CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Class12th

TOPIC:Electrochemical cells
 Certificate

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 Abstract
An electrochemical cell is a device
capable of either deriving electrical
energy from chemical reactions or
facilitating chemical reactions through
the introduction of electrical energy. A
common example of an electrochemical
cell is a standard 1.5-volt "battery".
(Actually a single "Galvanic cell"; a
battery properly consists of multiple
cells, connected in either parallel or
series pattern.)
The lemon battery is similar to the first
electrical battery invented in 1800 by
Alessandro Volta, who used brine (salt
water)insteadoflemonjuice.Thelemon
battery is described in some textbooksin
order to illustrate the type of chemical
reaction (oxidation-reduction) that
occurs in batteries. The zinc and copper
are called the electrodes, and the juice
inside the lemon is called theelectrolyte.
There are many variations of the lemon
cell that use different fruits (or liquids)
as electrolytes and metals other than
zinc and copper as electrodes. Batteries
are used to illustrate the connection
between chemistry and electricityas
well as to deepen the circuit concept for
electricity. The fact that different
chemical elements such as copper and
zinc are used can be placed in thelarger
context that the elements do not
disappear or break down when they
undergo chemical reactions. Batteries
serve to illustrate the principles of
oxidation-reduction reactions.

THEORY
This model of the chemical reactions
makes several predictions that were
examined in experiments published by
Jerry Goodisman in 2001. Goodisman
notes that numerous recent authors
propose chemical reactions for the
lemon battery that involve dissolution of
the copper electrode into theelectrolyte.
Goodisman excludes this reaction as
being inconsistent with the experiments,
and notes that the correct chemistry,
which involves the evolution ofhydrogen
atthecopperelectrode,hasbeenknown
formanyyears. When the electrolyte
was modified by adding zinc sulfate
(ZnSO4), the voltage from the cell was
reduced as predicted using the Nernst
equation for the model. TheNernst
equation essentially says how muchthe
voltage drops as more zinc sulfate is
added. The addition of copper sulfate
(CuSO4) did not affect the voltage. This
result is consistent .When the batteryis
hooked up to an external circuit and a
significant electrical current is flowing,
the zinc electrode loses mass, as
predicted by the zinc oxidation reaction
above. Similarly, hydrogen gas evolves
as bubbles from the copperelectrode.
Finally, the voltage from thecell
depended upon the acidity of the
electrolyte, as measured by its pH;
decreasing acidity (and increasing pH)
causes the voltage to fall. This effect is
also predicted by the Nernst equation;
the particular acid that was used (citric,
hydrochloric, sulfuric, etc.) doesn'taffect
the voltage except through the pHvalue.
TheNernstequationpredictionfailedfor
strongly acid electrolytes (pH < 3.4),
when the zinc electrode dissolves into
the electrolyte even when the battery is
not providing any current to acircuit.
The two oxidation-reduction reactions
listed above only occur whenelectrical
charge can be transported throughthe
external circuit. The additional,open-
circuit reaction can be observed by the
formation of bubbles at the zinc
electrode under open-circuit. This effect
ultimately limited the voltage of the cells
to 1.0 V near room temperature at the
highest levels of acidity.
Energy source The energy comes from
the chemical change in the zinc (orother
metal) when it dissolves into theacid.
Theenergydoesnotcomefromthe
lemon or potato. Thezinc
is oxidized inside the lemon, exchanging
some of its electrons with the acid in
order to reach a lower energy state,and
the energy released provides thepower.
In current practice, zinc is produced
by electron winning of ZnSO4or
pyrometallurgic reduction of zincwith
carbon, which requires an energyinput.
The energy produced in the lemon
battery comes from reversing this
reaction, recovering some of theenergy
input during the zincproduction.
 EXPERIMENTAL WORK
 MATERIALREQUIRED
 DISTILLED WATER, COLDRINK, SALTWATER
 CONNECTINGWIRE
 COPPER AND ZINCSTRIPS
 DIGITALCLOCK

 PROCEDURE
 Assemble a “connection pair” by connecting the
wire carefully thread the wire’s exposed metallic
end through the holes on the plate. Gently twist
wire to secure it to theplate.
 Afterwards,connecttheblackwirefromtheLCD
clock (negative) to one of the zinc plate. Then
connectredwirefromLCDclock(positive)topiece of
copper plate. Now all the components are
connected
 Insertthecopperandzincplatesintosaltwater
such that the metallic strips do not touch each
other.Theclocknowstartstowork.
 Repeat this experiment with distilled water&
coldrink.

OBSERVATION
Assoonasweconnectthewiresandput the
key on electricity generated by the fruitjuice
flows through the clock, making the clock run in
case of salt water and coldrink. The clock does not
work when the rods are immersed in distilled water
as no current flows.

Result/conclusion
The metal strips and liquid make a simplebattery
that creates the electricity to operate theclock.
Salty water and coldrink work as a devicecalled
electrochemical cell. It converts the chemical
energy stored in the metal strips into strips into
electrical energy.
A cell works because of the chemical properties of
themetalsinside(inthiscasethecopperandzinc). The
different properties cause tiny particles charged
with electricity (ions) to move between the two
strips of metal. This flow is an electric current. The
liquid which conduct electricity contains the
particles that allow the current to flow, but it stops
the metals touching. Electric current also flows
along the wire between the zinc and copper strips
& the clock. This current makes the clockrun.
SALT WATER: The ions present in common salt
sodium chloride dissociate into ions of sodiumand
chloride.Theseionsareresponsibleforconduction of
electricity. Potential is provided by copper and
zincrods.
DISTILLED WATER: There is absence of ions in
distilled water therefore the distilled water doesn't
conduct electricity and hence the clock doesn’t
work. Though the H+and OH-but the pH is 7
therefore the ion dissociation is not enoughonly
10-7M H+is present in distilled water. so this can
not conduct electricity.
COLDRINK: The coldrink too contains ions which
dissociate to conduct electricity. Ions in coldrinkare

Bibliography
 NCERT

 Principles of physical chemistry(Puri

 hometrainingtools.com

 Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

 google
 TITLE PAGE
ELECTROCHEMIST
RY:
 (Production of current
through SELFMADEbattery)