UNIX PROGRAMMING LAB
I. Examples using Shell scripts.
1. Write a Shell program to check the given number is even or odd ALGORITHM:
ALGORITHM:
SEPT 1: Start the program.
STEP 2: Read the value of n.
STEP 3: Calculate „r=expr $n%2‟.
STEP 4: If the value of r equals 0 then print the number is even STEP 5: If the value of r not equal
to 0 then print the number is odd.
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the Number"
read n
r=`expr $n % 2`
if [ $r -eq 0 ] then
echo "$n is Even number"
else
echo "$n is Odd number"
fi
OUTPUT:
Write a Shell program to check the given year is leap year or not
ALGORITHM:
SEPT 1: Start the program. STEP 2: Read the value of year.
STEP 3: Calculate „b=expr $y%4‟.
STEP 4: If the value of b equals 0 then print the year is a leap year
STEP 5: If the value of r not equal to 0 then print the year is not a leap year.
PROGRAM:
echo "Enter the year"
read y
b=`expr $y % 4`
if [ $b -eq 0 ] then
echo "$y is a leap year"
else
echo "$y is not a leap year" fi
OUTPUT
2 IPC using pipes
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int main()
{
int fd[2],n;
char buffer[100];
pid_t p;
pipe(fd); //creates a unidirectional pipe with two end fd[0] and fd[1]
p=fork();
if(p>0) //parent
{
printf("Parent Passing value to child\n");
write(fd[1],"hello\n",6); //fd[1] is the write end of the pipe
wait();
}
else // child
{
printf("Child printing received value\n");
n=read(fd[0],buffer,100); //fd[0] is the read end of the pipe
write(1,buffer,n);
}
}
Output:
3.Socket Programming:
// Client side C/C++ program to demonstrate Socket programming
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int sock = 0, valread;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
char *hello = "Hello from client";
char buffer[1024] = {0};
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
printf("\n Socket creation error \n");
return -1;
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
// Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from text to binary form
if(inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &serv_addr.sin_addr)<=0)
{
printf("\nInvalid address/ Address not supported \n");
return -1;
}
if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
{
printf("\nConnection Failed \n");
return -1;
}
send(sock , hello , strlen(hello) , 0 );
printf("Hello message sent\n");
valread = read( sock , buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n",buffer );
return 0;
}
// Server side C/C++ program to demonstrate Socket programming
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int server_fd, new_socket, valread;
struct sockaddr_in address;
int opt = 1;
int addrlen = sizeof(address);
char buffer[1024] = {0};
char *hello = "Hello from server";
// Creating socket file descriptor
if ((server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == 0)
{
perror("socket failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Forcefully attaching socket to the port 8080
if (setsockopt(server_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR | SO_REUSEPORT,
&opt,
sizeof(opt)))
{
perror("setsockopt");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons( PORT );
// Forcefully attaching socket to the port 8080
if (bind(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,
sizeof(address))<0)
{
perror("bind failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (listen(server_fd, 3) < 0)
{
perror("listen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ((new_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,
(socklen_t*)&addrlen))<0)
{
perror("accept");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
valread = read( new_socket , buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n",buffer );
send(new_socket , hello , strlen(hello) , 0 );
printf("Hello message sent\n");
return 0;
}
Client op
Server op
4. PHP
Creation of Cookie:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<?php
setcookie("Auction_Item", "Luxury Car", time() + 2 * 24 * 60 * 60);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "cookie is created."
?>
<p>
<strong>Note:</strong>
You might have to reload the
page to see the value of the cookie.
</p>
</body>
</html>
Output:
This example shows whether cookie is set or not
<!DOCTYPE html>
<?php
setcookie("Auction_Item", "Luxury Car", time() + 2 * 24 * 60 * 60);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if (isset($_COOKIE["Auction_Item"]))
{
echo "Auction Item is a " . $_COOKIE["Auction_Item"];
}
else
{
echo "No items for auction.";
}
?>
<p>
<strong>Note:</strong>
You might have to reload the page
to see the value of the cookie.
</p>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT:
5.
1.
5(2)
Sequential
5(2)Conditional
1 simple if
2) if else
3)nested if
4)elif
5.2.3) For loop
5.2.3.1)
5.4 Programs based on OOPS in py
5.4.2
Inheritance
6. IPC example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/shm.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
int i;
void *shared_memory;
char buff[100];
int shmid;
shmid=shmget((key_t)2345, 1024, 0666|IPC_CREAT); //creates shared memory segment
with key 2345, having size 1024 bytes. IPC_CREAT is used to create the shared segment if it does
not exist. 0666 are the permisions on the shared segment
printf("Key of shared memory is %d\n",shmid);
shared_memory=shmat(shmid,NULL,0); //process attached to shared memory segment
printf("Process attached at %p\n",shared_memory); //this prints the address where the segment is
attached with this process
printf("Enter some data to write to shared memory\n");
read(0,buff,100); //get some input from user
strcpy(shared_memory,buff); //data written to shared memory
printf("You wrote : %s\n",(char *)shared_memory);
}
OUTPUT
7
UDP Client
// UDP client program
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#define PORT 5000
#define MAXLINE 1024
int main()
{
int sockfd;
char buffer[MAXLINE];
char* message = "Hello Server";
struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
int n, len;
// Creating socket file descriptor
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0) {
printf("socket creation failed");
exit(0);
}
memset(&servaddr, 0, sizeof(servaddr));
// Filling server information
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
servaddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
// send hello message to server
sendto(sockfd, (const char*)message, strlen(message),
0, (const struct sockaddr*)&servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr));
// receive server's response
printf("Message from server: ");
n = recvfrom(sockfd, (char*)buffer, MAXLINE,
0, (struct sockaddr*)&servaddr,
&len);
puts(buffer);
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
TCP Client:
// TCP Client program
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#define PORT 5000
#define MAXLINE 1024
int main()
{
int sockfd;
char buffer[MAXLINE];
char* message = "Hello Server";
struct sockaddr_in servaddr;
int n, len;
// Creating socket file descriptor
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
printf("socket creation failed");
exit(0);
}
memset(&servaddr, 0, sizeof(servaddr));
// Filling server information
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
servaddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)&servaddr,
sizeof(servaddr)) < 0) {
printf("\n Error : Connect Failed \n");
}
memset(buffer, 0, sizeof(buffer));
strcpy(buffer, "Hello Server");
write(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
printf("Message from server: ");
read(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
puts(buffer);
close(sockfd);
}
TCP Server:
// Server program
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define PORT 5000
#define MAXLINE 1024
int max(int x, int y)
{
if (x > y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
int main()
{
int listenfd, connfd, udpfd, nready, maxfdp1;
char buffer[MAXLINE];
pid_t childpid;
fd_set rset;
ssize_t n;
socklen_t len;
const int on = 1;
struct sockaddr_in cliaddr, servaddr;
char* message = "Hello Client";
void sig_chld(int);
/* create listening TCP socket */
listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
servaddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
// binding server addr structure to listenfd
bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
listen(listenfd, 10);
/* create UDP socket */
udpfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
// binding server addr structure to udp sockfd
bind(udpfd, (struct sockaddr*)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));
// clear the descriptor set
FD_ZERO(&rset);
// get maxfd
maxfdp1 = max(listenfd, udpfd) + 1;
for (;;) {
// set listenfd and udpfd in readset
FD_SET(listenfd, &rset);
FD_SET(udpfd, &rset);
// select the ready descriptor
nready = select(maxfdp1, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL);
// if tcp socket is readable then handle
// it by accepting the connection
if (FD_ISSET(listenfd, &rset)) {
len = sizeof(cliaddr);
connfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);
if ((childpid = fork()) == 0) {
close(listenfd);
bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
printf("Message From TCP client: ");
read(connfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
puts(buffer);
write(connfd, (const char*)message, sizeof(buffer));
close(connfd);
exit(0);
}
close(connfd);
}
// if udp socket is readable receive the message.
if (FD_ISSET(udpfd, &rset)) {
len = sizeof(cliaddr);
bzero(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
printf("\nMessage from UDP client: ");
n = recvfrom(udpfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
(struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);
puts(buffer);
sendto(udpfd, (const char*)message, sizeof(buffer), 0,
(struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));
}
}
}
UDP OUTPUT:
TCP Client Output:
TCP Server Output:
8.
//Time of the DAy Server:
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <time.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int listenfd = 0, connfd = 0;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
char sendBuff[1025];
time_t ticks;
listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
memset(&serv_addr, '0', sizeof(serv_addr));
memset(sendBuff, '0', sizeof(sendBuff));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);
bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
listen(listenfd, 10);
while(1)
{
connfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)NULL, NULL);
ticks = time(NULL);
snprintf(sendBuff, sizeof(sendBuff), "%.24s\r\n", ctime(&ticks));
write(connfd, sendBuff, strlen(sendBuff));
close(connfd);
sleep(1);
}
}
//Time of the DAy Client
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sockfd = 0, n = 0;
char recvBuff[1024];
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
if(argc != 2)
{
printf("\n Usage: %s <ip of server> \n",argv[0]);
return 1;
}
memset(recvBuff, '0',sizeof(recvBuff));
if((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
printf("\n Error : Could not create socket \n");
return 1;
}
memset(&serv_addr, '0', sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(5000);
if(inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &serv_addr.sin_addr)<=0)
{
printf("\n inet_pton error occured\n");
return 1;
}
if( connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
{
printf("\n Error : Connect Failed \n");
return 1;
}
while ( (n = read(sockfd, recvBuff, sizeof(recvBuff)-1)) > 0)
{
recvBuff[n] = 0;
if(fputs(recvBuff, stdout) == EOF)
{
printf("\n Error : Fputs error\n");
}
}
if(n < 0)
{
printf("\n Read error \n");
}
return 0;
}
Output
Server:
Client
9.
// Client side C/C++ program to demonstrate Socket programming
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int sock = 0, valread;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
char *hello = "Hello from client";
char buffer[1024] = {0};
if ((sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
{
printf("\n Socket creation error \n");
return -1;
}
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(PORT);
// Convert IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from text to binary form
if(inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &serv_addr.sin_addr)<=0)
{
printf("\nInvalid address/ Address not supported \n");
return -1;
}
if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
{
printf("\nConnection Failed \n");
return -1;
}
send(sock , hello , strlen(hello) , 0 );
printf("Hello message sent\n");
valread = read( sock , buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n",buffer );
return 0;
}
// Server side C/C++ program to demonstrate Socket programming
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <string.h>
#define PORT 8080
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
int server_fd, new_socket, valread;
struct sockaddr_in address;
int opt = 1;
int addrlen = sizeof(address);
char buffer[1024] = {0};
char *hello = "Hello from server";
// Creating socket file descriptor
if ((server_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == 0)
{
perror("socket failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Forcefully attaching socket to the port 8080
if (setsockopt(server_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR | SO_REUSEPORT,
&opt,
sizeof(opt)))
{
perror("setsockopt");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
address.sin_family = AF_INET;
address.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
address.sin_port = htons( PORT );
// Forcefully attaching socket to the port 8080
if (bind(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,
sizeof(address))<0)
{
perror("bind failed");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (listen(server_fd, 3) < 0)
{
perror("listen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if ((new_socket = accept(server_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&address,
(socklen_t*)&addrlen))<0)
{
perror("accept");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
valread = read( new_socket , buffer, 1024);
printf("%s\n",buffer );
send(new_socket , hello , strlen(hello) , 0 );
printf("Hello message sent\n");
return 0;
}
Output:
server's
Client
12.
// C program to display hostname
// and IP address
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
// Returns hostname for the local computer
void checkHostName(int hostname)
{
if (hostname == -1)
{
perror("gethostname");
exit(1);
}
}
// Returns host information corresponding to host name
void checkHostEntry(struct hostent * hostentry)
{
if (hostentry == NULL)
{
perror("gethostbyname");
exit(1);
}
}
// Converts space-delimited IPv4 addresses
// to dotted-decimal format
void checkIPbuffer(char *IPbuffer)
{
if (NULL == IPbuffer)
{
perror("inet_ntoa");
exit(1);
}
}
// Driver code
int main()
{
char hostbuffer[256];
char *IPbuffer;
struct hostent *host_entry;
int hostname;
// To retrieve hostname
hostname = gethostname(hostbuffer, sizeof(hostbuffer));
checkHostName(hostname);
// To retrieve host information
host_entry = gethostbyname(hostbuffer);
checkHostEntry(host_entry);
// To convert an Internet network
// address into ASCII string
IPbuffer = inet_ntoa(*((struct in_addr*)
host_entry->h_addr_list[0]));
printf("Hostname: %s\n", hostbuffer);
printf("Host IP: %s", IPbuffer);
return 0;
}
output:
