Scribd
Upload
167 views4 pages

Research Methods Lesson 1 & 2

The document discusses various ways of knowing including scientific and non-scientific methods. It focuses on the scientific method which uses precise data collection and analysis to form objective, empirically-based knowledge. The scientific research process is then described involving forming hypotheses, gathering data through observation and experimentation, and developing theories. Different types of research are outlined including historical, descriptive, correlational, and experimental approaches. Key aspects of research such as validity, reliability, and measuring quality are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Leigh Anne Vargas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
167 views4 pages

Research Methods Lesson 1 & 2

The document discusses various ways of knowing including scientific and non-scientific methods. It focuses on the scientific method which uses precise data collection and analysis to form objective, empirically-based knowledge. The scientific research process is then described involving forming hypotheses, gathering data through observation and experimentation, and developing theories. Different types of research are outlined including historical, descriptive, correlational, and experimental approaches. Key aspects of research such as validity, reliability, and measuring quality are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Leigh Anne Vargas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

RESEARCH METHOD FOR ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 1 : WAYS OF KNOWING


Non-Scientific Methods:
 Common Sense – knowledge we often take for granted, we assume this is correct because it is
familiar to us.
 Authority – uncritical acceptance of another’s knowledge, the only recourse to accepting the
expert’s knowledge is to get a second opinion from another expert.
 Intuition/Revelation – truths which the mind grasps immediately without need for proof or testing
or experimentation.
 Experience – comes from trial & error learning
 Deductive Reasoning – thinking from stated general principles to specific elements.
Scientific Method:
 Inductive Reasoning – thinking from specific elements to general principles; knowledge gained in
this is usually related to probabilities of happenings.
- Inductive logic - the basis of scientific knowledge.
- Researchers gather information through observation, then information is moldedinto
theories, then generalized to a certain degree, then the result is considered temporary, thus they are
regarded as open-ended truth (truth open for inquiry, further testing & probable modification).
SCIENCE AS A WAY OF KNOWING
Scientific knowledge is based on precise data, knowledge based in a neutral & unbiased manner.
Characteristics of scientific knowledge:
 Objectivity - scientists look for objective reality – uncolored by personal opinion or feelings.
- ✓ Honest researchers take a neutral position in their studies.
 Precision - scientific knowing requires precise measurement, experiments are carried under
controlled, narrow conditions.
- ✓ Accurate measurement is a vital ingredient in the research process.
 Verification - researchers report findings that allow others to replicate their studies, to check the
facts in the real world.
 Empiricism - derived from observation/experiment; verifiable/provable by means of
Observation/experiment.

THEORY OF CONSTRUCTION

goal of scientific research; inductive process of knowing begins with specifics (collected data) & leads to the
general (theories).

The Scientific Method

LESSON 2: RESEARCH

a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed
relations among natural phenomena. (Kerlinger, 1973)

RESEARCH:
❑ Process of scientific thinking that leads to the discovery or establishment of new knowledge or truth
(Isidro & Malolos, 1979).

❑ Systematic & refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments & procedures in
order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem than would be possible under ordinary means
(Crawford, 1946).

❑ Systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the
researcher (Parel, 1973).

❑ Continuous discovery & exploration of the unknown; it entails an investigation of facts leading to the
discovery of new ideas, new methods or new improvements (Good & Scates, 1972).

❑ Active, diligent & systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting & revising facts that
contribute to knowledge.

The Research Process

The Research Steps

The Research Process

TYPES OF RESEARCH

 Historical - analyzes the question “what was?”; sources of info can be documents, relics, related
literature, etc.
 Descriptive - analyzes the question “what is?”; sources of info can be survey, attitude measurement
& testing.
 Correlational - analyzes the question “what is the relationship?”; association between variables of
interest.
 Experimental - analyzes the quest
 ion “what if?”; introduce treatment & measure effect; cause & effect relationship is established by
this type of research.
 Ex post facto - after the fact
 Evaluation – systematic appraisal of a program/product to determine if it is accomplishing what it
proposes to do.
 Research & Development – creating a new product on a cyclical process until a product performs
according to standards.
 Qualitative Research - inquiry process of understanding a social/human problem, based on building
a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants & conducted
in a natural setting;
- ✓ subjective, open-ended, evolving & relies on the ability of the research to reason & logically
explain relationships & differences.

METHODS OF RESEARCH

 Historical - construct the past objectively & accurately, often in relation to the tenability of a
hypothesis.
 Descriptive - describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually & accurately.
 Developmental - investigate patterns & sequences of growth &/or change as a function of time.
 Case & Field - study intensively the background, current status & environmental interactions of a
given social unit: an individual, a group, an institution or a community.
 Correlational - investigate the extent to which variations in one factor correlate with variations in
one or more other factors based on correlation coefficient.
 Causal-comparative/Ex post - facto investigate possible cause & effect relationships by observing
some existing consequence & looking back through the data for plausible causal factors.
 True experimental - investigate possible cause & effect relationships by exposing one or more
experimental groups to one or more treatment conditions & comparing the results to one or more
control groups not receiving the treatment, random assignment being essential.
 Quasi-experimental - approximate the conditions of the true experiment in a setting which does not
allow the control or manipulation of all relevant variables.
 Action - develop new skills or new approaches & to solve problems with direct application to the
classroom or other applied setting.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

 Controlled follows steps or stages


 Controlled planned every step of the way (exact outcome)
- involves the gathering of new and existing data from new sources or first-hand information
- directed toward the solution of a problem
 analytical characterized by carefully designed procedures in collecting data and rigorous analysis in
interpretation
- emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles and theories that may be helpful in
predicting future occurrences
- requires expertise (researcher must be adequately prepared to undertake such endeavor)
 empirical based on direct xperience and demands accurateobservation and description of what is
being studied
- strives to be logical, applying every possible test to validate the procedures being employed so that
the researcher has confidence in the results
- honest and characterized by patient and unhurried activities
- can be replicated to enable the researcher to achieve valid and comprehensive results. (Similarities
and differences of replicated researches can be confirmed.)
- requires innovative approaches
- carefully recorded and reported
- sometimes requires courage

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCHER

- Intellectual curiosity
- Creative thinking
- Critical thinking
- Ability to relate their study to a known theory
- Patience and discipline to see the study through
- Intellectual honesty
- A sense of humor

MEASURES OF RESEARCH QUALITY


 Validity – degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the
researcher is attempting to measure;
- Internal Validity – whether the key concepts & operations of the study are truthful representations
of the object of the study.
- External validity – whether the results of the study are applicable to the larger world or at least
whether there are defining contextual constraints within which the results are valid.
 Reliability - consistency of the measurements or findings; measure of whether the results are
replicable.
 Credibility -to establish truth value by taking into account the natural complexities inherent in the
situation or circumstance being studied; entails holistic approach to the research problem.
 Transferability - extent to which the conclusions of one study can be applied to another setting or
circumstance.
 Dependability - there is a fundamental consistency within the data’ primary device is establishment
of “audit trail”.

 Confirmability - achieved through a combination of triangulation & reflexivity on the part of the
researcher.

THE REASEARCH PROBLEM

- Anything that a person finds unsatisfactory, a difficulty of some sort, a state of affairs that needs to
be changed, anything that is not working as well as it might.
- Sources of research problem can be any of the following: personal experiences literature sources;
existing theories & previous researches.

Characteristics of a Good Research Problems

- It should be of great interest to the researcher.


- It should be useful for the concerned people in a particular field.
- It must possess novelty.
- It must invite a more complex designing
- It can be completed in the allotted time desired.
- It does not carry any ethical or moral impediments
- The purpose of the study should be clearly defined.

Factors to be considered in the selection of a research problem

- Novelty & avoidance of unnecessary duplication


- Practical value of the problem

- Investigator’s interest in the problem


- Availability of data & choice method
- Training & special qualifications
- Cost involved in conducting the research
- Institutional or administrative cooperation

Emerging Research Methods

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy