Javier, Sandra May J.

BSFT-2A

Experiment No. 2

QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR ELEMENTS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

I. Introduction

The detection of various elements present in an organic compound is called

qualitative analysis. Carbon and hydrogen are present in almost all the organic
compounds. Other commonly present elements in organic compounds are oxygen,
nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and sometimes phosphorus. Quantitative analysis is an
analysis method used to determine the number of elements or molecules produced
during a chemical reaction. Organic compounds are comprised of carbon,

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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and halogens.

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II. Objectives

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1. To know how to identify the presence of certain elements in the
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experiment.
2. To identify the properties of organic compounds in the experiments.
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III. Materials / Apparatus / Reagents

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Glucose Lime water Ignition tube

Acetone NaOH-CaO solid mixture Cork
Ethanol 1% silver nitrate Bent glass tubing
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Gasoline 5% nitric acid Bunsen burner

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Urea 10% sodium hydroxide Iron clamp and iron stand

Monochloroacetic acid 5% plumbous acetate Filter paper
5% albumin Glass rod
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Red and blue litmus paper Test tube

Test tube holder
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IV. Procedure:

A. Test for carbon and hydrogen

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a) Mix thoroughly 4 grams of cupric oxide and 2 grams of glucose and

place in a dry ignition tube.
b) Fit a cork with a bent glass tubing to the ignition tube. Dip the end of
the glass tubing in 2 mL of clear lime water in a test tube.

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 c) Clamp the ignition tube and heat it over a moderate flame. Observe
what happens to the lime water,

B. Test for Oxygen

a) Prepare the ferrox paper by dipping 4 strips of filter paper into the
ferrox reagent and air dry on a watch glass.
b) Prepare 4 dry test tubes with the test compounds as follows
Test tube 1 - 15 drops acetone
Test tube 2 - 15 drops kerosene
Test tube 3 - 15 ethanol
Test tube 4 - 15 drops hexane
c) Place a piece of ferrox paper into each tube. Observe the change in
color of the test compound and the ferrox paper.

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C. Soda Lime test for Amide Nitrogen

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Place a pinch of urea and a small amount of soda lime in a dry test tube. Heat

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it over a moderate flame and briefly note the odor of the vapors formed, then

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immediately expose wet red litmus paper attached to the end of the glass rod to
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the vapors. Note the change in color of the litmus paper.
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D. Test for Halogens
Silver nitrate test
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To one mL of 1% monochloroacetic acid add 3 drops of 5% nitric acid and boil

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gently for two minutes then add 10 drops of 1% silver nitrate solution. Observe
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E. Test for Sulfur

To one mL of 5% albumin add five drops of 10% sodium hydroxide and 2
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drops of plumbous acetate. Boil over a water bath. Observe.

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V. Data and Results

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A. Test for Carbon and Hydrogen

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Test Observation Interference

Carbon CO2 turns lime water The presence of
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into milky. Carbon is confirmed.

Hydrogen Water Vapor The presence of

Hydrogen is confirmed.

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 B. Test for Oxygen
Test Observation Interference
Acetone The solution has a red The presence of
presence on the test. oxygen is confirmed.
Kerosene No changes in color. There is no presence of
oxygen.
Ethanol The solution has a red The presence of
presence on the test. oxygen is confirmed.
Hexane No changes in color. There is no presence of
oxygen.
C. Soda Lime Test for Amide Nitrogen

Test Observation Interference

Urea + Soda Lime There’s an odor that The presence of

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was produce because nitrogen is confirmed.

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of the presence of

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ammonia. The color of
the red litmus paper

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D. Test for Halogens
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Test Observation Interference

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5% Nitric Acid + 1% White precipitate was The presence of

Monochloroacetic Acid formed. halogens is confirmed.
+ 1% Silver Nitrate
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E. Test for sulfur

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Test Observation Interference

10% NaOH + Black precipitate is The presence of sulfur
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Plumbous Acetate + formed after heating. is confirmed.

5% Albumin
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VI. Discussion of Results

A. Test for Carbon and Hydrogen

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 Carbon and Hydrogen are detected by heating the compound with CuO in a
dry test tube. They are oxidised to CO2 and H2O respectively. If the
CO2 turns lime water milky, and H2O turns anhydrous CuSO4 blue, then the
presence of Carbon and Hydrogen is confirmed.

Chemical Reactions for Carbon:

C + 2CuO  2Cu + CO2
Ca (OH) 2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O

Chemical Reactions for Hydrogen:

2H + CuO  Cu + H2O
CuSO4 + 5H2O  CuSO4 • 5H2O
B. Test for oxygen

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Chemical Reaction of Ferrox Reagent:

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2Fe (NH4) (SO4)2 + 6KSCN  Fe [Fe (SCN) 6]

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Detection the existence of oxygen was used ferox reagent. Ferox reagent
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is prepared by dissolving separately KSCN and FeCl3, in methanol, and then it
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were mixed. Then it solution was dropped into filter paper and cause the red
colour. This paper called ferox paper. Then the substance will be tested oxygen
content was dissolved in benzene, hydrocarbons or toluene, after that dropped
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into ferox paper. If positive of oxygen, ferox paper will changes to bright red
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colour.
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When Ferrox Reagent reacted with the Acetone and Ethanol, we can see
that there’s a presence of oxygen because the solution in Acetone and Ethanol
changes into red to reddish-purple that’s why we can easily identify that there’s a
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presence of oxygen.
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On the other hand, when ferrox reagent reacted with Kerosene and
Hexane, we can see that there’s no presence of oxygen because the solution in
Kerosene and Hexane doesn’t change in colour. The solution stays the same
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that’s why we can easily identify that there’s no presence of oxygen in it.
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C. Soda Lime test for Amide Nitrogen

When a pinch of urea is heated with the small amount of soda lime
powder, an ammoniac odor is produced which is often indicative of the

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 presence of nitrogen. The red litmus paper was exposed to the vapors
produced by the reaction, the red litmus paper changes to blue which signifies
that the solution is a basic solution.

Acid – Base Reaction:

NH3 (g) + H2O (aq)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

D. Test for Halogens

The preparation of Lassaigne’s extract or sodium fusion extract (SFE)

reacts with silver nitrate and forms a white precipitate that was formed at the
bottom indicating the formation of AgCl(s).

The sodium bromide formed during the preparation of Lassaigne’s extract

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or sodium fusion extract (SFE) reacts with silver nitrate to form pale yellow

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precipitate of Silver Bromide.

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The sodium iodine formed during the preparation of Lassaigne’s extract or
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sodium fusion extract (SFE) reacts with silver nitrate to form precipitate of
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Silver Iodide.

E. Test for sulfur

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After adding the sodium hydroxide solution and plumbous acetate, a black
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precipitate is formed after heating. This is indicative of the presence of PbS in

the compound.
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VII. Conclusion

As the experiment ended, we can easily identify the different properties

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that was present in a certain organic compound. Chemical reactions that were
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involved in the test for carbon, hydrogen and soda lime test was identified in
this experiment and the role of CuO in the reaction is Carbon and hydrogen
are detected by heating the organic compound with CuO, where carbon is
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oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to water. The compounds that are
responsible for the results in silver nitrate test and lead acetate test are
Chlorine and Sulphur.

VIII. Application

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 As a future Food Technologist here in our country, we can apply our
knowledge about in this topic and the future topic that we will discussed by
applying it when we are making some research papers or dissertations in the
future. For example, the research paper that we made when I am in my senior
high school days. It is all about the heavy metals that was presence in water
spinach that we bought in our certain wet market. It simply identify if the water
spinach that we are buying in our wet market is safe to it or not. It can help us a
lot because we can identify the changes happens in a simple experiment like
this. We can easily identify and apply it because we’ve already done this certain
experiment. As the days goes by, we can always look up to our previous lessons
and experiments and eventually apply it to our life as I said before like identifying
the heavy metals that is in our food that we bought in the market because we
never know where did they get it and also when we are about to work in a food
industry, we can also apply it when it is needed.

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