- the co-domain is {2, 4, 6} = the elements of the set

THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS B or second set

What is a RELATION To define the relation, we may define it:
- Let A and B be sets (x, y) ∈ R means that y is divisible by x

- a relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B that

satisfies a relationship.  ARROW DIAGRAM of a Relation
- Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B
- Given an ordered pair (x, y) in A x B - Need to consider 2 regions A and B
x is related to y by R = xRy
iff (if and only if) the ordered pair (x, y) is in R R
A B
- If an ordered pair (x, y) in A x B is not in the
relation R Elements Elements
we say that x is not related to y by R = x y of A of B
x y
 COMPONENTS OF RELATION
- Domain of R = The set of first elements (set A)
- Range of R = The set of the second elements
Iff xRy = x is related to y or the ordered pairs (x, y) is
(set B)
an element of R
- Co-domain of R = Set B
R
*the range of R is a subset of the co-domain of R A B
Example:
Co-domain
Let A = {2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6}
Domain
A x B = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6)} Range
and the subset of A x B is:

R = {(2, 2), (2,4), (2,6), (3,6)} Ung mga pwedeng A subset of the co-domain is called
idivide Range
2R2 because (2, 2) ∈ R
Range of R ⊆ B
3R6 because (3, 6) ∈ R
So that means, the co-domain can be the
3 2 because (3, 2) ∉ R
range itself
4 3 because (4, 3) ∉ R Example:

Components of relation: Let C = {2, 3, 4} and D = {2, 4, 7}

- the domain of R is the set containing {2, 3} = these Define the relations P and Q as follows:
are the first element of the given set for all (x, y) ∈ C x D,
- the range of R is {2, 4, 6} = the second elements of (x, y) ∈ P means that x ≤ y and Q = {(3, 2), (3, 7)}
the given sets
 Relation P
P Condition: x ≤ y
C D 2. Write the domain, range and co-domain of S
Will have to draw Domain of S: E = {-3, 0, 3}
2 2 an arrow which Range of S: F = {3, 6, 9}
3 4 will satisfy the Co-domain of S: F = {3, 6, 9}
condition
4 7
3. a. Is -3S3? Yes
b. Is 3S6? No
c. Is (o, 6) ∈ S? Yes
2 ≤ 2, 2 ≤ 4, 2 ≤ 7 d. Is (-3, 9) ∈ S? Yes
3 ≤ 4, 3 ≤ 7
4. Draw an arrow diagram for S.
4 ≤ 4, 4 ≤ 7
S
Relation Q
Condition: E F
Q Q = {(3, 2), (3, 7)}
C D -3 3
0 6
2 2
3 9
3 4
4 7

THE LANGUAGE OF
The Domain of relation P and Q = set C FUNCTIONS
Range and co-domain of P and Q = set D What is a FUNCTIONS

Exercise: - A special type of relation

- A function F from a set A to a set B, denoted by
Let E = {-3, 0, 3} and F = {3, 6, 9}
f (x) and read “f of x”, is a relation with domain A
Define the relation S and E to F as follows: and co-domain B that satisfy the following
properties:
For all (x, y) ∈ E x F,
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y
(x, y) ∈ S means that in B such that (x, y) ∈ F.

1. Write S as a set of ordered pairs Every element of set A is the first element of
an ordered pair of the function F.
S = {(-3, 3), (-3, 9), (0, 6), (3, 3), (3, 9)}
*Lahat ng element sa first element (set A) ay
magagamit mo
Where in:
For (-3, 3) =
2. For all elements x in A, and y and z in B,
And -1 is an integer. Same if (x, y) ∈ F and (x, z) ∈ F, then y = z
goes to the sum of (-3, 9), (0, 6), (3, 3) and (3, 9).
No two distinct ordered pairs in the function
F have the same first element.
 Example no. 3:
*dapat yung first element, isang beses lang
magagamit Let A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}

A x B = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
Determining the ff. whether FUNCTION or NOT
T
Example no. 1:
A B
Let A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}
2 3
A x B = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
4
R = {(2, 4), (3, 3)} 3 5
1st property is satisfied
Lahat ng elements ng set A {2, 3}
nagamit sa relation R T = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)

2nd property is satisfied 1st property is satisfied

Hindi na ulit ung first element or Lahat ng elements ng set A {2, 3}
walang kapareho. nagamit sa relation T

∴ R is a function 2nd property is not satisfied

Therefore R is a function Na ulit ung first element: 2 and 3
T = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)
Example no. 2:
∴ T is not a function
Let A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}

A x B = {(2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
*All functions are relation, but not all relations are
For all (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y) ∈ S functions.
Means that y = x + 3 Exercise 1:
x = {2, 3} and y = {3, 4, 5} Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 8, 9}
If x = 2, then y = 2 + 3 = 5 Determine whether the following relations from A
If x =3, then y = 3 + 3 = 6. But 6 ∉ B. to B is a function or not. If the relation is not a
function, state the property of function being
Hence, 3 cannot be a first element of an ordered violated.
pair in S because 6 is not an element of B.
1. R = {(2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
st
1 property is not satisfied
Hindi lahat ng elements ng set A 1st property is satisfied: all elements in set A
{2, 3} nagamit is present
2nd element is satisfied: walang na-ulit sa first
element
∴ S is not a function ∴ R is a function
2. For all (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y) ∈ S means that x < y Exercise 2:
Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 8, 9}
Let C = {2, 4, 6, 8} and D = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9{
S = {(2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 8), (2, 9), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 8), Determine whether or not the folloeing arrow
(3, 9), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 8), (4, 9)} diagrams illustrate a function from C to D.

2nd property is not satisfied: the first element S

{2, 3, 4) is being repeated.
C D
2 1st property is not
3. For all (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y) ∈ T means that x = 2
satisfied: not all
y -3 4 3
first element is
Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 8, 9} 5
6 present
7 ∴ S is not a function
If y = 5, then x = 5 – 3 = 2 8
9
If y = 6, then x = 6 – 3 =3
If y = 8, then x = 8 – 3 =5 S
If y = 9, then x = 9 – 3 = 6 C D
2 2 1st property is
st
1 property is not satisfied: not all first 3 satisfied: all first
elements are present. 4 element is present
5
6 ∴ S is a function
4. Q = {(2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 8), (2, 5)} 7
8
9
∴ Q is a function
*the repeated (2, 5) is considered as one, it S
will only not be considered if the y is different C D 1st property is not
but the x is the same (ex: (2, 9)) 2 satisfied: not all
2
3 first element is
5. For all (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y) ∈ V means that x 4 present
divides y. 5
6 2nd property is not
Let A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 8, 9} 7 satisfied: the first
8
9 element is repeated
V = {(2, 6), (2, 8), (3, 6), (3, 9), (4, 8)} ∴ S is not a function
2nd property is violated, some of the first
elements where repeated FUNCTION MACHINE
∴ V is not a function
- Another useful way to think of a function
- Function as a machine can be thought of as a
process wherein, we take in an input do
something to it (process) and it puts out an
output
 - In symbol, g: n → n + 1
The domain is the set of inputs Example:
Let g (n) = n +1
g (30) = 30 + 1 = 31

 CONSTANT FUNCTION
- A function from (the set of rational numbers)
q to z (the set of integers) defined by the
The range is the set of outputs formula h (x) = c, c ∈ z Ung sagot diyan is ung
- In symbol, h: x → c mismong given
Example:
Domain: {3, -2, 0.5}
Let h (x) = 8

H (0.27) = 8
f (x) = 2x + 3 Rule of the function

BINARY OPERATION
Range: {9, -1, 4} - Denoted by * (star)
Wherein: - On a non-empty set A is a function mapping from
f (3) = 2(3) + 3 A x A to A.
f (3) = 6 + 3 - A x A → takes two elements (either same or
f (3) = 9 different element) from the same set
- To A → exactly one element from the same set.
f (-2) = 2(-2) + 3 - In symbol, *: A x A → A.
f (-2) = -4 + 3 note: *(star) is a function
f (-2) = -1 note: A x A – the set of all ordered pairs (a 1, a2).
f (0.5) = 2(0.5) + 3 Wherein a1 ∈ A and a2 ∈ A
f (0.5) = 1 + 3
- It is an operation between two elements of a set
f (0.5) = 4
whose domain and co-domain are in the same
set.
- The element of the domain is ordered pairs
FUNCTIONS DEFINED BY FORMULAS
- if a ∈ A and b ∈ A, the binary operation *
 SQUARING FUNCTION
between a and b can be written as a * b
- A function from (a set of real numbers) r to r
(wherein a and b are operands)
defined by the formula f (r) = r2.
- In symbol, f: r → r2
Example: 2 Conditions to determine if it’s a binary operation
Let f (r) = r2,
Note: this condition is just making sure that the
F (-1/2)2 = ¼
binary operation is in fact a function
 SUCCESSOR FUNCTION Condition 1: Exactly one element is assigned to each
- A function from (the set of integers) z to z possible ordered pair of element in A
defined by the formula g (n) = n + 1
- isang sagot or unique ung product (sum)

 Is division a binary operation on the set of

integers?
Condition 2: for each ordered pair of elements of A,
1st condition is satisfied
the element assigned to it is again in A (a, b) → a/b
Meron siyang unique
The element being paired in A x A must be in A answer pag nag divide
- dapat nandoon pa rin sa given set. (a, b) → a/b

For instance: Note: the product of a/b should be an integer

 Addition is a binary operation on the set of example:

integers 2nd condition is not
(8, 5) → 8/5 = 1.6 satisfied: the product
Example:
(a, b) ∈ z x z 1.6 is not an integer is not the same as
the given

(a, b) → a + b
1st condition is satisfied
Meron siyang unique sum Exercise:
Ung magiging sum ng a + b
ay kakaiba Determine whether the ff. functions are binary
operations or not
(a, b) → a + b ∈ z
2nd condition is satisfied 1.Multiplication on z (integers).
(a, b) is an integer so it Binary operation
means a + b is also an
If a ∈ z and b ∈ z,
integer 2.Addition on q (rational numbers)
Then a + b ∈ z
Binary operation
+:zxz→z
*(a, b) = a + b 3.Division on q* (non-zero rational number)
a*b=a+b Binary operation

4.Subtraction on N (natural number)

Example:
Not a binary operation
2*7=2+7=9 Violates condition no. 2

 Is subtraction a binary operation on the set of 5.Multiplication on R- (negative real number)

integers? Not a binary operation
(a, b) → a – b 1st condition is satisfied Violates condition no.2
Meron unique product ung
a-b

(a, b) → a – b ∈ z 2nd condition is satisfied

(a, b) is an integer so it
means a + b is also an
PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS
-:zxz→z integer
*(a, b) = a - b
a*b=a-b
Considered a non-empty set A and a binary the binary operation multiplication • with
operation * on A addition + on r is left distributive since for all a, b,
c, ∈ r we have a • (b + c) = (a • b) + (a • c).
 Closure Property
- The binary operation * on A is said to be closed note:
binary operation on A, iff for all a ∈ A and b ∈ A,
a*b∈A

Example:

Addition on z is closed under the binary

operation *

 Commutative property
- The binary operation * on A is commutative,
if for every a, b ∈ A, a * b = b * a

Example:

Both addition and multiplication are

commutative binary operations on q.

note: if we add or multiply any two rational

numbers, we can add or multiply them without
affecting the sum or the product.

 Associative Property
- The binary operation * on A is associative, if for
every a, b, c ∈ A, (a * b) * c = a * (b * c).

Example:

Both addition and multiplication are associative

binary operations on q

Note: We can add or multiply any rational

numbers in any groupings without affecting the
sum or the product.

 Distributive Property
- The binary operations * and • on A is left
distributive if for
every a, b, c ∈ A, a * (b • c) = (a * b) • (a*c)
and right distributive if for every a, b, c ∈ A,
(b • c) * a = (b * a) • (c * a)

example: