Reservoir Geometry

Lecture 7

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PSEUDO STEADY-STATE FLOW
 During this semi steady-state flow, the change in pressure with time becomes the
same throughout the drainage area.
 Section B in in the opposite Figure shows that the pressure distributions become
paralleled at successive time periods.
 Mathematically, this important condition can be expressed as:
𝝏𝑷
 ( )𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝝏𝒕

2
3
Radial Flow of Compressible Fluids (Gases)
 The radial diffusivity equation as expressed by Equation 6-106 was
developed to study the performance of compressible fluid under
unsteady-state conditions. The equation has the following form:
𝝏𝟐 𝒎(𝑷) 𝟏 𝝏𝒎(𝑷) 𝝋𝝁𝑪𝒕 𝝏𝒎(𝑷)
 + = (6.106)
𝝏𝒓𝟐 𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟒𝒌 𝝏𝒕
 For the semi -steady-state flow, the rate of change of the real gas
pseudo-pressure with respect to time is constant, i.e.,
𝝏𝒎(𝑷)
 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝝏𝒕
 The solution of the above equation can be carried out by the
following methods:
A. The m(p)-Solution Method (Exact Solution)
B. The Pressure-Squared Method (p2-Approximation Method) 4
C. The Pressure Method (p-Approximation Method)
A. Exact Solution Method
𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟐𝑷 𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟐𝑷 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐𝑷
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝒛
𝒅𝒑 = 𝒓 [ 𝟎 𝝁𝒛
− 𝟎
] (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎)
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝝁𝒛
𝒘 𝒘

𝒌𝒉[𝒎(𝑷𝒓 ) −𝒎 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ]
• 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
𝒌𝒉[(Ψ𝒓 ) − Ψ𝒘𝒇 ]
=
𝒓
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 − 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
 Equation (6-140) is represented by
the opposite Figure which consists of three regions
 Where
 𝑸𝒈 = gas flow rate, 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
 𝑻 = temperature, °R
 𝒌 = permeability, md
 𝑷r= 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
 The exact solution can be written also in terms of gas formation volume factor (𝜷𝒈 )
𝒛𝑻 𝑷 𝑻
 𝜷𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒 , = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝜷 , substitute in Equation (6-140)
𝑷 𝒛 𝒈

𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟏
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈
𝒅𝒑 (6-141) 5
ln 𝒓𝒘
−𝟎.𝟕𝟓
 Where
 𝜷𝒈 = gas formation volume factor, 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐬𝐜𝐟
 𝒛 = gas compressibility factor
 𝑻 = temperature , 0R
𝟐𝑷 𝟏
 The opposite Figure shows a typical plot of the gas pressure functions (𝝁 𝒁) and (𝝁 )versus
𝒈 𝒈 𝜷𝒈
pressure.
 The integral in Equations (6-140) and (6-141) represents the area under the curve between 𝑷r
and 𝑷𝒘𝒇 .
 As illustrated in Figure, the pressure function exhibits the following three distinct pressure
application regions
 These two equations are applied in three
regions (I,II and III)
𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟐𝑷
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝒛
𝒅𝒑 (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎)
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘

𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟏
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈
𝒅𝒑 (6-141)
ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓 6
𝒘
7
B.The Pressure-Squared Method (p2-Approximation Method)
Region I. Low-Pressure Region
𝟐𝑷 𝟏
 At low pressures, usually less than 2000 psi, the pressure functions (𝝁 𝒁) and (𝝁 ) exhibit a linear relationship
𝒈 𝒈 𝜷𝒈
with pressure.
 Golan and Whitson (1986) indicated that the product (𝝁𝒈 z) is essentially constant when evaluating any pressure
below 2000 psi. Implementing this observation in Equation (6-140) and integrating gives:
𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟐𝑷
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝒛
𝒅𝒑 (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎)
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒓𝒘
𝟐𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷𝒅𝑷
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑻( 𝝁𝒈 𝒛)𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 ) −𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ]
𝟐
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟐)
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑻( 𝝁𝒈 𝒛)𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
 Where;
 𝑸𝒈 = gas flow rate, 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
 𝑷r= 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
 𝑻 = temperature, °R
 𝒌 = permeability, md
 𝒛 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
 𝛍𝐠 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 , 𝐜𝐏
 It is recommended that the 𝐳 − 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 and gas viscosity,𝝁 be evaluated at the average pressure 8
[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 +𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ]
 𝑷= 𝟐
C.Pressure Approximation Method(P- Approximation Method)
 (Region III. High-Pressure Region)
𝟐𝑷 𝟏
 When both 𝑷𝒘𝒇 and 𝑷r are higher than 3000 psi, the pressure functions (𝝁 𝒁) and (𝝁 𝜷 ) are
𝒈 𝒈 𝒈
nearly constants.
𝟏
 This observation suggests that the pressure term (𝝁 𝜷 ) in Equation ( 6-141) can be treated as a
𝒈 𝒈
constant and removed outside the integral, to give the following approximation to Equation
(6-142):
𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓 𝟏
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈
𝒅𝒑 (6-141)
ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓
𝒓𝒘
𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉 𝑷𝒓
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 𝑷
𝒅𝑷
(𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈 )𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln 𝒓 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝒘𝒇
𝒘
𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 ) − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ]
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 (6-142)
(𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈 )𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
𝒛𝑻
 𝜷𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝑷
 The gas viscosity 𝝁𝒈 , and formation volume
factor,𝜷𝒈 should be evaluated at the average
pressure ,𝑷 as given by; 9
𝑷𝒓 +𝑷𝒘𝒇
 𝑷=
𝟐
Example:
 The 𝐏𝐕𝐓 properties of a gas sample taken from a dry gas reservoir are given
in the following table:
 The reservoir is producing under the pseudo steady-state condition.
 The following additional data is available:
 𝐤 = 𝟔𝟓 𝐦𝐝
 𝐡 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐟𝐭
 𝐓 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎°𝐑
 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐟𝐭.
 𝒓𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐟𝐭.
 Calculate the gas flow rate under the following
conditions:
a. 𝐏r = 4000 psi, pwf = 3200 psi
b. 𝐏r = 2000 psi, pwf = 1200 psi
 Use the appropriate approximation methods
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and compare results with the exact solution.
Solution
a. Calculate 𝑸𝒈 at 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐰𝐟 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐬𝐢
 Step 1:Select the approximation method because both 𝑷𝒓 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐰𝐟 are both > 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 ) − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ]
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 (6-142)
(𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈 )𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
 Step 2: Calculate average pressure and determine the corresponding gas
properties
𝑷𝒓 +𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎+𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎
 𝑷= = = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝑻
 𝝁𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷𝒈 are calculated at 𝑷 and T 𝜷𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝑷
 𝝁𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝑷, 𝛃𝐠 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝐛𝐛𝐥/𝐬𝐜𝐟
 Step 3:
𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 ) − 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ] 𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )(𝟔𝟓)(𝟏𝟓)(𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎]
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏𝟑𝟏 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
(𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈 )𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] (𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓)(𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟓)([ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒓𝒘 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
 Step 4: Recalculate 𝑸𝒈 by using the exact solution
𝒌𝒉[𝒎(𝑷𝒓 ) −𝒎 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ] (𝟔𝟓)(𝟏𝟓)[𝟗𝟓𝟎−𝟔𝟕𝟖]𝟏𝟎𝟔 11
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[𝒍𝒏 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐(𝟔𝟎𝟎)[𝒍𝒏 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒓𝒘 𝟎.𝟐𝟓
b.Calculate 𝑸𝒈 at 𝑷𝒓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐰𝐟 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐬𝐢
 Step 1:Select The Pressure-Squared Method (p2-Approximation Method)
𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 −𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ]
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟐)
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑻( 𝝁𝒈 𝒛)𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒓𝒘
 Step 2: Calculate average pressure and determine the corresponding
gas properties
[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 +𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ] 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 +𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝑷= = = 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
 𝛍𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐳 are calculated at 𝐏 and 𝐓
 𝝁𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝑷, 𝐳 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟏
 Step 3:
𝒌𝒉[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 −𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ] (𝟔𝟓)(𝟏𝟓)[𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐 ]
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟖 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑻( 𝝁𝒈 𝒛)𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 (𝟔𝟎𝟎)(𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟕)(𝟎.𝟕𝟗𝟏) [ln 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒓𝒘

 Step 4: Recalculate 𝑸𝒈 by using the exact solution

𝒌𝒉[𝒎(𝑷𝒓 ) −𝒎 𝑷𝒘𝒇 ] (𝟔𝟓)(𝟏𝟓)[𝟑𝟎𝟒.𝟎−𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟔 12
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻[ln 𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓] 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐(𝟔𝟎𝟎)[ln
𝟎.𝟐𝟓
−𝟎.𝟕𝟓]
𝒘
Skin factor (s) &Turbulent flow factor (D)
 In deriving the flow equations, the following two main assumptions were made:
a. Uniform permeability throughout the drainage area
b. Laminar (viscous) flow
 Before using any of the previous mathematical solutions to the flow equations, the solution
must be modified to account for the possible deviation from the above two assumptions.
 Introducing the following two correction factors into the solution of the flow equation can
eliminate the above two assumptions:
 Skin factor (s)
 Turbulent flow factor (D)
 A materials such as mud filtrate, cement slurry, or clay particles enter the formation during
drilling, completion or work over operations and reduce the permeability around the
wellbore.
 This effect is commonly referred to as a wellbore damage and the region of altered
permeability is called the skin zone.
 This zone can extend from a few inches to several feet from the wellbore.
 Many other wells are stimulated by acidizing or fracturing which in effect increase the
13
permeability near the wellbore.
 Thus, the permeability near the wellbore is always different from the permeability away from
the wellbore where the formation has not been affected by drilling or stimulation.
 A matrix acid job is performed when acid is pumped into the well and into the pores of the
reservoir rocks
 In this form of acidization , the acids dissolve the sediments and mud solids that are
inhibiting the permeability of the rock, enlarging the natural pores of the reservoir and
stimulating flow hydrocarbons

14
 A schematic illustration of the skin zone is shown in
Figure.

15
The opposite Figure compares the differences in the skin zone
pressure drop for three possible outcomes:
 First Outcome:
 ∆𝒑𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 > 𝟎 indicates an additional pressure
drop due to wellbore damage,
 𝐤 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 < 𝐤
 Second Outcome:
 ∆𝒑𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 < 𝟎 indicates less pressure drop due to
wellbore improvement,
 𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 > 𝒌
 Third Outcome:
 ∆𝒑𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 indicates no changes in the
wellbore condition, i.e., 𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 = 𝒌
 ∆𝐏𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 = ∆𝐏 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐤 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 − ∆𝐏 𝐢𝐧 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐤 16
Skin factor (s)
𝒌 𝒓𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏
 𝒔=[ − 𝟏] 𝐥𝐧
𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒘
 Positive Skin Factor, 𝒔 > 𝟎 𝐢𝐟
 𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 < 𝒌 ∆𝒑𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 > 𝟎
 Negative Skin Factor, 𝒔 < 𝟎
 𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 > 𝒌 ∆𝒑𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 < 𝟎
 Zero Skin Factor, 𝒔 = 𝟎
 𝒌𝒔𝒌𝒊𝒏 = 𝒌

17
I. Steady-State Radial Flow with skin factor (S)
A. Exact Solution
𝐤𝐡(𝝍𝒓 −𝝍𝒘 )
 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐫
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝐓[𝐥𝐧( 𝐞 )−𝟎.𝟓+𝐬]
𝐫𝐰
B. Pressure squared method
𝒌𝒉(𝑷𝒆 𝟐 −𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐 )
 𝑸𝒈 = 𝒓
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝑻(𝝁𝒈 𝒛)𝒂𝒗𝒈 [ln(𝒓 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟓+𝒔]
𝒘

𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝟐 +𝑷𝒆 𝟐
𝑷=
𝟐
Where
 𝑸𝒈 = gas flow rate, 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
 𝒌 = 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐦𝐝
 T = temperature, °R
 𝐩𝐫 = 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 , 𝐩𝐬𝐢
 𝝁𝒈 = gas viscosity at average 𝑃, 𝒄𝑷 18
 𝒛 = gas compressibility factor at average pressure p
II. Unsteady-State Radial Flow with skin factor (s)
A. Exact solution
𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟕𝐐𝐠 𝐓 𝐤𝐭
 𝐦(𝐩𝐰𝐟 ) = 𝐦(𝐩𝐢 ) − ( )[𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝐬]
𝐤𝐡 𝛗𝛍𝐢 𝐜𝐭𝐢 𝐫𝐰 𝟐

B. Pressure squared method

𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟕𝐐𝐠 𝐓𝝁𝒛 𝐤𝐭
 𝒑 𝒘𝒇
=𝒑 𝒊
−( )[𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝐬]
𝐤𝐡 𝛗𝛍𝐢 𝐜𝐭𝐢 𝐫𝐰 𝟐

III. Pseudo Steady- State Radial Flow with skin factor (s)
A. Exact solution
𝐤𝐡[𝐦(𝑷𝒓 ) −𝐦 𝐏𝐰𝐟 ] 𝐤𝐡[( Ψ𝒓 ) − 𝚿𝐰𝐟 ]
 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐫 = 𝐫 =
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝐓[ln 𝐫 𝐞 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝐬] 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐𝐓[ln 𝐫 𝐞 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝐬]
𝐰 𝐰

Where:
 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 , 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
 𝐬 = 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 19
 Ψ𝒓 =average reservoir real gas pseudo-pressure,𝒑𝒔𝒊𝟐 /𝒄𝑷
B.The Pressure-Squared Method (p2-Approximation Method)
 Region I. Low-Pressure Region
𝟐𝑷 𝟏
 At low pressures, usually less than 2000 psi, the pressure functions ( ) and ( )
𝝁𝒈 𝒁 𝝁𝒈 𝜷𝒈
exhibit a linear relationship with pressure.
 Golan and Whitson (1986) indicated that the product (𝝁𝒈 z) is essentially constant
when evaluating any pressure below 2000 psi
𝐤𝐡[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 −𝐩𝐰𝐟 𝟐 ]
 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐫
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝐓( 𝛍𝐠 𝐳)𝐚𝐯𝐠 [ln 𝐫 𝐞 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝐬]
𝐰
 Where;
 𝑸𝒈 = gas flow rate, 𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲
 𝑷r = 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐫 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞
 𝑻 = temperature, °R
 𝒌 = permeability, md
 𝒛 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
 𝛍𝐠 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 , 𝐜𝐏
 𝐬 = 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
 It is recommended that the 𝐳 − 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 and gas viscosity,𝝁 be evaluated at the
average pressure
[( 𝑷𝒓 )𝟐 +𝒑𝒘𝒇 𝟐 ] 20
 𝑷=
𝟐
C.Pressure Approximation Method(P- Approximation Method)
 (Region III. High-Pressure Region)
𝟐𝑷 𝟏
 When both 𝑷𝒘𝒇 and 𝑷r are higher than 3000 psi, the pressure functions (𝝁 𝒁) and (𝝁 ) are
𝒈 𝒈 𝜷𝒈
nearly constants.

𝟕.𝟎𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟔 )𝐤𝐡([( 𝑷𝒓 ) − 𝐏𝐰𝐟 ]

 𝐐𝐠 = 𝐫
(𝛍𝐠 𝛃𝐠 )𝐚𝐯𝐠 [ln 𝐫 𝐞 −𝟎.𝟕𝟓+𝐬]
𝐰
𝒛𝑻
 𝜷𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒
𝑷
 The gas viscosity 𝝁𝒈 , and formation
volume factor,𝜷𝒈 should be evaluated
at the average pressure ,𝑷 as given by;
𝑷𝒓 +𝑷𝒘𝒇
𝑷=
𝟐

21
Turbulence flow factor (D)
 Jones (1987) proposed a mathematical expression for estimating the turbulence
parameter be as
𝑭𝑲𝒉
𝑫=
𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝑻
 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐅 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐲 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲:
−𝟏𝟐 𝛃 𝐓𝛄𝐠
𝐅= 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟏(𝟏𝟎 )[ 𝟐 ]
𝛍𝐠 𝐡 𝐫𝐰
Where
 𝐅 = 𝐧𝐨𝐧 − 𝐃𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐲 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭
 𝑻 = temperature, °R
 𝒌 = permeability, md
 𝛄𝐠 = 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲
 𝐫𝐰 = 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 , 𝐟𝐭
 𝛃 = 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐛𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫
 𝐡 = 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 , 𝐟𝐭 22
 𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖(𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 )𝒌−𝟏.𝟒𝟕 𝝋−𝟎.𝟓𝟑
 Steady-State Radial Flow with S & D
I. Steady-State with (s) & (D)
A. Exact Solution

B. Pressure-squared approximation:

23
 Unsteady-State Radial Flow with (s) & (D)
II. Unsteady-State Radial Flow with (s) & (D)
A. Exact Solution

B. Pressure-squared approximation

24
III. Pseudo -steady-State Radial Flow with (S) & (D)

25
Example:
A gas well has an estimated wellbore damage radius of 𝟐 𝐟𝐞𝐞𝐭 and
an estimated reduced permeability of 𝟑𝟎 𝐦𝐝. The formation has a
permeability and porosity of 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟏𝟐%. The well is producing at
a rate of 𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐌𝐬𝐜𝐟/𝐝𝐚𝐲 with a gas gravity of 𝟎. 𝟔 . The following
additional data is available:
 𝐫𝐰 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐟𝐭.
 𝐡 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭.
 𝐓 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝐨 𝐅
 𝛍𝐠𝐰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐏
 Calculate the apparent skin factor.

26
 Step 1. Calculate skin factor from Equation 6-143

 Step 2. Calculate the turbulence parameter ,Β, by applying Equation 6-157

 Step 3. Calculate non-Darcy flow coefficient from Equation 6-156:

 Step 4. Calculate the coefficient D from Equation 6-160:

 Step 5. Estimate the apparent skin factor by applying Equation 6-161:

27