

10 CONCLUSION 12
11 PRECAUTIONS 13
 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

INTRODUCTION
We are all familiar with the pleasant odors’ coming-out from flowers,
spices and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due to volatile
oils present in them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants are
called essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus garlic, jasmine,
peppermint, rose, sandalwood, spearmint, thyme wintergreen are a few
familiar examples of valuable essential oils. The term “essential oils”
literally means “oils derived from the essence” of plants. Essential oils are
mainly used for their pleasant odors’ and flavors in perfumes and as
flavoring agents in foods. Some are used in medicines (e.g., camphor,
Wintergreen, eucalyptus) others as insect repellants(e.g., citronella).
Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures of ester,
alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are
essentially non-polar compounds and are thus soluble in
non-polar solvents such as petroleum ether, benzene etc.
Essential oils may occur in all parts of the plant, but they are often
concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are obtained from the plants
by the process of steam distillation and extraction. The technique
ofsteam distillation permits the separation of volatile components from
non-volatile materials without raisingthe temperature of the distillation
above 100° C.
Thus steam distillation reduces the risk of decomposition of
essential oils.

AIM
To extract essential oils from :-
 Saunf (aniseed)
 Ajwain (carom)
 Elaichi (cardamom)
ANISEED ESSENTIAL OIL
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil,
known as `Oil of Aniseed’, which has now replaced
the fruits for medicinal and flavoring purposes.
Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid having
the characteristic odor and taste of the fruit.
The yield of oil generally varies from 1.9 to 3.1 per
cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent have been reported
from Syrian aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior to distillation
gives better yields of oil. The material should be distilled
soon after the crushing to prevent any loss of oil due to
evaporation. Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid,
which solidifies on cooling.
The congealing point depends much on
the knothole content and is a valuable criterion for
evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air causes
polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with
the formation of anisaldehyde and anisic acid.
The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole,
which is present to the extent of 80 to 90 per cent and is
mainly responsible for the characteristic flavor of the
oil. The oil also contains methyl chavicol, pmethoxyphenyl
acetone, and small amount of terpenes and sulfur
containing compounds of disagreeable odour.
Botanical Name :- Pimpinella anisum
Uses of Aniseed :-
 In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat
colds and flu.
 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is
used for both hunting and fishing. It is put
on fishing lures to attract fish.
 Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a
precursor that can eventually produce 2,5-
dimethoxybenzaldehyde which is can be used in the
clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as 2CB,
2C-I and DOB.
 Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an
aromatic carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an
ingredient of cough lozenges in combination with
liquorice.
 Essential oil is also used externally as an insecticide
against small insects such as head lice, mites and vermin.
It also has fungicidal properties.
 CAROM ESSENTIAL OIL:-
Carom seeds are also known as Ajwain, Thymol seeds,
Onum, Ajma, Ajmodika and Bishops weed. They are
tiny, cute, delicate and oval shaped herbs with a
penetrating fragrance. Carom seed belongs to the family
of cumin and parsley. These seeds have been used since
years as they consists number of medical properties.
Because of their strong aroma, carom seeds are highly
used for the the Indian culinary.
Carom seeds are sharp and hot with the burning
taste, that’s why few seeds are enough to bring the
flavor in any Indian recipe. Carom seeds can be whole
or powdered one. It is always advisable to by whole
carom seeds as they can be easily turned into powered
from just by grinding them in smooth powder.

Uses of Carom :-
These seeds are used for the tempering or tadkas in the
dishes. Ajwain has strong, dominant and distinctive
taste and flavor, that’s why few seeds are enough to
bring exotic fragrance to the vegetarian and non-
vegetarian food. Ajwain can be used for making pickles
as well. The aroma and unique taste of ajwain is used
for making various types of rotis, parathas, theplas and
so on. They are specially used in different types of meat,
snack, recipes and dal recipe to enhance the flavor.
Soups, stocks and stews can be flavoured with few
seeds of ajwain. Ajwain are highly incorporate for
making various salads dressings and Indian bakery
items.

Botanical name : Trachyspermum

ammis
CARDAMOM ESSENTIAL OIL:-
Cardamom provides a warming and stimulating tonic.
Cardamom is also an excellent choice for the digestive
system. I am sure I do not have to tell you that
cardamom is greatly admired and extensive used as a
culinary spice all over the world. You can also try gargle
with cardamom if you suffer with halitosis(bad breath).
Why not try one drop cardamom and one drop of
peppermint in a small amount of water as an effective
way to freshen your breath!

Uses of Cardamom :-
 Smoothies
 Fruits loaves
 Bread
 Puddings
 Casseroles

Elettaria
Botanical name :-
cardamomum
 REQUIREMENTS
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom
flask (500 ml), conical flask, condenser, glass tubes,
iron stand, sand bath, separate funnel, tripod stands,
burners, Ajwain(Carom), Petroleum ether(60-

80°C), Saunf(Aniseed) .

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
 PROCEDURE

1. Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of

Experimental Setup. The apparatus consists of a steam
generator connected to the round bottom flask
through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a
water condenser through a
glass outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to a
receiver through an adaptor.
2. Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator
and start heating to produce steam.
3. In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of
crushed saunf.
4. A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is
passed through the round bottom flask.
5. A part of the steam condenses in the round bottom
flask. As more and more steam is passed, the steam
volatile components of saunf pass through the
condenser along with steam. These contents on
condensation are collected in the receiver.
6. The contents in the round bottom flask may be
heated by a Bunsen burner to prevent excessive
condensation of steam.
7. The process of steam distillation is continued for
about half an hour.
8. Transfer the distillate to a separating funnel and
extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum ether 3 times.
9. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml
conical flask and dry it with the help of anhydrous
sodium sulphate.
10. Remove the solvent from the dried filtrate by
careful distillation in a water bath. The essential oil is
left behind in the distillation flask.
11. Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note
the color, odor and weight of the essential oil.
 OBSERVATIONS:-
1.) Saunf (Aniseed):-
Weight of Saunf taken = 100 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11.25 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1.25 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/100)*100=1.25 %
Colour of the oil = Colourless
Odour of the oil = Saunf like smell.

2.) Ajwain (Carum):-

Weight of Saunf taken = 75 gm
Initial Weight of the bottle = 10 gm(x)
Weight of bottle + essential oil = 11 gm(y)
Weight of essential oil extracted =(y-x) =1 gm
Percentage of essential oil = (y/75)*100=1.33%
Colour of the oil = Colourless
Odour of the oil = Ajwain like smell.
 CONCLUSION:
“HENCE WE HAVE EXTRACTED ESSENTIAL OILS FROM
75 GM OF SAUNF (ANISEED), AJWAIN (CAROM), AND
ELAICHI (CARDAMOM)”

PRECAUTIONS
 If you accidentally spill essential oils – Clean any
spillage with an absorbent material such as kitchen
roll.
 If you accidentally get essential oils in your eye –
Flush with copious amounts of MILK for at least 15
minutes and seek medical advice if symptoms
persist.
 If you accidentally swallow essential oils – Rinse
mouth with MILK and seek medical attention.
 Handling – Do not eat, drink or smoke when
handling. Respect good personal hygiene.
 Always mix with carrier oil before applying to the
skin. Never apply to inflamed or broken skin.
  Do not use neat on skin.
 Do not take internally. If pregnant seek medical
advice before using.
 Storage – Store in a cool, dry place away from heat
and direct sunlight.
 Avoid contact with polished surfaces and plastic.
 Keep essential oils away from children and pets.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Comprehensive Chemistry Practical
Class-XII.
 http://www.icbse.com/
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise
 http://www.essentialoils.co.za/essenti
al-oils/aniseed.htm