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3.5 Pseudo Steady State

The document discusses pseudo steady state flow in reservoirs and derives equations to model slightly compressible fluid flow. It presents the diffusivity equation, which models pressure change over time as a function of permeability, porosity, viscosity, compressibility, and flow rate. For a circular reservoir, the flow rate equation relates flow rate to permeability, thickness, average pressure, wellbore pressure, viscosity, formation volume factor, and wellbore radius. It also introduces a shape factor to account for non-circular reservoir geometries. An example problem calculates flow rate for a given well producing from a square pattern reservoir.

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Andrei Ivanovich
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141 views6 pages

3.5 Pseudo Steady State

The document discusses pseudo steady state flow in reservoirs and derives equations to model slightly compressible fluid flow. It presents the diffusivity equation, which models pressure change over time as a function of permeability, porosity, viscosity, compressibility, and flow rate. For a circular reservoir, the flow rate equation relates flow rate to permeability, thickness, average pressure, wellbore pressure, viscosity, formation volume factor, and wellbore radius. It also introduces a shape factor to account for non-circular reservoir geometries. An example problem calculates flow rate for a given well producing from a square pattern reservoir.

Uploaded by

Andrei Ivanovich
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

5 Pseudo steady state:

When pressure waves reaches the outer boundary of the reservoir ‘re’ the un-
steady state period ends and finite acting conditions prevails where the pressure
drop with respect to time decreases at constant rate, if the pressure change with
time is very small due to an aquifer support the steady state equations might be
used in the calculations.

With the use of compressibility equation in terms of volume ‘V’, it is possible to


derive the constant decline.

−1 𝜕𝑉
𝑐𝑡 =
𝑉 𝜕𝑃
𝑐𝑡 𝑉𝜕𝑃 = −𝜕𝑉

Dividing on ‘∂t’,

𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑉
𝑐𝑡 𝑉 =−
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Since,

𝜕𝑉
𝑞=
𝜕𝑡
Then,

𝜕𝑃 𝑞
=−
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝑡 𝑉
Setting time in hours,
𝜕𝑃 𝑞
=−
𝜕𝑡 24𝑐𝑡 𝑉
The pore volume ‘V’ is given by,

𝜋𝑟𝑒2 ℎ∅
𝑉=
5.615
Substituting,

𝜕𝑃 0.23396𝑞
=−
𝜕𝑡 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ∅

3.6 Diffusivity equation for slightly compressible fluids:

From the previously derived formula in transient state, one can derive
the equation of slightly compressible fluids,

1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑃 𝜇𝑐𝑡 ∅
+ 2=
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 0.000264𝑘
Substituting,

1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑃 𝜇𝑐𝑡 ∅ −0.23396𝑞
+ 2= ×
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 0.000264𝑘 𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ∅
1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕 2 𝑃 887.22𝑞𝜇
+ 2 =−
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘
The left hand side can be rewritten,

1𝜕 𝜕𝑃 887.22𝑞𝜇
𝑟 =−
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘

Integrating gives,
𝜕𝑃 887.22𝑞𝜇 𝑟 2
𝑟 =− + 𝑐1
𝜕𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 2
At the outer boundary ‘re’ the initial conditions,

𝜕𝑃
=0
𝜕𝑟
141.2𝑞𝜇
𝑐1 =
𝑘ℎ
Substituting,

𝜕𝑃 141.2𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟 2
= −
𝜕𝑟 𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 𝑟 𝑟𝑒2

Rearranging,

141.2𝑞𝜇 1 𝑟 2
𝜕𝑃 = − 𝜕𝑟
𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 𝑟 𝑟𝑒2

The term ‘r2/re2’ can be neglected at the wellbore,

141.2𝑞𝜇 1
𝜕𝑃 = 𝜕𝑟
𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 𝑟
Integrating,
𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑒
141.2𝑞𝜇 1
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑑𝑟
𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 𝑟
𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑟𝑤

141.2𝑞𝜇 𝑟𝑒 1
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓 = ln −
𝑟𝑒2 ℎ𝑘 𝑟𝑤 2

Since, initial pressure cannot be estimated, the above equation is written in terms
of average reservoir pressure,
0.00708𝑘ℎ 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞=
𝜇𝛽 ln 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑤 − 0.75

This equation is used only for a circular reservoir, for this reason the shape factor
‘CA’ to account for other reservoir geometries.

𝑘ℎ 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞=
162.6𝜇𝛽 log 2.2458𝐴 𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
The average reservoir pressure can be determined using,

0.23396𝑞𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑖 −
𝑐𝑡 𝐴ℎ∅

The shape factor values are shown in the below table for different reservoir
geometries.
Table 3.1

Example:

An oil well is producing under a constant bottom-hole flowing pressure of 1500


psi. The current average reservoir pressure 𝑃 is 3200 psi. The well is developed in
the center of 40 acre-drilling pattern. Given the following additional information,

Ø=0.16 , h=15 ft , k=50 md , μ=26 cp , βo=1.15 bbl/STB , ct=1010-6 psi-1


, rw=0.25 ft

Calculate the flow rate.

Solution:

The shape factor for a square pattern is obtained from the table,
𝐶𝐴 = 30.8828

𝑘ℎ 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓
𝑞𝑜 =
162.6𝜇𝑜 𝛽𝑜 log 2.2458𝐴 𝐶𝐴 𝑟𝑤2
50 × 15 3200 − 1500
𝑞=
162.6 × 1.15 × 26 × log 2.2458 × 40 × 43560 30.8828 × 0.252

𝑞 = 416 𝑆𝑇𝐵/𝑑𝑎𝑦

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