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Topic 1 Electron Theory (25 Slides)

The document discusses electron theory and the structure of matter. It explains that matter is made up of molecules and atoms, which can exist as elements or compounds. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit in shells. The number of electrons and protons determine an atom's charge. Elements have atoms of the same type, while compounds contain two or more different atom types. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are distinguished by their ability to allow electron movement based on their atomic structure and number of valence electrons.

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59 views25 pages

Topic 1 Electron Theory (25 Slides)

The document discusses electron theory and the structure of matter. It explains that matter is made up of molecules and atoms, which can exist as elements or compounds. Atoms contain a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit in shells. The number of electrons and protons determine an atom's charge. Elements have atoms of the same type, while compounds contain two or more different atom types. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are distinguished by their ability to allow electron movement based on their atomic structure and number of valence electrons.

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 25

SUBJECT :

ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTAL 1
(AKD 10102)

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :1


TOPIC 1

ELECTRON THEORY
• Objectives :

– Structure and distribution of electrical charges


within : atom, molecules, ions, compounds.
– Molecular structure of conductors,
semiconductors and insulators
1. Electron Theory

WHAT IS MATTER ?
 Comprised of Molecules and Atoms
 Has weight (mass), occupies space and
attracts other matter with gravity.
 Can exist in solid, liquid and gas
 Made up of ELEMENT and COMPOUND

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :4


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER


MATTER

ELEMENT COMPOUND

A A A A A A
Atom of the same kind Atom of difference kind

ATOM MOLECULE
Page No :5
1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Matter can exists in three forms:


 Solid – rigid and have definite shape and
volume
 Liquid – Have no particular shape but have
volume
 Gas – no fixed shape or volume, can be
compressed to form liquid

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :6


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

DEFINITION:

 Element - a substance contains only one


type of Atom
 Atom - smallest particle of an Element
 Compound - a substance contains two or
more difference kind of Atoms or Element
 Molecule - can consists of more than one
different type of element

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :7


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

WHAT IS IN AN ATOM?

 Size of an atom – 10-8cm


 Electron – rotating around a track
called ORBIT or SHELL
(K,L,M,N,O,P, Q – determine by
Physical Law)
 Nucleus – fixed central dense region,
with proton (positive charge) and
neutron (no charge).

Page No :8
1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

In the following table, the maximum occupancies for shells 1 to 4 are given.
1st shell = K shell with a maximum of 2 electrons
2nd shell = L shell with a maximum of 8 electrons
3rd shell = M shell with a maximum of 18 electrons
4th shell = N shell with a maximum of 32 electrons
The simplest

Formula : 2n2
* n= Valence @ shell number
1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Page No :10
1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

e
e
e Electron – orbiting nucleus
with -ve charge

P e
N N
P Proton – particle in a
P P N nucleus with +ve charge
e N P

N Neutron – non-charged particle in


e the nucleus
e
Nucleus

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :11


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 Electrons travel at the speed of light and is


indicated by Solid Line.
 186,000 miles/second or 299,000 km/sec
 Maximum number of electrons orbiting on
the outermost shell are 8 electrons as
determined by the Law of Quantum
Mechanic.

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :12


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 Valence electrons are electrons that orbit on


the outermost shell of an atom.
 The chemical characteristics or charge of an
atom is based on the numbers of electrons
and protons.
 Positive – more protons
 Negative – more electrons

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :13


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

 The physical property of an atom depends


on the number of protons and neutrons in
an atom.
 An atom would be heavy when it has more
protons and neutrons

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :14


Periodic Table of Element

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :15


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :16


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :17


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

WHAT IS IONS?

 Is a ‘charged atom’
 The atom will be electrically charged in the
results from unbalanced electrostatic
condition.

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :18


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

IONIZATION

 Indicates the state of charge of an atom i.e.


positive charge or negative charge based on
adding or subtracting a valence or free
electrons.

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :19


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :20


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

Ionization of an Atom

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :21


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

CONDUCTORS
 an atomic structure that easily permits
movement of electrons
 The outer shell has fewer than 4 electrons or 1
to 3 valence electrons
 Excellent example of conductors are:
- silver - copper
- gold - aluminum

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :22


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

INSULATORS
 Material which opposes the movement of
electron
 Have between 5 to 8 valence electrons
 Examples are:
- plastic - rubber
- glass - ceramic
- air best insulators: neon / helium

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :23


1. Electron Theory (cont’d)

SEMICONDUCTOR

 Very high resistance to current flow in their


pure state
 Offers very low resistance to current flow
when electrons are added or removed
 Consists of 4 valence electrons
 Examples: - silicon
- germanium

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :24


END OF TOPIC 1

ELECTRON THEORY

Date : 15/06/15 Page No :25

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