SCIENCE 10 Quarter 2

MODULE 1: Different Forms of EM Waves

After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves
(S10FE-IIa-b-47);
2. compare the relative frequencies of different forms of electromagnetic waves;
and
3. identify the relationship among wavelength, frequency and energy of an
electromagnetic wave.
Different Forms of EM Waves
You have learned about waves during your Science 7 class. Let’s recall some important
terms about waves. Below are descriptions of different terms relating to waves and the jumbled
letters which will form the correct term. Your task is to rearrange the jumbled letters to form the
term being described. Do this on a separate sheet of paper.

WHAT’S NEW
PERFORMANCE TASK NO.1
You have probably seen a wave, but have you created one? Let’s try and make some
waves. Get a rope of any kind and tie one end of it to a fixed sturdy object near you. Now,
straighten the rope and hold the other end of it. Start moving your hands up and down. Observe
what happens to the rope. Were you able to make a wave? Draw the wave you made on a
separate sheet of paper.
 Now, try to make a wave again but move your hands slowly. Observe what happens. Draw
the image of the wave you created.

This time, make a wave while moving your hands fast. Draw the image of the wave.

Based on the activity, is there any difference on the waves you have created? Why does
each created wave look differently?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

When you move your hands up and down while holding one end of the rope, you create
wave on the rope. The waves you created may look different depending on how fast you move
your hand.
Similarly, if you move an electrically charged object back and forth in an empty space, you’ll
create electromagnetic waves in space. But what is an electromagnetic wave?

Electromagnetic wave (EM wave) or electromagnetic radiation is a wave that is created as a

result of vibrations between an electric field and magnetic field, hence known as ‘electromagnetic
wave’. Recall Oersted’s discovery: A changing electric field produces magnetic field. A changing
magnetic field is therefore produced around a vibrating charge. And according to Michael Faraday,
the changing magnetic field will produce electric field. A wave carries energy as it propagates, EM
wave does the same, too. EM waves can travel through anything even on vacuum, meaning they
do not need any medium to travel. They travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3x108 m/s.

There are seven different types of EM waves. They are arranged in a gradual progression
from the waves of lowest frequency to highest frequency. This arrangement of EM waves is called
electromagnetic spectrum. In order of increasing frequency, the EM spectrum includes radio
waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma ray.
Now let’s strengthen your concepts regarding the different EM waves by comparing their
relative wavelengths and frequencies. And as you move along, discover some characteristics of
EM waves. So if you’re ready to ride the waves, answer the following enrichment activities and
dive into the world of EM waves.

Enrichment Activity 1
Wavelength is the distance between crest to crest or trough to trough. EM waves are
bounded at different ranges. Meaning each type of EM waves has upper and lower limits on the
spectrum. Using Figure 1, determine the wavelength ranges of each of the forms of
electromagnetic waves. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and answer the given table on page
13. Afterwards answer the questions that follow.
Q1. Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which electromagnetic wave has the shortest wavelength?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. Observe what happens to the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves as they
progress (goes rightward from the figure). Does the wavelength of the EM waves
increase or decrease as we go from radio wave to gamma ray?
_____________________________________________________________________________

Assessment 1
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of your choice. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
1. This type of wave was discovered by famous astronomer Sir Frederick William Herschel and
has a range of 7x10-7 m – 1x10-3 m.
a. infrared b. microwave c. radio wave d. visible light
2. Which of the following electromagnetic waves has the least wavelength range?
a. infrared (7x10-7 m – 1x10-3 m) b. x-ray (1 x10-11 m – 1 x10-8 m)
c. visible light (6.22 x10-7 m – 4.55 x10-7 m) d. ultraviolet (1x10-8 m – 4x10-7 m)
3. Which among the following EM waves has the longest wavelength?
a. infrared b. ultraviolet c. visible light d. x-ray
4. Which electromagnetic wave can travel the farthest distances because it has a wavelength
range of greater than 1x10-1 m?
a. gamma ray b. microwave c. radio wave d. x-ray
5. The wavelength of microwaves ranges from 1x10-1 m to 1x10-3 m. Which of the following has
size comparable to the wavelength of microwave?
a. Bacteria b. Coin c. Human d. Pin

Enrichment Activity 2
Next up, let us compare the frequencies of different EM waves. Copy and answer the table
on page 16, refer to Figure 2, then answer the questions that follow. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answer.
Q1. Which among the EM waves has the highest frequency?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which among the EM waves has the lowest frequency?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q3. The energy of an EM wave also depends on its frequency, which means waves with higher
frequency has higher energy too. Which among the EM waves has the highest energy?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q4. Which among the EM waves has the lowest energy?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q5. What happens to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves as it progresses? Does the
frequency of the EM waves increase or decrease as we go from radio wave to gamma ray?
_____________________________________________________________________________

Assessment 2
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of your choice. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your answers.
1.What is the frequency range of infrared radiation?
a. 3x109 Hz – 3x1011 Hz c. 3 x1014 Hz – 3 x1015 Hz
b. 3x1011 Hz – 4x1014 Hz d. 3 x1016 Hz – 3 x1019 Hz
2.A visible light has a frequency of 6.3 x1014 Hz. What is the color of light?
a. blue c. red
b. green d. yellow
3.Which among the following EM waves has the HIGHEST frequency among
others?
 a. infrared c. ultraviolet
b. microwave d. x-ray
4. Which of the following EM waves has the LEAST amount of energy?
a. gamma ray c. radio wave
b. microwave d. x-ray
5.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Gamma ray has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
b. Gamma ray has the highest frequency but has the least energy.
c. Radio wave has the highest frequency and the highest energy.
d. Radio wave has the lowest frequency but has the highest energy.

Enrichment Activity 3
Now that you are already familiar with the wavelength and frequency of EM waves, on a
separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the table below. Identify what happens to the
wavelength, frequency and energy of the EM waves following the direction of the arrows. You may
answer INCREASING or DECREASING inside the arrows.

Assessment 3
Directions: Read each item carefully. Pick out the correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper
for your answers.
1. Which has shorter wavelength?
X-Rays or Gamma rays
2. Which has higher frequency?
Visible light or Ultraviolet
3. Which has more energy?
Radio waves or Infrared
4. Which has longer wavelength on visible light?
Green Light or Blue Light
5. Which has lesser frequency?
Microwave or Gamma ray

What I Have Learned

At this point, let’s sum up what you have learned. Pick out the word that will make the
statements correct. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of 1. (electromagnetic waves, ultraviolet
radiation), which are waves that are created with changing electric field and 2. (electric charge,
magnetic field). EM waves travel on 3. (air, vacuum) at a constant speed of 4. (3 x108 m/s, 8 x103
m/s).
The electromagnetic spectrum is arranged in a manner of 5. (decreasing, increasing)
wavelength, 6. (decreasing, increasing) frequency and 7. (decreasing, increasing) energy. 8.
(Gamma ray, Radio wave) has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency and lowest energy
among all EM waves. The 9. (radio wave, visible light) is the only EM wave that can be seen by
our naked
eye, whereas 10. (red, violet) has the longest wavelength and 11. (red, violet) has the greatest
frequency. On the other hand, 12. (gamma ray, radio wave) has the shortest wavelength and
highest frequency; which carries the highest 13. (energy, wavelength) among all EM waves.
Therefore 14. (gamma ray, radio wave) has the lowest ionizing radiation, while 15. (gamma ray,
radio wave) has
the highest ionizing radiation.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 2

For sure you are now acquainted with the different electromagnetic waves. It’s your turn to
make your own chart about electromagnetic waves. Make a chart of electromagnetic waves
showing the comparison of its size. Cut out pictures of objects or look for things that may
represent the size of each electromagnetic wave. On a separate sheet of paper, paste the pictures
you have found and arrange them according to the arrangement of EM waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Rubric
You will be rated by your teacher according to the following criteria:
Accuracy of Information 5 points
Neatness of Work 5 points
Appropriateness of Materials 5 points
TOTAL 15 points

MODULE 2: Practical Applications and Effects of Electromagnetic Waves

At the end of this module you will be able to:
1. cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves, such as
the use of radio waves in telecommunication (S10FE-IIcd-48);
2. explain the effects of electromagnetic radiation on living things and the environment
(S10FE-IIe-f-49).
Practical Applications and Effects of Electromagnetic Waves
What’s New
Directions: Look for the name of devices hidden in the puzzle below. The words may be
placed vertically, horizontally, diagonally, or even backwards. Write ten (10) terms you found in the
word box below.
WHAT’S IN
Study the tables below. Electromagnetic waves have practical applications which depend
greatly on their wavelength, frequency, and energy. Continue reading and you will know more
about them.
Effects of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation on Living Things and the Environment
From the practical applications of EM waves discussed above, we can conclude that these
waves are significant to us. But, even essential forms of radiations can be harmful in excessive
amount.
The effect of EM radiation on organisms and environment depends on how much energy it
carries. Radiation can be non-ionizing and ionizing. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough
energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible
light and ultraviolet are nonionizing radiation. We are exposed to low levels of non-ionizing
radiation every day.
When the exposure is intense and direct, it may result in damage to tissue due to heat. Right
amount of non-ionizing radiation like UV rays maintain the proper mechanism of ecosystem.
High-energy EM waves like x-rays and gamma rays are considered as ionizing radiation.
Like the non-ionizing radiation, we are also exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation that comes
from the atmosphere. This means that the usual amount of ionizing radiation from natural sources
absorbed by our bodies is small. Our main exposure to ionizing radiation comes from manmade
sources through the use of diagnostic medical exams. Excessive exposure to these radiations can
alter molecules within the cells and may cause eventual harm such as skin or tissue
damage, cancer and death.
When handled improperly, radioactive pollution may occur, where the air, soil and water will
be contaminated. This pollution may eventually make its way up to the food chain where all forms
of life may be affected.
Assessment 1
Directions: Unscramble the letters to form the correct words and write the
appropriate word to complete the statements below on a separate sheet.
1. EM wave that can be seen by human eye is the _____. ISVIELB HGLIT
2. _______ is the only source of natural white light. UNS
3. Rainbow is formed when light _______ at different angles. FRRETACS
4. _______ is one of the artificial lights we use at night. LBUB
5. In a rainbow, the color that bends the most is ______. IVLTOE

Assessment 2
Directions: Write ULTRA if the statement is correct, and VIOLET if not. If the
statement is incorrect, state reason or appropriately correct the statement.
_________ 1. Too much exposure to UV rays may increase the risk for skin cancer and cataracts.
_________ 2. Sunscreens protect our skin so we can stay under the sun all day.
_________ 3. The higher the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in a sunscreen, the higher the
protection.
_________ 4. Sunglasses have UV coating that help block harmful rays from the sun.
_________ 5. It is good to avoid the sun entirely.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 3: Post the Risk

Directions: Using a letter-size bond paper, make a poster on the risks of long exposure to the
different forms of Electromagnetic waves in living things. The rubric below will be used to grade
your work.

What I Have Learned

Let’s sum up what you have learned. Choose the correct term from the enclosed choices
that should go into the blank spaces. Radio/television signals, GPS and MRI are practical
applications of (1) __________________ (radio wave/microwave). Satellite communication,
cooking, terrestrial communication, and RADAR make use of (2) ________________
(infrared/microwave). Remote controls, thermal imaging and night vision goggles are practical
applications of (3) ________________ (infrared/ultraviolet). You can see things around you
because of (4) __________________ (gamma rays/visible light) which is also used in optical
fibers, artificial lights and screens of electronic devices. Vitamin D is produced from (5)
______________ (ultraviolet /microwave), which is also used for security markings and
sterilization of water in drinking fountains. In diagnosing bone fractures, we use (6)
______________________ (gamma rays/X-rays).
(7) __________________ (long wavelength X-ray)/short wavelength X-ray)) is a type of x-ray that
can penetrate the flesh while (8) __________________ (long wavelength X-ray)/short wavelength
X-ray)) can penetrate through metals. Treating tumors and cancer through the process called
radiotherapy and sterilizing medical equipment are practical applications of (9) _______________
(gamma rays/ultraviolet). The effect of Electromagnetic waves on organisms and environment
depends on how much (10) ______________ (wavelength, energy) it carries.

MODULE 3: Qualitative Characteristics of Images

In this module, the learners should be able to:
1. predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of images
formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses (S10FE-IIg-50); and
2. apply ray diagramming techniques in describing the characteristics and position of images
formed by mirrors and lenses.

Reflection of Light in Mirrors

The laws of reflection state that:
1. the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the reflecting surface all lie in the
same plane; and
2. the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Reflection in Plane Mirror

When light hits an object, every part of that object reflects light in all direction. Some of the
reflected light reaches our eyes. Thus, we can see an object. Types of Reflection of Light (a)
Mountains and its reflection on calm water (b) Mountains and its reflection on wavy water. The
phenomenon by which a ray of light changes the direction of propagation when it strikes a
boundary between different media through which it cannot pass is described as the reflection of
light.
If the bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light rays reflect and
remain concentrated in a bundle upon leaving the surface. On the other hand, if the surface is
microscopically rough, the light rays will reflect and diffuse in many different directions.

Characteristics of images formed by a plane mirror:

1. Image is virtual;
2. Same size as the object;
3. Same orientation as the object; and
4. Same distance from the mirror as the object.
Types of Reflection of Light
a. Specular/Regular reflection. It is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a
definite angle.
b. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. It is produced by rough surfaces that tend to reflect light in
all directions.
The phenomenon by which a ray of light changes the direction of propagation when it strikes
a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass is described as the reflection of
light.
If the bundle of light rays is incident upon a smooth surface, then the light rays reflect and
remain concentrated in a bundle upon leaving the surface. On the other hand, if the surface is
microscopically rough, the light rays will reflect and diffuse in many different directions.

Mirror Left-Right Reversal

If you view an image of yourself in a plane mirror (perhaps a
bathroom mirror), you will quickly notice that there is an
apparent left-right reversal of the image. That is, if you raise
your left hand, you will notice that the image raises what would
seem to be its right hand. If you raise your right hand, the image
raises what would seem to be its left hand. This is often termed
left-right reversal.

The letters in front of the ambulance are written laterally. This is because when seen in rear
view mirror by another vehicle, the image of the word would get inverted, letting the driver read the
word properly so that he can provide way to the ambulance.

Reflection on Spherical Mirrors

Most curved mirrors are called spherical mirrors because their shape follows the surface of a
sphere.

Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:

1. The Concave Mirror
 It reflects light inward to one focal point. It is used to focus light.
 Also known as converging mirror has a reflecting surface that is
recessed inward (away from the incident light).
 2. The Convex Mirror
 Also known diverging mirror is a curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light source.
 Convex mirrors reflect light outwards; therefore they are not used to
focus light.

There are two types of images formed by reflecting surfaces.

Ray Diagram and Image Formation by Plane Mirror

A plane mirror makes an image of objects in front of the mirror; the image appears to be
behind the plane in which the mirror lies. An image is formed by reflection when two or more
reflected rays of a point meet at a single point. The image is formed at the point of intersection of
the reflected rays.

Images Formed by Curved Mirrors

In locating the image formed in curved mirror graphically, six important points are
considered. The following important points are enumerated below.
 Since the focal point is the midpoint of the line segment adjoining the vertex and the center
of curvature, the focal length would be one-half the radius of curvature.
Enrichment Activity 1 “Multiple Reflection”
A mirror reflects everything in front of it including another mirror. If you place two mirrors at
an angle, you increase the number of reflected images you can see. Depending on the angle you
choose, you can see a number of unbroken reflections and one or more composite or partial
reflections. What would you think would happen if an object was reflected by plane mirrors three
times? Four times? Five times.
What you need:
 Science notebook or answer sheet
 A pencil or some other object, such as a pen, one peso coin or paper clip
 2 plane mirrors
 Paper
 Protractor
What you have to do:
1. Take two plane mirrors and place them together with the shiny sides facing one another.
Tape them along the side to form a hinged door.
2. Take a piece of paper or cardboard. Using a protractor, measure and mark angles (by
drawing a line) of 180°, 120°, 90°, 60°, 45°
3. Place the hinged mirrors at each of these angles and put an object (it could be a coin, a
pencil, an eraser, or some other item you may have at your desk) between them as close to the
mirrors as possible.
4. Count the number of images you see and record your observations in the observation
table.
5. When you are finished, answer the following questions in your worksheet.

Assessment 1
Direction: Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Observation Table
2. What happened to the number of images you saw as you changed the angle from 600 to 450
between the mirrors?
A. as angle decreased, more reflections will occur
B. as angle decreased, fewer reflections will occur
3. What happened to the number of images you saw as you changed the angle from 90° degrees
to 120°?
A. as angle decreased, more reflections will occur
B. as angle decreased, fewer reflections will occur
4. Can you now make a statement about how the angles between the
mirrors determine the number of images that will be produced?
A. N = (360/angle between the mirror) -1
B. N = (360/angle between the mirror) +1

“Mirror Left-Right Reversal”

1. Stand in front of a plane mirror.
2. Raise your left hand.

Assessment 2
Direction: Answer the following questions on your answer sheet.
1. Is your image exactly the same size as you are?
A. image is exactly the same B. image is virtual
2. What hand does your image raise?
A. right hand B. left hand
3. Is your image erect or inverted? Is it real or virtual?
B. inverted, real B. erect, virtual

Enrichment Activity 3 “Image Formed by Curved Mirrors”

1. Get a spoon. This can serve as your mirror.
2. Look at the concave surface of the spoon. Place the mirror vey
near your face.
3. Bring the spoon on arm length distance away from you.
4. Look now at the convex surface of the spoon. Observe your
image as you bring the spoon farther form you.

Assessment 3
Directions: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet.
1. Describe your image as you look at your face on the concave surface of the spoon.
A. erect, virtual B. inverted, real
2. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm length distance away from you using the
concave surface of the spoon.
A. appear as real image B. appear as virtual image
3. Describe your image as you look at your face on the convex surface of the spoon.
A. erect, virtual B. inverted, real
4. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm length distance away from you using the
convex surface of the mirror.
A. appear as real B. appear as virtual

Assessment 4 “The L-O-S-T Art of Image Description in Spherical Mirrors”

The following figures below show the ray diagrams for the formation of image by a concave
and convex mirror for various positions of the object. Use a Table below to summarize the
characteristics and location of the images formed. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
What I Have Learned
Great job! You are almost done with this module. Let’s summarize what you have learned
from the lesson and activities by answering the following in a separate sheet.
A. Below are the qualitative characteristics of images. Determine whether it is REAL or
VIRTUAL type of images:
1. ________ is upright.
2. ________ is inverted.
3. ________ is behind the mirror.
4. ________ is formed by convex mirror.
5. ________ can be projected onto a screen.
6. ________ is inverted with the respect to the object.
7. ________ is on the same side of the mirror as object.
8. ________ rays of light do not actually pass through the image.
9. ________ can be larger, smaller, or the same size as the object.
10. ________ rays of light actually converge and pass through the image.

B. Identify whether the following is PLANE, CONCAVE or a CONVEX MIRROR.

1. ________ forms images that are either behind the mirror or on the
same side as the object.
2. ________ forms images that are always the same distance from the
mirror as the object.
3. ________ forms images that are either smaller/same size/larger
than the object.
4. ________ forms images that are the same size as the object only.
5. ________ forms images that have left to right reversal.
6. ________ forms images that are either real or virtual.
7. ________ forms images that are upright or inverted.
8. ________ forms images that are behind the mirror.
9. ________ forms images that are always reduced.
10. ________ forms images that are always upright.
11. ________ forms images that are only virtual.
12. ________ forms real or virtual images.
13. ________ forms only virtual images.
14. ________ is flat, smooth mirror.
15. ________ is a curved mirror.

C. Identify whether the following is CONCAVE or a CONVEX LENS

1. In the _________, the curve faces inward.
2. In the _________, the curve faces outward.
3. _________ is a diverging lens that spreads out the light.
4. _________ is thicker at the center, as compared to its edges.
5. _________ is thinner at the center, as compared to its edges.
6. _________ is use for correction of nearsightedness or myopia.
 7. _________ is use for correction of farsightedness or hyperopia.
8. _________ is a converging lens which converges the refracted rays.
9. _________ is called negative lens because of its negative focal length nature.
10. _________ is called positive lens because of its positive focal length nature.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 4: Think whether the given objects below act as a CONCAVE or
CONVEX.

MODULE 4: Uses of Mirrors and Lenses

At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in optical
instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars); S10FEIIh52
2. determine how the location of the object from the lenses/mirrors affect the image formed.
LESSON 1: Uses of Mirrors
What’s New
Have you checked yourself in the mirror today? Try to do this activity to reveal a message
that is specially sent for you.
You’ve Got a Message in a Mirror!
What you need: Pen, Science Activity Notebook and Mirror
What you have to do:
1. Read the flipped words below by facing the text box in front of a mirror.

2. Write the message you deciphered on your notebook

3. Now, look at the mirror and read it loud and with confidence.

What is It
Did the activity brighten up your day? In the previous modules
you learned about the nature of images formed by different types of
mirrors and lenses. One of the properties of images formed by a
mirror that you learned in the preceding module is called the lateral
inversion, wherein your right becomes your left and your left
becomes your right. What you did in the activity is a
demonstration of this property of the image formed in a plane mirror.
Maybe along the way to school, you happened to see an ambulance rushing its way to the
hospital, have you noticed that the word AMBULANCE is written in reverse? Why do you think is
this so?
Let’s have a little recall of what a mirror is. Technically, a mirror is a reflective surface, made
of glass coated with metals, which bounces off light that strikes its surface and form a visual
representation or projection of an object called image.
Questions like: How do images form in a mirror? How is one able to see his or her image in
the mirror? What makes up a mirror? These were the queries you asked before going through the
modules about Mirrors and Lenses, but surely these learnings were all made clear in the prior
modules about the said topics.
In the previous modules about mirrors, you found out that mirrors produce different types of
images depending on their shapes. Plane and convex mirrors form images called virtual images,
upright and erect. Other type of image formed by a mirror is called real image; inverted upside
down and larger than the original image.
Concave mirrors can produce both virtual and real images.

Applications of Concave and Convex Mirrors

A mirror is not just flat and plane, a mirror can be curved; convex and concave mirrors.
These mirrors are collectively called spherical mirrors.
Concave mirror, also known as a converging mirror has reflecting surface which collects light
inward and focus them to one focal point, this type of mirror is what the dentist used in magnifying
the area behind your teeth to check on cavities and tooth decay.
For illuminating purposes, you can see concave mirrors used in headlamps, flashlights and
spotlights. In these devices, the light rays that gathered from a small source of the mirror are
collected and directed outward in a beam. Small light source bounded by a concave mirror flashes
a brighter beam.
Convex mirror, also known as diverging mirror, is another type of spherical mirror which has
the outer bulging surface that reflects light instead of the inner one. It has a wider view field
compared to a concave mirror. This makes bigger objects appear to be smaller than their original
form. A car’s side mirrors enable the driver and its passenger to see the vehicles behind. Also,
while in mall supermarkets and in some convenience stores, you may notice mirrors hanging on
corners from which you can see your reflection and those of other people. These are just some of
the applications of convex mirrors.
A plane mirror produces upright, left-right reversed and virtual image. Concave mirror
produces a magnified image and virtual image, but as you move away from it, image is projected
upside down, called real image. Convex mirror on the other hand gives us the smaller version of
the image, thus allowing us to see wider view field.

Assessment 1
Directions: Identify what is defined in the following statement, you can use the
jumbled letters in each item as a hint. Write your answers on your Science Activity
Notebook.
1. A plane mirror is a flat surface mirror, the image formed by a plane mirror is called
(TULARIV) image.
2. Mirrors arranged parallel to each other can form (ENITFNII) image, a number you can’t
count.
3. A (PEOCSOKAEILD) is a colorful optical instrument in which the mechanism of multiple
image is used.
4. A convex mirror is used in car’s side mirror because it gives (RDWIE) view field than
concave mirrors.
 5. To secure the store from shoplifters, aside from CCTV camera, store owners hang
(RORMIR XNCOEV) on the corner.

LESSON 2: Uses of Lenses

What’s In
In your lessons about the behavior of light in Grade 8, you learned that light is not reflected
when it hits a surface. Light can also bend or refract when travelling from one medium to another.
In this part of the module, let us talk about another object which plays a vital role in the study
of the behavior of light, lenses. Like the mirror, the lens is usually made of glass. The only thing
that makes it different is that the lens can also be made of other transparent materials like plastics
that allow light to pass through, instead of bouncing the light rays off. Lenses come also in two
types, namely: convex (converging) and concave (diverging) lenses. When these lenses are
combined, the produced lens is called meniscus lens. This type has one concave and one convex
lens on opposite sides.

What’s New
On Lenses
The discovery of the uses of lenses has opened a lot of doors for many other discoveries in
the field of Science. It has allowed scientists to explore what’s beyond the Earth and importantly;
through our eyes, which has built-in natural lenses, we are able to enjoy all of these wonderful
things and creations. The prior modules about mirrors and lenses explained the principles behind
how lenses work.
Uses of Convex Lenses
Sometimes called a positive lens, a convex lens is characterized by its bulging surfaces that
is directed outward making it thicker at the center than on its edges. It is also known as converging
lens because as light passes through it, its rays bend inward and converge at a spot located
beyond the lens known as the focal point causing the object behind the lens to magnify or to
appear bigger than its actual size. Image produced by convex lenses can be a virtual or real
image. If both sides of the lens are curved inward, then that type of convex lens is called biconvex
typically seen in magnifying glasses. If only one side of the lens is curved inward and the other
has a flat surface, it is called as plano-convex.

Microscopes
Among the applications in which convex lenses are used is
found in compound microscopes. A microscope is an instrument
that is used in viewing small objects and microorganisms that are
impossible for our unaided eyes to see. It uses lenses that can
magnify objects100x or even more than a thousand times.
Have you tried to view objects using a microscope? What
object did you view under it?
There are many types of microscopes, among this is the
most commonly used in school laboratories; light microscope.
This type of microscope uses at least two convex lenses, one on
the eyepiece near the observer’s eye and the other one is the objective lens located near the
object being observed.

CAMERA LENSES

As illustrated in Figure 9.1, DSLR camera uses convex lenses where light rays pass
through. These light rays are directed towards the slanted mirror located near the camera shutter,
and then reflected from a translucent screen projected to another mirror until it reaches the
viewer’s eye.
Through this, the photographer will be able to see what he is capturing. The image formed
by the passing of light rays, from the object through the lens directing to the film of the camera, is
affected by the angle of the light entry. The closer the lens to the object, the farther the beams
converge. The farther the object from the lens, the shorter the distance the light beams converge.
That is how the camera works. Though it seems complicated, the entire process is just seconds-
long.

The Human Eye is a Natural Camera

Our eyes are our natural cameras. Some of the basic and fundamental parts of a camera
functions just like how the different parts of our eyes work. Among these are the lens, the
aperture, iris diaphragm, shutter, and photographic film.
The lens, just like the cornea of our eyes gathers and bends light rays inwardly to the
camera. The iris diaphragm controls the size of the aperture (opening) to regulate the light that
enters. This duo resembles the iris and the pupil of our eyes. The shutter opens and shuts the
aperture to avoid too much light exposure thus helping the photographic film capture a beautiful
image similar to the work done by the eyelids and the retina.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 5: Make your own Pinhole Camera!

Improvise or build your own pinhole camera. A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a
lens but with a tiny aperture —effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from
a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the
box, which is known as the camera obscura effect.
RUBRIC
Creativity 50%
Functionality 50%
Total 100%

Concave Lens
Contrary to concave lens, convex lens has thicker edges curving towards the center,
causing light to diverge, hence it is called as the diverging lens. It spreads out light, producing
virtual image, making object to appear smaller and farther than the way it actually is. Although
convex lenses can magnify object, it still cannot transfer light accurately that’s why an object
would appear blurry, so makers of binoculars and telescopes add concave lens to these
instruments in order to focus objects that are too far for our eyes to see.
Concave Lenses and Myopia (nearsightedness) Correction
Concave lenses, such as eyeglasses and contact lenses are used in correcting myopia
(nearsightedness). Myopia is a condition in which light rays focus in front of the eye’s retina
instead of, on the retina. The result of this condition is a makes distant object to appear blurry,
while near objects appear normal.

Meniscus Lenses and Hyperopia (farsightedness) Correction

Hyperopia is the eye condition that enables someone to see distant object clearly but makes
nearby object seem blurry. This condition is due to the inability one’s eyes to focus on objects
closer to the eyes. A person with hyperopia has a shortened eyeball, in which the retina lies closer
than usual to the cornea and lens. This disorder leads to the formation of the image nearby object
to form beyond retina. Hyperopia is the opposite of myopia, another vision problem that needs
correction. To correct hyperopia, converging meniscus converging lens is used. The converging
meniscus lens
converge light before it enters the eye eventually reducing the image distance.
Assessment 2
Directions: Complete each sentence below by choosing the correct word/words inside the
parentheses. Write your answer on your Science activity notebook.
1. Rita, a Medicine student, wanted to examine the differences between animal and plant
cell. Her observation will be made better with the use of _________. (magnifying glass,
microscope).
2. When you hold a convex lens farther from you to see objects afar, the image that you see
is (smaller and upside down, bigger and upright).
3. Lenses of our eyes are (convex, concave).
4. When you hold a concave lens further from you to see objects afar. The image that you
see is (smaller and upright, bigger and upside down).
5. Meniscus lens is used in correcting (myopia, hyperopia).

What I Have Learned

Read: Now let us summarize what we have discussed in this module, complete the synopsis
below, by filling up the blank spaces with the appropriate word/words. You may choose the words
from the textbox provided. Word/words can be used more than once, so don’t hesitate to use the
word/s that you have used already.
Mirror and lenses are the tools used in studying the two main behavior of light:
(1) _________________ or the bending of light and (2) __________________ the bouncing off of
light.
Mirrors come in different types. The first one is the (3) _________________, a type of mirror
with a flat surface, it produces an image flipped vertically, this is known as (4) ____________.
When mirrors are placed next to each other at a certain angle it can create more than one images,
known as (5) ________________. When mirrors are placed in (6) ______________ position,
facing each other, an infinite number of images is produced. The spherical mirrors come in two:
(7) ______________ or the converging mirror and (8) _________________ the diverging mirror.
These mirrors also function differently. A mirror which provides wider view field making
distant objects appear smaller is (9) __________________. If you want to increase the beam that
a certain source of light is radiating, you must enclose it in a (10) ______________. Dentists also
use this kind of mirror because it can magnify the teeth they are checking on, and this makes
easier for them to find the hidden cavity.
Now let us go to lenses.
Like mirror, lenses also come in either convex lens, known as (11)____________ and
concave lens, which is also called (12) ________________. These lenses are also useful to man,
like how a mirror is. To see minute or tiny microorganisms, Scientists use (13) ____________
which has (14) _____________.
To correct a visual problem known as myopia, An eye expert known as Optometrist would
prescribe a myopic person to wear eye glasses with (15) ___________, while for the person who
sees better in a far distance, or the farsighted, a pair of eyeglasses with (16)
__________________ is used.
In our body, we do also have a natural camera with built in lenses; these are our (17)
___________. It enables us to see the world around us because it has an opening that resembles
the aperture of a camera. Natural shutters are like our (18) _____________, that opens and shuts.
The (19) ________________controls the light that enters our eyes and the photographic film is
like our (20) ____________, recording and capturing the beautiful views around us.

MODULE 5: Simple Electric Motor and Generator

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator. (S10FE-IIj-54)

Simple Electric Motor and Generator

Have fun in learning Simple Electric Motor and Generator…You have probably experienced
when at one moment you’re watching your favorite program on TV and on the next minute you’re
groping in the dark because of power interruption. At such time, you may have wished you had a
candle or a flashlight so that you could see in the dark. How can you make a steady flow of
electricity?
What is a generator?
 A generator converts Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy.
 It produces an electric current when a coil of wire is wrapped around an iron core and
rotated near a magnet.
How does a generator work?
 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an
external source into electrical energy as the output.

Principle of Electromagnetic Induction in Generator

 Modern generators can be attributed to Michael Faraday’s principle of
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. Faraday discovered that when a conductor moves in a
magnetic field, electrical charges could be created and directed to create a flow of current.
 At its most basic, an electrical generator is nothing more than an electromagnet – moving
wire near a magnet to direct the flow of electricity. It’s similar to how a pump pushes water through
a pipe.
 It is important to understand that a generator does not actually “create” electrical energy.
Instead, it uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges
present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit.
 This flow of electric charges constitutes the output electric current supplied by the
generator. This mechanism can be understood by considering the generator to be similar to a
water pump, which causes the flow of water but does not actually create the water flowing through
it.

How water, wind, and steam make electricity through generator?

1. Water – Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine
converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts
the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
2. Wind - The wind turns the blades of the windmill, known as the turbine, which, in turn, spins the
shaft that turns the coil inside the magnet, known as the generator, and it produces the electricity.
3. Fossil Fuel/Steam/Heat - Oil is burned to heat water which makes steam. Steam moves the
turbine blades that turn a shaft inside the generator. The shaft spins the coil of wire inside a
magnet in the generator that produces a current of electricity.

What are the main components of a DC generator?

A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct
current electricity.
1. Stator - The main function of the stator is to provide magnetic
fields where the coil spins. A stator includes two magnets with
opposite polarity facing each other. These magnets are located to
fit in the region of the rotor.
2. Rotor - A rotor in a DC machine includes slotted iron
laminations with slots that are stacked to shape a cylindrical
armature core. The function of the lamination is to decrease the
loss caused due to “Eddy Current”.
3. Commutator - A commutator works like a rectifier that changes
AC voltage to DC voltage within the armature winding. It is
designed with a copper segment, and each copper segment is
protected from each other with the help of mica sheets. It is
located on the shaft of the machine.
4. Brushes – The Brushes are in constant contact with the commutator and are attached to the
wires leading from the generator. The commutator spins while the brushes remain stationary,
transferring current from the commutator.
5. Shaft – The shaft transfers mechanical energy to the generator and turns the coil through the
magnetic field. The shaft may be turned by a turbine that operates with water, steam or air, or by
other means.

Difference between the AC Generator and the DC Generator

 AC generator produces AC electrical power whereas DC generator produces DC electrical
power
 In DC generator the current flows in one direction whereas in the AC generators current
reverses periodically.
 In DC generator split rings are used they wear out quickly in AC generator slip rings are
used, so they have high efficiency.
 AC generators are used for small domestic applications whereas DC generators used to
power large motors.

What are the top Uses of Generator?

 Back -Up power for your house
 Stand-by power for businesses
 Temporary power in a construction site
 Permanent power to a farm
 Helping main source of electricity to supply the total power required
 Pop concerts, events, and exhibitions
 Caravans/Camping in remote locations Outdoor catering facilities

ELECTRIC MOTOR
Anything that changes electricity into motion, meaning electrical energy into mechanical
energy is called an electric motor.
Basic Principles
Danish physicist HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED began a new scientific era when he
discovered
that electricity and magnetism are linked. He showed by experiment that an electric current flowing
through a wire could move a nearby magnet.
The discovery of ELECTROMAGNETISM set the stage for the eventual development of our
modern technology-based world.

How do Electric Motors work?

Motors work through the principles of ELECTROMAGNETISM. If you run electricity through
a wire, it creates a magnetic field. If you coil the wire around a rod and run electricity through the
wire, it creates a magnetic field around the rod. One end of the rod will have a north magnetic pole
and the other will have a south pole. Opposite poles attract one another, like poles repel. When
you surround that rod with other magnets, the rod will rotate from the attractive and repulsive
forces.

What are the parts of an electric motor?

Electric motor designs can vary quite a lot, though in general they have three main parts: a
rotor, a stator and a commutator. These three parts use the attractive and repulsive forces of
electromagnetism, causing the motor to spin continually as long as it receives a steady flow of
electric current.
A. THE STATOR
Every electric motor has two essential parts; one stationary, and one that rotates. The
stationary part is the stator. Though configurations vary, the stator is most often a permanent
magnet or row of magnets lining the edge of the motor casing, which is usually a round plastic
drum.
B. THE ROTOR
Inserted into the stator is the rotor, usually consisting of copper wire wound into a coil
around an axle. When electric current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field pushes
against the field created by the stator, and makes the axle spin
C. THE COMMUTATOR
1. BASICS – An electric motor has another important component, the commutator, which sits at
one end of the coil. It is a metal ring divided into two halves. It reverses the electrical current in the
coil each time the coil rotates half a turn. The commutator periodically reverses the current
between the rotor and the external circuit, or the battery. This ensures that the ends of coils do not
move in opposite directions, and ensures that the axle spins in one direction.
2. MAGNETIC POLES – BRUSHES AND TERMINALS. At one end of the motor are the brushes
and the terminals. They are at the opposite end from where the rotor exits the motor casing. The
brushes send electrical current to the commutator and are typically made of graphite. The
terminals are the locations where the battery attaches to the motor and sends the currents to spin
the rotor.

Difference between the AC Motor and the DC Motor

In the AC Motor, the source of power is AC mains supply whereas in DC motor power is
obtained from batteries.
In AC motors no commutators and brushes are used whereas in DC motors these play an
important part in their operation.
In AC motors the armature is stationary and the magnetic field rotates whereas in DC motors
it is vice versa.
 AC motors are suitable for large industrial applications whereas DC motors are suitable for
domestic applications.

APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTOR

Electric motors are extremely important in modern-day life. They are used in food
processors, vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, computer printers, fax machines, video recorders,
machine tools, printing presses, automobiles, subway systems, sewage treatment plants, and
water pumping stations, to mention only a few applications.

Comparison of Motor and Generator

A motor and generator perform opposite functions, but their fundamental structure is the
same. Their structure is a “coil mounted on an axle within a magnetic field”. An electric motor is
used to produce rotational motion from electrical supply. In a motor, an electric current is passed
through the coil. The coil then creates a magnetic field that interacts with the already existing
magnetic field.
This interaction forces the coil to rotate. For a motor, the input energy is electrical energy
and the useful output energy is mechanical energy.
The generator is used to produce an electric current from rotational motion (on large scale
power stations a “turbine” is used to provide this rotation). In a generator, the rotation causes the
coil to rotate inside the magnetic field. This induces an alternating current in the coil. For generator
the input energy is mechanical energy and the useful output energy is electrical energy.
In power stations, it is usually the magnet which is attached to the axel and rotates with the
coils surrounding the magnet. However, the end result is the same. The motor and the generator
are almost similar from the construction point of view, as both have stator and rotor.
The differences between Motor and Generator are as follows:
 The motor converts electric energy into mechanical energy, whereas, generator does the
opposite.
 Electricity is used in the motor, but the generator produces the electricity.
 An example of motor is an electric car or bike where electric current is supplied to the
machine or device and it gets converted to mechanical motion and, as a result, the car or bike
moves. The example of generator is that in power stations, the turbine is used as a device which
converts mechanical energy from the force of water falling from the dam to generate electric
energy.

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 6: “Electric Generator”

What you need: (Materials locally available at home or nearby)
small plastic board tin can/soda can led lights
plastic bottle cap motor from a broken toy old CD glue
What you have to do:
A. For the base
 Use a small piece of plastic board, one side is attached with a double-sided sticky tape.
 All other parts will be held to the exposed side of the double-sided sticky tape (use hot
glue for extra strength).
B. Motor Holder
 Use soda can (one side of the can is placed on sticky layer of the tape. To increase the
strength, use hot glue).
C. Light Source
 Use LED panel, having 24 LED lights from a broken lamp.
 LED panel is glued vertically.
 Connections are made from motor to LED panel
 The end of motor shaft should be attached with a plastic bottle cap and hot glued.
D. For the Fly wheel
 Use old CDs, glued together.
 Glue the other side of the cap to this flywheel
 Make a handle for rotating the flywheel.
 Rotate the CD using handle provided until the LED glows.
 If the connection between motor and panel does not work properly then try rotating
counter clockwise.

RUBRIC:
Completeness of the Parts (Simple Generator) - 5 points
Functionality - 5 points
Neatness of work/Durability - 5 points
Total - 15 points

Assessment 1
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A generator is a machine which converts Mechanical Energy into (Chemical, Electrical).
2. Generator (uses, produces) electricity, hence, the glowing of the LED lights when rotation takes
place.
3. The generator is used to produce an electric current from (rotational, diagonal) motion of the CD
with handle.
4. Generator works on (Michael Faraday’s, Christian Oersted’s) Electromagnetic induction.
5. On a large scale power station like the hydroelectric power plant (San Roque Dam) a (propeller,
turbine) is used to provide the rotation.

Assessment 2
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. An electric motor is a machine which converts Electrical Energy into (Mechanical, Potential)
energy.
2. The (battery, wire) supplies the electric current into the coil and it gets converted into motion.
3. (Christian Oersted, Michael Faraday) discovered that a magnetic field was produced by a flow
of electric current.
4. When battery is connected, the coil creates a magnetic field that interacts with the already
existing magnetic field brought about by the (battery, magnet).
5. The interaction of magnetic fields from the battery and magnet forces the coil to (stop, rotate).

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 7: “Comparison of Electric Motor and Generator”

What you need:
Piece of paper and ballpen
What you have to do:
Compare and contrast the Electric Motor and Generator using the Venn diagram. Choose
the answers from the box below.
Assessment 3
Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices in the parenthesis. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Electricity is produced in the (motor, generator).
2. Electric bike, where electric current is supplied to the machine as a result of a movement, is an
example of (motor, generator)
3. The generator transforms mechanical into (radiant, electrical) energy, whereas electric motor
does the opposite.
4. Both motor and generator have stator and (commutator, winding poles).
5. The motor converts electrical energy into (mechanical, chemical) energy, whereas generator
does the opposite.

What I Have Learned

Excellent job! You are almost done with the module. Let’s summarize what you have learned
from the lesson and activities by answering the following questions. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the similarities and differences between electric motor and generator?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does electric motor and generator work?
______________________________________________________________________________