EXPERIMENT NO.

12
Preparation of precipitated sulfur USP

1. Define Slacking.
- Addition of water to calcium oxide powder(lime)
2. In the preparation of precipitated sulfur, why is the solution kept alkaline
during the precipitation? Write the equation involved.
- Upon the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to combine, the liquid is nearly
neutralized but still remain an alkaline reaction and yellow color. A base or
alkali accepts hydrogen ions, and when added to water, it soaks up the
hydrogen ions formed by the dissociation of water so that the balance shifts
in favor of the hydroxyl ion concentration, making the solution alkaline or
basic. Lime reacts readily with water to produce slaked lime, with is the
chemical compound calcium hydroxide. Sulfur reacts with water produce
sulfurous acid.
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O
Calcium hydroxide + Sulfur acid  Calcium sulfate + Water
3. What will happen if the solution is made acidic? Write the equation.
- If the solution is made acidic, the concentration of H-3O+ ions in the solution
will increase and if an acid is added to a basic solution, the solution becomes
less basic and moves toward the middle of the pH scale
Equation:
pH = - log [H3O+]
4. In what kind of sulfur preparation is precipitated sulfur preferred? Why?
- Sulfur is used in pharmaceutical skin preparations for the treatment
of acne and other conditions. it acts as a keratolytic agent and also kills
bacteria, fungi, scabies mites and other parasites.
5. Name the other forms of sulfur
- Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless and brittle material. It displays three
allotropic forms: orthorhombic, monoclinic and amorphous. The
orthorhombic form is the most stable form of sulfur. Monoclinic sulfur exists
between the temperatures of 96°C and 119°C and reverts back to the
orthorhombic form when cooled.
6. Enumerate the different uses of sulfur.
- It is used for making car batteries, fertilizer, oil refining, water processing,
and mineral extraction. Other applications for sulfur-based chemicals
include rubber vulcanization, bleaching paper, and product making such as
cement, detergents, pesticides. And some gunpowder.
7. Complete the table:

Common Names Chemical Names Chemical Formula

1. Lime Calcium oxide  CaO
2. Lime water/hydrated lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
3. Quick Lime/burnt lime Calcium oxide CaO
4. Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2,
5. Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3.
6. Milk of Slime Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
 EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Preparation of Boric acid NF

1. Why is hydrochloric acid used instead of sulfuric acid in the preparation of

boric acid?

- Sulfuric acid is hard to wash out, so it is not used in preparation of boric acid

2. How did you test the washing for chloride ions?

- When a few drops of a silver nitrate solution are added to a slightly acidic

aqueous solution that contains chloride ions, a white precipitate of silver chloride
will form. ... With this test, users should be able to detect chloride ion concentrations
as low as 1 ppm

3. Why is cold water used in washing the crystals?

- Once the suction filtration process is complete the collected crystals should be

washed with a little more ice–cold solvent to remove final soluble impurities which
would otherwise be left on the surface of the crystals.

4. What are the therapeutic uses of boric acid?

- Boric acid is often a part of homeopathic medicines used for treating vaginal

discharge and itching. This medication is a combination of friendly bacteria, vitamin

E, and minute amounts of boric acid. It is usually used in dilute solutions as a
treatment for diaper rash, insect bites and stings, and sunburns.

5. What should be done with the official solution before using it for ophthalmic
purposes?

- Do not use boric acid ophthalmic while you are wearing contact lenses. This

medication may contain a preservative that can be absorbed by soft contact lenses
and cause discoloration. Wait at least 15 minutes after using boric acid ophthalmic
before putting your contact lenses in.

6. What forms of boric acid are preferred for preparing the aqueous solution?
Why?

- Boric acid is often used as an antiseptic, insecticide, flame retardant, neutron

absorber, or precursor to other chemical compounds. It has the chemical

formula H3BO3 (sometimes written B(OH)3), and exists in the form of colorless
crystals or a white powder that dissolves in water.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Preparation of magnesium carbonate USP

1. What factors determine the variety of the magnesium carbonate prepared?

- The Mg(HCO3)2 solution obtained by pressure carbonation of

hydrated MgO is decomposed by heating to form MgCO 3 of high
purity. Factors which influence the precipitation of MgCO 3, such as
temperature, concentration, seeding, aeration and stirring, have been
studied. Results of tests carried out with A.R. grade MgCl 2 and
Na2CO3 at various temperatures are reported. The activation energies
calculated from the rate equations were 63–85 kJ mol −1, which
suggests a chemically controlled reaction mechanism

2.  Draw the Büchner funnel and state its use

- are used in the laboratory for vacuum-assisted liquid filtering. In organic

chemistry, these funnels are used to collect recrystallized compounds because
they help remove moisture from the final product

- is an efficient lab tool used to filter liquid from solid.

3. What is effervescence?

- The bubbling of a solution due to the escape of gas. The gas may form by a
chemical reaction, as in a fermenting liquid, or by coming out of solution
after having been under pressure, as in a carbonated drink

4. Examples of Effervescence are:

- An example of effervescence is the release of carbon dioxide which bubbles

as a gas from the liquid when limestone chips, which are composed of
calcium carbonate, are added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

5. What are some therapeutic uses of magnesium carbonate?

- an antacid used for symptomatic relief of heartburn, indigestion, and upset

stomach. Magnesium carbonate, also known as magnesite, is a common
over the counter remedy for heartburn and upset stomach caused by
overproduction of acid in the stomach
 EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Preparation of Potassium Iodide Saturated Solution USP

1) What is the solubility of the iodides in water?

- Water solubility of iodine is determined by temperature (20oC) and pressure (1 bar), and
is relatively low. Iodine is better soluble in iodine solutions. The following reaction
mechanism occurs: I2 + I- -> [I3]-

2) What are the incompatibilities of the iodides?

- Iodine and the soluble Iodides are incompatible with the alkaloids and

substances containing them, also with most metallic salts.

3) What are the difficulties that may be encountered in preparing capsules and
powders containing iodides?

- Due to their deliquescent property - to obtain satisfactory products, use may

be made of dried ingredients and suitable diluents

4) What are the mild untoward reactions that frequently occur with iodide
medication?

Side effects associated with use of Iodine, include the following:

- Acne (high dose)
- Diarrhea
- Eosinophilia
- Excess fluid in the lungs
- Fever
- Headache
- Hives
- Joint pain
- Metallic taste
- Skin swelling
- Thyroid suppression

5) Name some therapeutic uses of KISS.

- Iodide supplement and expectorant - as an expectorant to liquefy thick and

tenacious sputum in chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchial asthma.
- Effective in the prevention of goiter – only minute doses are required and
these small amounts can best be administered in the form of iodized salt (1
part of potassium iodide to 100,000 parts of salt). Used in the lugol’s solution
for the treatment of toxic goiter, in the dose of 0.3mL, 3 times daily.
 - Used in certain kinds of antifungal therapy – sometimes used alone in the
treatment of sporotrichosis (chronic fungal infection producing nodules and
ulcers in lymph nodes and skin) used to help resolve gummatous lesions.

6) What is the dose of KISS as:

a) Expectorant
i) by increasing respiratory tract secretions and thereby decreasing the viscosity
of mucus.
ii) Usual, 0,3ml, equivalent to 300 mg of potassium iodide every 4 to 6 hours.
b) Antifungal
i) 0.6 mL, equivalent to 600 mg 3 times a day, gradually uncreased to 12 mL
(12g) daily if tolerated.

EXPERIMENT NO. 16
Preparation of potassium acetate USP

1. Why should the potassium acetate be bottled immediately after its

preparation?

- to keep airborne concentrations below exposure limits.

- To minimize moisture absorption.

- To ensure its stability and reactivity against light.

- To avoid contact with skin, eyes, or clothing since its toxicology content can
cause irritation to our body. However, it is not considered hazardous.

2. What is pyrolysis?

- : the chemical decomposition of organic (carbon-based) materials through

the application of heat. Two well-known products created by pyrolysis are
a form of charcoal called biochar, created by heating wood, and coke
(which is used as an industrial fuel and a heat shield), created by heating
coal.
- : transforms organic materials into their gaseous components, a solid
residue of carbon and ash, and a liquid called pyrolytic oil (or bio-oil)

3. What are therapeutic uses of potassium acetate?

- is a potassium supplement used to prevent and to treat low potassium. It is

used to treat or prevent low potassium levels

4. Why is this drug not prescribed in a dry state?

- Potassium acetate is prescribed in solution, because it is easily dissolved

which makes it easier to consume compared to its dry state. It may cause
irritation when inhaled or absorbed through skin.
5. What is diuretic?

- Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of
extra water and salt from your body through your urine.
- : also called water pills, are medications designed to increase the amount of
water and salt expelled from the body as urine
- : Also known as “water pills,” these drugs rid the body of extra water and
lower blood pressure

6. FOR WHAT CONDITIONS ARE DIURETICS USED?

- used to treat several conditions in medicine including heart failure, high

blood pressure, liver disease and some types of kidney disease. The use of
some diuretics is also indicated in cases of overdose or poisoning, to help
increase the excretion of certain substances from the patient's body

EXPERIMENT NO. 17
Preparation of potassium sodium tartrate USP

1. What are the common synonyms of potassium sodium tartrate?

- Rochelle’s salt and Seignette salt.

2. What are the implications if in the pyrolysis of the crystals, there are carbon
particles remaining?

- Pyrolysis is the process of heating strongly an organic substance which

decomposes into volatile and inflammable vapors and leaves a residue
containing particles of carbon. It could either undergo complete oxidation
(enough oxygen), which produces a white residue of carbon dioxide or
incomplete oxidation (not enough oxygen), producing a black residue of
carbon deposit.

3.  Differentiate the following terms, and give examples each

a. Deliquescence

- the process by which a substance absorbs moisture from the atmosphere

until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a solution.
Deliquescence occurs when the vapour pressure of the solution that is
formed is less than the partial pressure of water vapour in the air.
EXAMPLE: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium chloride,
gold (III) chloride, sodium nitrate, and calcium chloride

b. Efflorescence
 - Efflorescence is the process of losing water of hydration from a hydrate.
The term means "to flower out" in French, describing the migration of a salt
from a porous material to produce a coating that resembles a flower.
EXAMPLE: A good example of efflorescence may be seen in the change of
appearance of copper sulfate crystals exposed to air. When freshly
crystallized, copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate crystals are translucent blue.
Exposure to air causes the crystals to lose water of crystallization.
Efflorescence leaves a crusty white layer of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate

c. Hygroscopic

- Hygroscopic refers to a matter's ability to adsorb and absorb water from the
surrounding environment. EXAMPLES of hygroscopic substances include:
Sodium chloride. Zinc chloride. Calcium chloride.

4. What are the medicinal uses of potassium sodium tartrate?

- It has been used medicinally as a laxative. It has also been used in the

process of silvering mirrors. It is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent
for reducing sugars).

5. What is Fehling’s solution?

- Fehling’s solution is a deep blue alkaline solution which is used to identify

the presence of aldehydes or groups that contain any aldehyde functional
group -CHO and in addition with Tollen’s reagent to differentiate between
reducing and non-reducing sugars. Fehling’s solution is also used to
differentiate a ketone group and water-soluble carbohydrates. Practically, it
is used for the determination of reducing and non-reducing sugars that are
present in carbohydrates. The test employed for this purpose is known as
Fehling’s test. Fehling’s solution cannot be used for aromatic aldehyde

6. What property of the tartrate ion is utilized in Fehling’s solution?

- Fehlings soluition is alkaline. Mixing cupric ions with an alkaline solution

would result in formation of cupric hydroxide of very low water solubility. By
adding tartrate ions, the cupric ions will form a complex with the cupric
ions which will keep them dissolved in the alkaline solution.