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Tut 3

This document contains tutorial problems about relations and properties such as reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and transitive. It asks the student to determine if sample relations have certain properties, perform set operations on relations, and prove statements about properties of composed and iterated relations. Specifically, it asks the student to identify ordered pairs for sample relations, determine properties of given relations, perform union, intersection, difference, and exclusive or on relations, and compose and iterate relations. It also contains problems about relations on sets of integers and positive integers involving divisibility and congruence.

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ANUJ KUMAR
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49 views2 pages

Tut 3

This document contains tutorial problems about relations and properties such as reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and transitive. It asks the student to determine if sample relations have certain properties, perform set operations on relations, and prove statements about properties of composed and iterated relations. Specifically, it asks the student to identify ordered pairs for sample relations, determine properties of given relations, perform union, intersection, difference, and exclusive or on relations, and compose and iterate relations. It also contains problems about relations on sets of integers and positive integers involving divisibility and congruence.

Uploaded by

ANUJ KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tutorial Sheet - 3

MAN-203/MAN-561 (Discrete Mathematics)

1. List the ordered pairs in the relation R from A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {0, 1, 2, 3}, where
(a, b) ∈ R if and only if
a) a = b b) a + b = 4 c) a > b d) a | b e) gcd(a, b) = 1 f) lcm(a, b) = 2

2. For each of these relations on the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, decide whether it is reflexive, whether it is
symmetric, whether it is antisymmetric, and whether it is transitive.
a) {(2, 2) , (2, 3) , (2, 4) , (3, 2) , (3, 3) , (3, 4)} b) {(1, 1) , (1, 2) , (2, 1) , (2, 2) , (3, 3) , (4, 4)}
c) {(2, 4) , (4, 2)} d) {(1, 2) , (2, 3) , (3, 4)}
e) {(1, 1) , (2, 2) , (3, 3) , (4, 4)} f) {(1, 3) , (1, 4) , (2, 3) , (2, 4) , (3, 1) , (3, 4)}

3. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all people is reflexive , symmetric, antisym-
metric, and/or transitive, where (a, b) ∈ R if and only if
a) a is taller than b. b) a and b were born on the same day.
c) a has the same first name as b. d) a and b have a common grandparent.

4. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all real numbers is reflexive, symmetric,
antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x, y) ∈ R if and only if
a) x + y = 0 b) x = ±y c) x − y is a rational number d) x = 2y
e) xy ≥ 0 f) xy = 0 g) x = 1 h) x = 1 or y = 1

5. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all real numbers is reflexive, symmetric, an-
tismmetric, and/or transitive, where (x, y) ∈ R if and only if
a) x 6= y. b) xy ≥ 1. c) x = y + 1 or x = y − 1. d) x ≡ y (mod 7). e) x ≥ y 2 .
f) x is multiple of y. g) x and y are both negative or both nonnegative. h) x = y 2 .

Question 6-9 deals with these relation on the set of real numbers:
R1 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a > b}, the “greater than” relation.
R2 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a ≥ b}, the “greater than or equal to” relation.
R3 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a < b}, the “less than” relation.
R4 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a ≤ b}, the “less than or equal to” relation.
R5 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a = b}, the “equal to” relation.
R6 = {(a, b) ∈ R2 | a 6= b}, the “unequal to” relation.

6. Find
a) R1 ∪ R2 b) R1 ∪ R5 c) R2 ∩ R4 d) R3 ∩ R5 e) R1 − R2 f) R2 − R1
g) R2 ⊕ R4 h) R1 ⊕ R3

7. Find
a) R2 ∪ R4 b) R3 ∪ R6 c) R3 ∩ R6 d) R4 ∩ R6 e) R3 − R6 f) R6 − R3
g) R2 ⊕ R6 h) R3 ⊕ R5

8. Find
a) R1 ◦ R1 b) R1 ◦ R2 c) R1 ◦ R3 d) R1 ◦ R4 e) R1 ◦ R5 f) R1 ◦ R6
g) R2 ◦ R3 h) R3 ◦ R3

9. Find
a) R2 ◦ R1 b) R2 ◦ R2 c) R3 ◦ R5 d) R4 ◦ R1 e) R5 ◦ R3 f) R3 ◦ R6
g) R4 ◦ R6 h) R6 ◦ R6

10. Let R1 and R2 be the “divides” and “is a multiple of” relations on the set of all positive
integers, respectively. That is R1 = {(a, b) | a divide b}, R2 = {(a, b) | a is multiple of b}.
Find
a) R1 ∪ R2 . b) R1 ∩ R2 . c) R1 − R2 . d) R2 − R1 . e) R1 ⊕ R2 .

1
11. Let R1 and R2 be the “congruent modulo 3” and the “congruent modulo 4” relations on the
set of integers, respectively. R1 = {(a, b) | a ≡ b (mod 3)}, R2 = {(a, b) | a ≡ b (mod 4)}.
Find
a) R1 ∪ R2 . b)R1 ∩ R2 . c)R1 − R2 . d)R2 − R1 . b)R1 ⊕ R2 .

12. How many relations are there on a set with n elements that are
a) symmetric? b) antisymmetric? c) reflexive and symmetric?

13. Suppose that R and S are reflexive relation on a set. Prove or disprove each of these state-
ments.
a) R ∪ S is reflexive. b) R ∩ S is reflexive. c) R ⊕ S is irreflexive. d) R − S is irreflexive.
e) S ◦ R is reflexive.

14. Let R be a reflexive relation on a set A. Show that Rn is reflexive for all positive integers n.

15. Let R be a symmetric relation. Show that Rn is symmetric for all positive integers n.

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