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W4.for Ss - Lecture 4.phonemes K14 (Huyen)

This document discusses phonemes and allophones in English. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words. Allophones are variations in pronunciation of phonemes based on context. The document then covers phonemic and phonetic transcription systems, with phonemic using fewer symbols and phonetic showing more detail. Finally, it lists five rules for English allophones, such as aspirated stops and vowel length before fortis consonants.

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Thu Phương Dương Thị
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93 views14 pages

W4.for Ss - Lecture 4.phonemes K14 (Huyen)

This document discusses phonemes and allophones in English. It begins by defining a phoneme as the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish words. Allophones are variations in pronunciation of phonemes based on context. The document then covers phonemic and phonetic transcription systems, with phonemic using fewer symbols and phonetic showing more detail. Finally, it lists five rules for English allophones, such as aspirated stops and vowel length before fortis consonants.

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Thu Phương Dương Thị
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LECTURE 4

PHONEMES

1
OUTLINE
1. Phonemes

2. Allophones

3. Symbols

4. Transcriptions

5. Rules for English allophones


1. PHONEMES
• A phoneme is the …………………………………………...which
can distinguish two words.
• … phonemes: … consonants and … vowels
• E.g.: ‘pit’ and ‘bit’ - differ only in their initial sound ……………..
• One way to identify the phonemes of any language is to look
for …………………which differ by only one phoneme in
identical environment.
E.g.:
Put /p ʊ t/ putt /p ʌ t/
Pit /p ɪ t/ pet /p e t/
Pat /p æ t/ pot /p ɔ t/
2. ALLOPHONES
• Allophones are the ………………………that occur in
speech.
• The way a phoneme is pronounced is conditioned by the
……………………..it or by ………………….. in the word.
E.g.:
PHONEMES VS. ALLOPHONES

Phonemes Allophones

 Substituting one phoneme  Substituting allophones only


for another will result in a results in a …………………..
word with a of the ………………………
……………………………  Vary according to dialect and
language.

E.g.: hat – cat E.g.: letter /ˈletə(r)/ - /ˈledə(r)/


/hæt/ - /kæt/
3. SYMBOLS
Phonemic symbols Phonetic symbols
 symbols for ……………….  symbols for ……………….
 44 phonemic symbols  represent sounds more
(Received Pronunciation accurately
(RP) or BBC English)  make use of ………………
E.g.: speak /spiːk/ E.g.: speak [sp0iːk]

44
PHONEMES
4. TRANSCRIPTIONS
PHONEMIC / BROAD PHONETIC / NARROW
TRANSCRIPTION TRANSCRIPTION
Use ……………………..to Contain a lot of information about
represent phonemes the exact ……………………………
Does not show a great Show more phonetic details such
deal of phonetic details as aspiration, length, dentalization,
Use slanting lines nasalization
………… Use a wide variety of symbols and
in many cases diacritics
Use square brackets ………
E.g.: stop /stɒp/ E.g.: stop [st0ɒp]
time /taɪm/ time [tʰaɪm]
Notes: - Phonetic transcription may be used:
+ to show the different pronunciation of closely related dialects
+ to show the pronunciation of individual speakers or groups of
5. RULES FOR ENGLISH ALLOPHONES

(1) ………………………..(/p, t, k/) are aspirated.


E.g.: pie
tea
key
(2) /i:/, /ɑ:/, /ɔ:/, /u:/, /ɜ:/ shortened by
…………………………………..are transcribed [i.], [ɑ.],
[ɔ.], [u.], [ɜ.]
E.g.: cart
5. RULES FOR ENGLISH ALLOPHONES

(3) …………….. and ………………/ɪ, eɪ, aɪ, e, æ, ʌ, ɒ,


ʊ, ə/ ……………. by a following fortis consonant are
̆ ʌ,̆ ɒ,̆ ʊ,̆ ə;
transcribed [ɪ,̆ e,̆ æ, ̆
̆ aɪ]
̆ eɪ,
E.g: book
(4) …………….. /r, w, j/ and the ………. /l/ are
………….. when they occur after initial /p, k, t/.
E.g.: play
queen
twin
5. RULES FOR ENGLISH ALLOPHONES
(5) …………. /t/, /d/, /l/, /n/, /s/, /z/ become
…………… before dentals.
E.g.: eighth [eɪt̪θ] tenth
wealth
get there
Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/time-practice.html
PRACTICE
Write the phonemic transcription and phonetic
transcription for the following words

1. toast 6. Twice
2. Partake 7. Width
3. Book 8. Hot
4. Health 9. play
5. Cart 10. Tenth
Answers
Words Phonemic Phonetic
transcription transcription
1. toast
2. Partake
3. Book
4. Health
5. Cart
6. Twice
7. Width
8. Hot
9.play
THANK YOU!

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