International Journal of Advanced Research ISSN : 2394-2975 (Online)

in Education & Technology (IJARET) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (April - June 2016) ISSN : 2394-6814 (Print)

Analysis of Gain Improvement Techniques

I
Ashish Angural, IIRavi Prakash Dwivedi
I
Student, II Assistant Professor
I,II
VIT University, Chennai, India

Abstract
A compact antenna is proposed and designed which is having high in-band selectivity. A via-fed monopole antenna is proposed
with ‘via’ between radiator and ground plane. Different techniques have been used to make antenna with the frequency of operation
4.5 GHz. The different design techniques include are varying substrate thickness; using low dielectric substrate; using aperture
coupling; and using Coplanar Waveguide. Further, the design need to be optimized to operate for the band 2.4-5.8 GHz with having
ultra-wide band.

Keywords
Wideband, Via-fed, Impedance Bandwidth, Return Loss.

I. Introduction stable radiation examples and consistent increase.

As a result of expanding interest, the issue of rational use sharing
and security of the radio range turned out to be essential. So the II. Literature Review
outcomes of the constrained radio range is the improvement of new Wireless Communication innovation has altered our lives all
advancements to build new technologies to increase the efficient through past few decades. Changed remote advancements like
use. Wide Band (WB) systems having wide data transmission phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and so on that gives us the flexibility
range with low power spectral density and it is true that this to talk with each other whenever and in anyplace. WB innovation
increases efficiently the utilization of the radio frequencies. has been utilized in the zones of radio identification and extending,
WB innovation depends on the utilization of exceptionally tight detecting and military correspondences from the previous a quarter
baseband technology based on the use of very narrow baseband century however from the previous one decade inquiries about
pulses in the order of nanoseconds. These pulses result in spectral have a tendency to show interest towards making the WB extra
components covering a very wide bandwidth in the frequency fitting for computerized correspondence similarly with respect to
domain. Because of this, WB can be utilized as a part of military the wellbeing applications. WB has been apace progressing as a
applications that require low probability of detection. Other regular promising high rate remote correspondence innovation.
employments of WB are in radar and imaging advances. A WB The upsides of broadband region unit High Security since it has
definition was created as a signal with a fractional bandwidth low normal transmission control that makes it evidence against
greater than 0.2 or which occupies more than 500 MHz of spectrum recognition and interference. WB beats zone unit time-tweaked
which is defined as 2*(fH-fL) / (fH+fL) Where fH and fLare the upper with codes unmistakable to each transmitter and recipient. WB
and lower frequencies respectively measured at -10 dB below the beats even have Resistance to Interference. Some extra advantages
peak emission point. incorporates durable Penetration capacity, less battery Power
Wide Band, a remote interchanges innovation that can right now Consumption, High Performance in Multipath Channels.
transmit information at velocities between 40 to 60 Mbps and in The basic reception apparatus parameters important to deliver
the long run up to 1 Gbps. WB transmits ultra-low power radio background information are Impedance Bandwidth measured
signs with short electrical heartbeats, frequently in the ps range. by the characterization of both the VSWR and RL. The various
As a key part of the WB framework, a to a great degree broadband other parameters are Directivity, Bandwidth, Gain, Polarization,
radio wire will be propelled in the recurrence range from 2.5–11 Antenna power and Radiation Pattern.
GHz, which has pulled in noteworthy exploration power in the
late years. Difficulties of the practical WB recieving wire outline III. Antenna Specifications
incorporate the WB exhibitions of the impedance coordinating and The given filter design given in this paper is named as Type-A
radiation security, the reduced appearance of the radio wire size [1].
and the low assembling cost for purchaser hardware applications.
Over the assigned data transmission of WB framework, there are
some other existing narrowband administrations that as of now
possess frequencies in the WB band, for example, Wi-Fi. WB
radio wire utilizes channels to stifle superfluous groups. In any
case, utilizing channels without a doubt expand the intricacy of
the WB framework and lead to increment in expense.
It is alluring to outline the WB reception apparatus with recurrence
band of 2.5-3.5 GHz to minimize the potential obstructions between
WB framework and narrowband frameworks. In this venture a
smaller planar wideband reception apparatus with 2.5-3.5 GHz
band attributes is examined. The recieving wire comprises of a
slanted roundabout metal patch and a 50 Ω CPW transmission line.
The proposed recieving wire has been effectively outlined and Fig. 1: Antenna Layout with dimensions
reproduced .The recreated come about additionally demonstrates

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ISSN : 2394-2975 (Online) International Journal of Advanced Research
ISSN : 2394-6814 (Print) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (April - June 2016) in Education & Technology (IJARET)

It was designed on low cost two sided PCB. The radiator and
ground plane of the micro-strip line feeding line form a pair of
tapered shape on the bottom layer of the PCB.The tapered shape
provide a wideband matching of antenna to achieve good return
loss within the UWB band.The top layer is a 50-ohm feeding line
connected to the radiator on the bottom through via.The antenna
given are designed with dielectric constant of 2.55, substrate
thickness of 0.8mm, and loss tangent of 0.003 and the frequency
used is 4.5 GHz. Figure 1 shows the design for antenna with
dimensions.

IV. Design Methodology:

Fig. 2 : Designed Antenna

Result

As the design is made for 4.5 GHz frequency it will resonate at

4.5 and 9 GHz giving return loss of -36.48 dB and -22.14 dB
respectively.The gain obtained is 1.43 dB and the given gain for
the design at 4.5 GHz is 1.6 dB [1].
The gain obtained from the Type-A antenna is less, so design
optimization is done in order to improve gain.

Optimization Techniques:
The various techniques involved for gain improvement
includes:
• Varying the height of the substrate.
• Using reflector planes.
• Thick substrate with low dielectric constant.
• Insertion of air gap between top and bottom plane of
V. Simulation Results antenna.
The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS, a 3-D model • Antenna loaded with metamaterial structure has the capability
simulation tool for EM structures design and simulation. to increase the gain and reduce the return loss as its dielectric
constant reduces because of the structure.
Antenna Design
The Type-A antenna with the given specifications is designed and Antenna design using gain improvement techniques are
is shown in Figure 2. The various physical parameters are as: as:
X-axis = 28.5 mm, Y-axis = 28 mm. • Varying Substrate height: The effect of varying substrate
Stripline Length = 16.9 mm, height is supposed to be seen on the gain that by increasing
Stripline Width = 2.26 mm. substrate height keeping relative permittivity constant, gain
Via radius = 0.3 mm. will increase. Also, the effect on physical dimensions of
Dielectric Constant = 2.55. antenna is that the width of the stripline will change in order
Substrate Thickness = 0.8 mm. to match impedance.

Design

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International Journal of Advanced Research ISSN : 2394-2975 (Online)
in Education & Technology (IJARET) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (April - June 2016) ISSN : 2394-6814 (Print)

VI. Conclusions
The main objective of this work is to make a wireless antenna and
to analyze various gain enhancement techniques. In this paper,
we used increased thickness and low dielectric substrate, which
will verify the techniques mentioned. Also the effect of varying
thickness can be seen on the width of the strip line structure.

References
[1] Sai Wai Wong, Tian Gui Huang, Chun Xu Mao, Zhi Ning
Chen, and Qing Xin Chu, “Planar Filtering UWB Antenna
with Shorting Pins,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 61, no. 2, February 2013.
[2] Anwar Sabah Mekki, Mohd. Nizar HamidonAlyani Ismail,
Adam R.H. Alhawari, “Gain Enhancement of a Microstip
Result Obtained: Patch Antenna using a Reflecting Layer,” International
Journal of Antennas and Propagation Article ID 97563.
[3] Surya Sevak Singh, Sheetal R. Bhujade, “Design and
Evaluation of High Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna using
Double Layer with Air Gap,” International Journal on
Recent Trends in Computing and Communication Vol. 3,
Issue 3..
[4] Amandeep Bath, Abhishek Thakur, Jitender Sharma, Prof.
Basudeo Prasad, “Study of Different Techniques to Design
Ultra-Wideband Antenna,” IJEEE, Vol. 1, Issue 1 (Jan-Feb
2014).
[5] M. Gopikrishna, D. D. Krishna, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan,
and K. Vasudevan, “Compact linear tapered slot Antenna
The antenna resonates at 4.1 GHz.The return loss obtained from for UWB application,” Electron. Lett, vol. 44, no. 20, Sep.
the design is -19.96 dB which gives the gain of 1.88 dB. The 25, 2008.
further optimization of antenna gives the return loss of -21.09 dB [6] H. W. Liu and C. F. Yang, “Miniature hook-shaped monopole
with gain of 2.64 dB.So, we can say that increasing the height of antenna for UWB applications,” Electron. Lett, vol. 46, no.
substrate while keeping relative permittivity constant, gain will 4, Feb. 2010.
increase. [7] R. Azim, M. T. Islam, and N. Misran, “Compact tapered-
The design is also simulated for air as substrate by taking the air shape slot antenna for UWB applications,” IEEE Antennas
gap as 0.8 mm and 1.6 mm which will give return loss at -15.08 dB Wireless Propag. Let., vol. 10, pp. 1190–1193, Oct. 2011.
and -19.07 dB respectively at 4.5 GHz. The relative permittivity [8] K Shambavi, “Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement Technique
for air used is 1.0006 and the width of the stripline for 0.8 mm in Square Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Applications,”
gap is 3.92 mm and for that of 1.6 mm gap is 7.85 mm. Preceedings of Asia Pacific Microwave Conference 2007.
[9] Gaith Mansour, Michael, Peter S. Hall, Peter Gardner, and
Comparison table for various designs EkasitNugoolcharornlap, “Design of Filtering Microstrip
Design Return Peak Gain Antenna using Filter Synthesis Approach,” Progress In
Parameters
Type Loss (dB) (dB) Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 145, 59-67, 2014.
L = 16.9 mm
Base -34.85
W = 2.26 mm
Paper at 1.38
Substrate thickness = 0.8 mm
Design 4.5 GHz
Relative Permittivity = 2.55

L = 16.9 mm
Varied -21.09
W = 4.52 mm
Substrate at 2.64
Substrate thickness = 1.6 mm
Thickness 4.1 GHz
Relative Permittivity = 2.55

L = 16.9 mm
-15.08
Air W = 3.92 mm
at 1.24
substrate Substrate thickness = 0.8 mm
4.5 GHz
Relative Permittivity = 1.0006

Air
L = 16.9 mm
substrate -19.07
W = 7.85 mm
with at 1.29
Substrate thickness = 1.6mm
increased 4.5 GHz
Relative Permittivity = 2.55
thickness

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