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Chapter 4 - Phonology

This document summarizes key concepts in phonology, the study of speech sound patterns in language. It discusses phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, and allophones as variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. It also covers phonotactics, syllables, and coarticulation effects like assimilation, nasalization, and elision that occur when sounds are produced in sequence in normal speech.

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Bao Ngoc Nguyen
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131 views30 pages

Chapter 4 - Phonology

This document summarizes key concepts in phonology, the study of speech sound patterns in language. It discusses phonemes as the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning, and allophones as variant pronunciations of the same phoneme. It also covers phonotactics, syllables, and coarticulation effects like assimilation, nasalization, and elision that occur when sounds are produced in sequence in normal speech.

Uploaded by

Bao Ngoc Nguyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The sound

patterns of
language
(Phonology)
Phonology
⊷ The description of the systems
and patterns of speech sounds in a
language.
⊷ The study of the abstract or
mental aspect of the sounds
(compared to the actual physical
articulation of speech sound -
phonetics)
2
1. Phonemes
2. Phones and
allophones
3.Phonotactics
4. Syllables
5. Coarticulation
effects
Phonemes and Allophones
Mark and Mary Brown are both doctors in the same hospital. One
of them is a physician, the other is a biologist. When an invitation
addressed to Dr. M. Brown arrives , the secretary of the hospital
wants to know which Dr. Brown is invited. She asks a colleague:
“Who’s the physician?”. The answer is :”She is”. Hence it is Mary
who’s invited. Had the answer been “He is”, it would have been
Mark. This important information is conveyed by a single segment
of the utterance.
1. PHONEMES

 The smallest units of sounds in a


language.
 Phonological units of a language
 Distinctive sounds in a language.
 The phonemic system of a language is
a complete set of phonemes.
 Ex: The word pin /pɪn/ has three
phonemes such as p, ɪ and n.
5
The phonemic system of English

6
The phonemic system of English

How to determine the phonemes of


any language:
 substitute one sound for another
 if a different word is made, the two
sounds represent two different
phonemes
Ex: choke vs. joke; bag vs. back

7
Phonemes

Natural class of phonemes:


Phonemes that have certain features
in common
Features of phonemes: (+)/(-)
Example:
/p/ [-voice, +bilabial, +stop]
/k/ [-voice, +velar, +stop]
=> /p/ & /k/ belong to a natural class
“voiceless stops”
8
Phonemes

Find the natural class of the


following phonemes:
1. /p/, /b/, /m/
2. /n/, /l/, /t/, /s/
3. /æ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/

9
Key

Find the natural class of the


following phonemes:
1. /p/, /b/, /m/
=> “voiced bilabials”
2. /n/, /l/, /t/, /s/
=> “alveolars”
3. /æ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/
=> “short vowels”

10
Minimal pairs
• Two different forms are identical in
every way except for one sound
segment that occurs in the same
place in the string.

• Ex: tip /tɪp/ and dip /dɪp/ are a


minimal pair in which /t/ and /d/ are
two English phonemes.

11
Minimal pairs practice 1

After each minimal pair, write the


phonemes that are established by the
sound contrast between them
1.pin - bin
2.big - dig
3.late - rate
4.make - made
5.tool - tomb
12 6.thin - thing
Minimal pairs practice 1 - Key

After each minimal pair, write the


phonemes that are established by the
sound contrast between them
1.pin – bin => /p/ - /b/
2.big – dig => /b/ - /d/
3.late - rate => /l/ - /r/
4.make - made => /k/ - /d/
5.tool - tomb => /l/ - /m/
13 6.thin - thing => /n/ - /ŋ/
Minimal pairs practice 2 – Homework 1
Look at the following samples from
Inuktitut, language of the Inuit, Canada

14
Minimal pairs practice 2

15
2. Phones and Allophones

Phones, or phonetic units:


different versions of a phoneme
Set of phones, all of which are
versions of ONE phoneme:
allophones

16
Phones and Allophones

Example:
phoneme /p/ has two allophones
[p] (unaspirated) in spark and [ph]
(aspirated) in pork
phoneme /l/ has two allophones
[l] in law & [ɫ] in tall

17
Complementary
distribution
When we have two different
pronunciations (allophones) of a
sound type (phoneme), each used
in different places in words, they
are said to be in complementary
distribution.

18
Complementary
distribution
Examples:
star / tar
small/ listen
pen/speak

19
Allophones practice

20
Syllables
⊷ onset
⊷ rhyme
⊷ nucleus
⊷ coda

21
syllable
Example:
ten /ten/
 onset: /t/ onset rhyme
 rhyme: /en/
 nucleus: /e/ nucleus coda
 coda: /n/

consonant(s) vowel consonant(s)

22
Syllables
⊷ Open syllables: have an onset
and a nucleus but no coda
⊷ Closed syllables: have a coda
Example:
Open syllables: three, fly, see
Closed syllables: put, bed, knife
Write the transcription for these
23 above examples
Find words in English
that have - Homework
⊷ 1 syllable (8 words)
⊷ 2 syllables (7 words)
⊷ 3 syllables (6 words)
⊷ 4 syllables (5 words)
⊷ 5 syllables (4 words)
⊷ 6 syllables (3 words)
⊷ 7 syllables (2 words)
24 ⊷ 8 syllables (1 word)
Consonant clusters
⊷ Consonant cluster: the onset
or the coda may consist of
more than a single consonant
⊷ Example:
⊷ green (CCVC)
⊷ post (CVCC)
⊷ stress (CCCVC)
25
Coarticulation effects
The process of
making one sound ⊷ Assimilation
almost at the same ⊷ Nasalization
time of the next ⊷ Elision
sound is called: ⊷ Normal speech
coarticulation.

26
Assimilation
⊷ When two sound segments
occur in sequence, some
aspect of one segment is taken
or copied by the other.
⊷ Example:
⊶ English: I have to go
⊶ French: avec vous
⊶ Vietnamese?
27
감사합니다
감사합니다

Nasalization
⊷ Example:
⊶ pin, span
⊶ I can go
⊶ 한국말 / 한궁말 /
⊶ 감사합니다
⊶ French??
⊶ https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=j_Qs75dfpko
28
Ellison
⊷ Ellison: the process of not
pronouncing a sound segment that
might be present in the
deliberately careful pronunciation
of a word in isolation.
⊷ Example:
⊶ you and me
⊶ friendship
⊶ he must be
⊶ we asked him
29
⊶ every, interest, camera, etc.
Summary of coarticulation effects

30

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