faculty of Architeecture and planning ,aktu

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History of
Architecture
TOPIC: PROVINCIAL STYLE OF PUNJAB,JAUNPUR
AND BENGAL
PROVINCIAL
ARCHITECTURE
ProvIncial style of architecture happened
across the different places in the country...

Time Period provincial Architecture -

BENGAL (8TH – 12TH CENTURY)
PUNJAB (1150-1350 AD)
JAUNPUR (1360-1480 AD)
GUJARAT (1300-1550)

2021 | HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

PROVINCIAL STYLE OF BENGAL
Bengal was established in 1203-1573 AD.
In the 13TH century Arabs invaded the Bengal province and introduced their
architecture for the first time in this region.
The strategic center was at the junction of the Ganga and Mahananda now
comprising the malda district.
Two major capitals of Mohammedan were Gaur and Pandua.
These Muslim rulers constructed several new cities fortresses, palaces, free-
standing victory-towers, citadels, immense land bridges and embankments, etc
in this province that included present day Bangladesh and West Bengal in India.
They created the buildings with the locally available building materials
combining the regional styles with the typical Muslim features such as domes,
arches, the minaret and the mihrab.
This amalgamation resulted into a new and improved technique named as Indo-
Islamic architecture, enriched with regional building tradition in Bengal. Three
phases of islamic building art of bengal:
Period extending from 1st conquest of country and while the capital was at gaur
until it was moved to pandua from 1200-1340 AD.
From the date when the capital was established at pandua until the building of
the eklakhi tomb-1340-1430 AD.
During the period from the date of the retransfer of the capital to gaur until the
country was acquired by mughals.- 1442 to 1576 AD

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1st Phase(1200-1340 AD)

Mohammedans first established themselves at tribeni then pressed inland

occupying area included within present districts of hugli and burdwan.
The lack of building stone in Bengal meant that most construction was
carried out in brick, of which there was an abundant supply, and this meant
that no building was possible using the usual column-beam construction so
characteristic of early Islamic structures..
Pillars were made of basalt. • Brick thus lends Bengal architecture a style
which is distinct, with its pointed arches and finishes so different from those
in stone.
Mosques made by dismantling the temples and using their materials.
Quadrangular plan of mosque with a central courtyard surrounded by
covered arched aisles. • Multidomed mosque.
The buildings consisting of mosque,tombs and victory tower are almost in a
ruined and damaged state.

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2nd Phase(1340-1430 AD)

Mosque became larger in size

Entry not from east but from SE in Adina
New chapel- badhshah ka takht added in Adina • Mihrabs were
made in great no.
Mihrabs are slight adaptation of type of niche found at ancient
hindu sites of shrines in bengal.
Upper part of building was of brick,substructure of façade
composed of finely prepared basalt masonary.
Small domes raised over each bay supported by
pendentives.These pendentives were formed of brick built in
oversailing courses
Bricks in each course were se diagonally so that their corners
project.

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ADINA MOSQUE

Adina Mosque was constructed in the 14th century in medieval period by

SikandarShah.
The most striking aspect of its construction is the existence of Hindu
influence.
It was constructed after obliterating and super-imposing upon a Hindu
construction,
Whole structure measures 507 ft x 285 ft. Main entrance through 3 archways
at SE corner
Façade was a rectangular screen of 50ft x 60 ft 3 bay deep aisle on north, east
and south. 5 bay deep aisle on west side.
High vaulted sanctuary on the western side. Open central Courtyard measures
400 ft x 130 ft. Total 260 pillars within the structure.
Screen of 88 arches form a regular façade around the interior.
They are surmounted by a parapet 22 ft in height Domes one over each bay
amounting to 306 in all.
West sanctuary of mosque Central nave of the sanctuary is in the form of a
well proportioned hall aligned east and west earlier had a barrel vault. In
length it is 70 ft and 34 ft across while height from the paved floor to ridge of
its pointed roof was probably 50 ft.
3rd Phase(1442-1576 AD)
•Structures were built in more moderate proportions.
Structures adapted to indeginous conditions observed from the use of
vertical and upright lines and mouldingsthus presenting a naively
elementary pattern of rectangles.
Structures had influence of Soil of the terraqueous and deltaic region of
Bengal. • Climate of bengal was another factor for the change in
style.Curved roof form, no doubt derived from its bent bamboo
predecessor to throw off the excess of water during the heavy rainy
season was adopted. • Buildings became more elaborated, modified and
enlarged according to their functional requirements.
Traditional courtyard plan was discarded,closed in or covered hall was
adopted sometimes fronted by an open square due to eavy and
incessant rainy seasons.
Long and somewhat low façade.
Façade divided by string courses.
Vaulted ceiling were carved in rich relief decorations
Octagonal turrets terminating in a finial project at each corner.
Glazed tiles used in patterns.
Appearances were more inventive and original.

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EKLAKHI TOMB (1425 A.D)
Built by Sultan Jalal-ud-din Mohammed Shah (A.D 1414-31) in Pandua. • Situated
in south-west of Adina Mosque.
Important because of three reasons:-
1. It is a structure of marked architectural character in itself.
2. It forms the evolutional landmark as it is the initial building of its
kind.
3. It is the prototype of most of the subsequent Islamic architecture of
Bengal.

Four stone doorway torn bodily from Hindu temple.

The Pointed arches with lintels crowning the doorjambs span the
doorways, a feature derived from the original Hindu temples through
architectural style of Tuglaq Dynasty.
Light in the octagonal hall (47ft wide) is being admitted through these
doorways as there is no windows or openings in the hall.
The jambs and the lintels are marked by carved Hindu deities that of the
lintel of the southern entrance being the figure of Lord Vishnu, and of the
Jambs those of Dvarpal, a proof of their appropriation from Hindu temples. •
A peculiar feature of the inner spacious room is its four alcoves built at the
corners, is often taken as cells for readers of holy Quran. Octagonal Hall
Octagonal Turrets
Provincial Style of Jaunpur
• The Governor of Jaunpur, an eastern province of the sultanate was given the title
'Malik-ush-Sharq' (King of the East) by the Tughlaq monarch in Delhi. Hence, the
dynasty was called the Sharqi dynasty.
• Under the Sharqi monarchs, Jaunpur became an important centre of Islamic art,
architecture and learning, a university town known as 'Shiraz-i-Hind' after the city of
Shiraz in Iran.
• Most of the structures of the style were destroyed when Sikander Lodi of Delhi
reconquered Jaunpur, leaving only 5 mosques.

2021 | History of architecture

 IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
ATALA MASJID
The Atala Masjid stands on the site of a Hindu temple of Atala Devi.
It was built in 1408 by Sultan Ibrahim (1401- 1440),
Sharqi Sultan of Jaunpur on foundations laid during the reign of Tughluqid Sultan
Firuz Shah III
A large number of its pillars, brackets, lintels and flat ceilings were extracted from
Hindu monuments.
The mosque complex consists of a long rectangular prayer hall that opens onto a
large square courtyard to the west.
The courtyard is enveloped by a two-story veranda on the exterior that are used by
merchants and visitors.
It is entered from three domed gates facing north, east and west • Inside, the
courtyard is enveloped by a three-bay deep double-story colonnade on three sides.
The screened upper story was most likely reserved for women AExterior around the
East entrance BCentral iwan CPrayer room-Facade- DSouth wing EDomed
Chamber FNorth wing Provincial Style of Architecture – Jaunpur (1376-1479 AD)

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 ATALA MASJID

The mosque occupies the western side of the courtyard; its facade is marked
by an imposing central portal -- close to twenty-three meters tall -- flanked by
secondary portals.
Its plan is centered around a tall domed sanctuary behind the central portal,
with two long three- bay deep galleries to the north and south.
The dome of the main sanctuary is carried on squinches. Although it is raised
on an octagonal drum, it is still not visible from the courtyard due to the
imposing height of the entry liwan, a distinctive element of Jaunpuri
architecture. • Inside the sanctuary is stone mihrab niche with a ribbed semi-
dome, flanked by the stone minbar. The decoration consists mainly of carved
floral patterns.
The gallery wings have two-floors and are centered around domed rooms
with a mihrab and courtyard entrance.
Their flat ceilings are supported on twin columns and beams resting on
brackets. The three domed rooms of the prayer hall project beyond the qibla
wall, with tapering turrets bracing their corners in the manner of Delhi's
Tughluqid architecture. Provincial Style of Architecture – Jaunpur (1376-1479
AD)

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 IMPORTANT STRUCTURES
JAMI MASJID
The Jami Masjid is the largest and the most ambitious of the
Jaunpur mosques. It was built in 1470 by Husayn Shah (1458-1483),
the last ruler of the Sharqi dynasty.
Built on a six meter high plinth, the mosque is accessed by an
imposing flight of steps.
Its plan, similar to previous Sharqi mosques, consists of a long
rectangular prayer hall occupying the western side of a colonnaded
courtyard.
The prayer hall is centered around a square sanctuary, covered by a
dome that measures 11.4 meters in diameter.
Windows pierced into the dome's drum illuminate the interior.
On either side of the sanctuary are barrel-vaulted galleries that are
accessed from three arched openings along the courtyard facade.

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PROVINCIAL STYLE
OF PUNJAB
The earliest provincial style to emerge was in Punjab, as here the first contacts with Islam
were made through its two principal centres, Multan and Lahore.

Arab invaded Multan from the Sindh region earlier in the eighth century. But the province
received a permanent Islamic influence in the tenth century.

The Indo-Islamic architecture of Punjab province was mainly of brickworks and produced
highly decorated building arts.

Their palaces were embedded with brickwork and other wooden elements, mainly their
doorways,

windows and other hanging balconies.

The buildings were constructed in Islamic styles with the fusion of Hindu culture.
 Topic
Introduction

A city of undivided Punjab of India, Multan became a part of

Pakistan in 1947.
Moslem influence was first felt upon Multan.
Multan was the city when Arab invasion took place in its Sindh
area in the eighth century.
Due to the early penetration, it was linked with the Southern
Persia through road,
river and sea and later became the capital of an independent
Arab. As a result, Multan has more Iranian influence than India,
as its arts now Easy

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The pre medieval period architecture of the
Punjab province

Mainly of brick, as stone was not easily

available in the alluvial plane of the 5 rivers

Known for their fine brickwork, the bricks used

were similar to those used by the Roman
builders- broad but thin.
The bricks were sometimes laid in straight
upright courses to ensure additional strength.
TOMB OF SHAH YOUSAF GHARDEZI

The saint was born in Gardez, near Ghazni in Afghanistan in 450

AH/1058; he arrived in Multan sometime between 479 /1086 and
481/1088, and settled on the banks of a branch of River which then
flowed where Bohar Gate is today. He stayed in Multan for 50 years
and died here in 531/1136.

The tomb proper was built in 1150 i.e 14 years after his death. Today,
the tomb is inside the walled city near the same gate. The present
building is the result of many renovations, interventions and
alterations particularly in its decorations both internally and
externally. This is the earliest mausoleum in Multan and differs in all
its essentials from the mausoleum architecture which later on
developed in and became the hallmark of Multan. The mosque on
the south of the tomb was built by Sher Shah Suri (1639-1655).
DESCRIPTION / MAIN FEATURES

It is an oblong building 37 feet long and 32 feet

wide. The bricks used are 8”(20.32 cm) long and
2”(5.08 sm) thick.
The roof is supported on a semi-circular arch.
The ceiling is currently decorated with mirror
work for which Multan has always been famous.
The external walls are decorated with glazed tiles
of white and blue.

Access to the tomb is through both Lohari Gate

as well as Bohar Gate.
The oldest mausoleum, built in the middle of the
12th century
One storey, flat roofed cubical building standing in
an enclosed courtyard.
Its elevation consists of the steady surfaces of four
vertical walls.
The sole relief, an oblong portion is slightly projected
to frame the doorway and the other portion contains
the "mihrab" in the inner side.
It relies on the brilliant play of colour produced by its
surface ornamentation of encaustic tiles which
encase every part of its outer walls.
The patterns on these tiles are geometrical or
inscriptional, but rarely floral, an indication that the
law of the Prophet prohibiting natural forms was
strictly observed.
While most of the faces of the tiles are simply
painted, few are moulded that represents a rich
plastic appearance of spotted colour.
SHRINE OF HAZRAT BAHAUDIN ZAKRIYA
•1260-67.
•Demolition in 1849, rebuilt between 1850-55.
•Repaired and renovated several time afterwards.

The Governor of Jaunpur, an eastern province of the sultanate was

given the title 'Malik-ush-Sharq' (King of the East) by the Tughlaq
monarch in Delhi. Hence, the dynasty was called the Sharqi dynasty.
Under the Sharqi monarchs, Jaunpur became an important centre of
Islamic art, architecture and learning, a university town known as
'Shiraz-i-Hind' after the city of Shiraz in Iran.
Most of the structures of the style were destroyed when Sikander Lodi
of Delhi reconquered Jaunpur, leaving only 5 mosques.
2021 | History of architecture
SHRINE OF HAZRAT BAHAUDIN ZAKRIYA

earliest type of square mausoleum building (17x17 metres internally & 19X21
metres externally)
topped by a dome with an octagonal second storey in between the two.
The monument is a three storied brick masonry structure square in plan on
the ground floor. The second storey is octagonal and the third one is the
hemi-spherical whitewashed dome.
The tomb (total height of about 25 metres) stands in the middle of the vast
enclosure (80x70) enclosed by a perimeter brick wall now much decayed and
crudely repaired over time.
The entrance to the shrine is from two gateways in the east and west through
a courtyard. The courtyard is paved with large size brick-tiles (28x20x5).
The space within the tomb contains several other graves of the-family
members and disciples of the saint. The tomb is adorned with several
inscriptions rendered in Multani tile work.

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 NALP

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SHRINE OF HAZRAT SHAH
DANA SHAHEED
This building is a typical representation of
Multani tomb architecture having a square
chamber with octagonal second storey
and the dome. It has a low dome adorned
with finial with heavy cylindrical base. Four
cardinal sides in the octagonal storey have
arched windows set in rectangular frames.
In front is a veranda with three openings
which are superimposed by ventilators. The
building currently is completely white
washed.

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2021 | HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
PLAN
TOMB OF SHAH
SHAMS SABZWARI
•It is a square tomb surrounded by a veranda which is a unique feature.
•The main chamber is surmounted by an octagonal storey and then the
dome.
• Each corner of the square and octagonal story has a turret.
•The dome is placed on a drum which is perforated with windows.
•Above the dome is an inverted lotus molding with a finial. It is
constructed with small brick tiles decorated with Multani tile and lime
plaster. Most of the lime plaster is damaged.
•Flooring is of small brick tiles.
•The main door made of solid wood with a ceiling of wooden battens
with kashi kari.
•The interior has recently been finished with 15x15 centimetres white
ceramic tiles up to 4 feet as a dado and mirror work done inside the
dome and above 5 metres height. The inside verandah ceiling kashi kari
work is in a poor condition. Kashi kari work on four arches. The wood
work in this building is admirable.
 PLAN
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SHRINRE OF SHAH RUKN- E -
ALAM
The tomb is a typical example of Tughlaq style of architecture.
The plan is an octagon with inclined walls and corner turrets.
The second storey is also an octagon but without corner
bastions and turrets.
Each side of this octagon has an arched opening fitted with
grilles and set in rectangular frames decorated with Multani
tiles.
Each corner of this storey has a small kiosk on it. The third
storey is the dome & its finial.
The total height of the building is 31 metres including 12 metres
for the dome.
As it stands on the high ground, the total height above the
road level is 46 metres.
The mosque in the complex was originally built during the
reign of Aurangzab (Huq, 139) and a smaller mosque in the
southwest of the tomb is believed to have been built by
Bahamian Johan Gash (Huq, 140).

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Besides its religious importance, the mausoleum is also of
considerable archaeological value as its dome is reputed to be
the second largest in the world.
The mausoleum is built entirely of red brick, bounded with
beams of shisham wood, which have now turned black after so
many centuries.
The whole of the exterior is elaborately ornamented with glazed
tile panels, string-courses and battlements.
Colors used are dark blue, azure, and white, contrasted with the
deep red of the finely polished bricks.
 PLAN
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