10

MATHEMATICS
Learning Activity Sheets

Quarter 3: Week 1 – 8

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 MATHEMATICS 10
Permutation of Objects
Name of learner: _________________________ Quarter 3: Week 1 to 2
Grade and Section: _______________________ Date: ______________
I. Introduction
The cost of a ticket in PCSO 6 Digit game is Php 10.00. You have to pick 6 numbers from
0 to 9 and you may pick the same number multiple times. Match all 6 numbers in exact order if
you want to win the grand prize. Do you know how many possible arrangements of 6 numbers is
that? There are 1,000,000 possible arrangements and only 1 out of 1,000,000 is the winning
arrangement!

II. Learning Competency

Illustrates the permutation of objects (M10SP-IIIa-1)
Solves problems involving permutations (M10SP-IIIb-1)

III. Material Needed

Scientific Calculator

LESSON 1: PERMUTATIONS WITHOUT RESTRICTIONS

Permutation is an arrangement of n objects with consideration given to the order of the

objects. This means that the order of the objects matters.

Example 1: Find the number of ways to arrange the letters ABC.

Solution: By listing method, the arrangements are ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA. Thus, there
are 6 ways.
Now, recall the concept of fundamental counting principle (FCP).
There are three positions of letters to be filled up. Hence, _____ x _____ x _____
How many choices are there for the first blank?
There are 3 choices A, B or C. So, __3__ x ____ x ____.
How many choices are there for the second blank?
There are 2 choices left, since one of the 3 letters takes the position of the first blank. So,
__3__ x __2__ x ____.
How many choices are there for the third blank?
One letter is left since two of the 3 letters take the position of the first and second blank.
So, __3__ x __2__ x __1__= 6 ways.
3x2x1 or 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 can be expressed as 3! which is read as “3 factorial”.

Factorial is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to a given positive
integer. In symbol, 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … 1.
Below are illustrations of factorial.
5! = 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 120 2! = 2 ∙ 1 = 2 8! = 8 ∙ 7 ∙ 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 40320
Note that 0! = 1 and factorial can be found in a scientific calculator. Look for x! button.

CASE I. The number of permutations of n objects taken n at a time is denoted by nPn .

In some books, it is written as 𝑃(𝑛, 𝑛) or 𝑃𝑛𝑛 .
𝑛! 𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑛 = = = 𝑛!
(𝑛 − 𝑛)! 0!
Example 2: Maia has 6 potted plants. In how many ways can she arrange these plants in
a row?
Solution: Given that n = 6 potted plants and she needs to arrange all of these in a row, then
6P6= 6! = 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 3: How many four-digit numbers can be formed from the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, and
9 if repetition of digits is not allowed?
Solution: By fundamental counting principle (FCP), there are four positions to be filled up. Hence,
_________ x ________ x ________ x ________
thousands hundreds tens ones ➔ digits
How many choices are there for the first blank?
There are 6 choices 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 or 9. So, __6__ x ____ x ____ x ____.
How many choices are there for the second blank?

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 There are 5 choices left since one of the 6 numbers takes the position of the first blank.
So, __6__ x __5__ x ____ x ____.
How many choices are there for the third blank?
There are 4 choices left since two of the 6 numbers takes the position of the first and
second blank. So, __6__ x __5__ x __4__ x ____.
How many choices are there for the fourth blank?
There are 3 choices left since three of the 6 numbers take the position of the first, second
and third blank. So, __6__ x __5__ x __4__ x __3__.
Therefore, 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 = 360 four-digit numbers will be formed.

CASE II. The permutation of n objects taken r at a time is denoted by

𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 = .
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
Another solution for example 3 may be expressed as 6P4 since there are 6 choices of
numbers to form four-digit numbers.
6! 6! 6∙5∙4∙3∙2!
6 P4 = = = = 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 = 360 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 − 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
(6−4)! 2! 2!
Hint: Re-check the answer using the nPr button in scientific calculator.

Example 4: Fifteen cars enter a race. In how many ways can the trophies for first, second
and third place be awarded?
Solution: Given that n = 15 cars and r = 3 (3 from these 15 cars will be awarded as first,
second and third place), so
15! 15! 15∙14∙13∙12!
15P3 = = = = 15 ∙ 14 ∙ 13 = 2,730 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
(15−3)! 12! 12!

CASE III. Permutation with like Objects (Distinguishable Permutation)

This is a type of permutation where some objects are alike. The number of
permutations of n objects with n1 identical objects of type 1, n2 identical objects of type
2 …, and nk identical objects of type k is
𝑛!
𝑃=
𝑛1 ! ∙ 𝑛2 ! … ∙ 𝑛𝑘 !

Example 5: How many ways can the letters of the word “TAGAYTAY” be arranged?
Solution: Given are n = 8 letters, n1 = 2 (for T), n2 = 3 (for A) and n3 = 2 (for Y).
8! 8!
𝑃= = = 1,680 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2! ∙ 3! ∙ 2! 24
Example 6: Analyze the grid at the right. Suppose
that you are at the lower left corner of the grid, and
you need to reach the upper right corner under
one condition – you are only allowed to travel
along the grid lines, either one step rightward or
one step upward. In how many ways can you reach
the top right corner?
Solution: Below are some possible ways.

So how does one path differ from another?

The paths differ in the order of the forward and upward steps taken. Denote each path by
a series of U’s (upwards) and R’s (rightwards). Each series will consist of 5 R’s and 4 U’s in some
order and will correspond to a unique path.

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 For example, the first path above will be denoted by UUUURRRRR, the second by
URRURURUR, and the third by URUURRRUR.

Now count the number of arrangements of these letters, as each arrangement corresponds to a
unique path.

Now, the given are n = 9 letters, n1 = 4 (for letter U) and n2 = 5 (for letter R).
9!
𝑃= = 126 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
4! ∙ 5!
CASE IV: Circular Permutation
Circular permutation is the total number of ways in which n distinct objects can
be arranged around a fixed circle. The number of ways to arrange n distinct objects
along a fixed circle is
𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)!

Example 7: In how many ways can 4 people be seated around a circular table?
Solution: The given is n = 4 people to be arranged around a circular table.
𝑃 = (4 − 1)! = 3! = 6 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 8: In how many ways can 5 boys and 4 girls be seated around a circle table without
any restriction?
Solution: The given is n = 9 people to be arranged around a circular table.
𝑃 = (9 − 1)! = 8! = 40,320 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

LESSON 2: PERMUTATIONS WITH RESTRICTIONS

Example 9: How many ways can the letters of the word “YOURSELVES” be arranged if U
and S always come together and U always precedes S?
Solution: The word “YOURSELVES” has 10 letters out of which “S” repeats two times and “E”
repeats two times (CASE III). Since letter U and S come together and U always precedes S, then
they are considered as one unit. Thus, n = 9 letters, n1 = 2 (for letter S) and n2=2 (for letter E).
9! 9!
𝑃= = = 90,720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2! ∙ 2! 4

Example 10: Find the number of ways in which five persons A, B, C, D, and E sit around a
circular table such that
10.1) there is no restriction
10.2) person A and D must always sit beside each other
10.3) person A and D must not sit beside each other
Solution for 10.1: Five persons sit around a circular table (CASE IV).
𝑃 = (5 − 1)! = 4! = 24 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Solution for 10.2: Since A and D sit beside each other in all the possible arrangements, they are
considered as one unit. Considering this, the re-arrangement to be done is for four people only.
The number of ways of arrangement in a circular permutation is
𝑃 = (4 − 1)! = 3! = 6 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
But person A and D can interchange their positions in 2 ways.

Hence, the required number of ways of rearrangement is 6 ∙ 2 = 12 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠.

Solution for 10.3: Since there are 24 ways in total to arrange five persons in a circular table and
there are 12 ways for person A and D to sit beside each other, so the number of ways that person
A and D do not sit beside each other can be expressed as
(total ways) – (ways that A and D sit beside each other) = (ways that A and D do not sit beside
each other)
24 − 12 = 12 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

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Example 11: How many three-digit numbers greater than 300 may be formed using the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 7 and 9 if repetition of digit is allowed?
Solution: Applying fundamental counting principle (FCP), there are three positions to be filled up.
_________ x ________ x ________
hundreds tens ones ➔ digits
How many choices are there for the first blank?
There are only 3 choices: 3, 7 or 9 since the digit formed must be greater than 300.
So, 1 and 2 cannot be used in hundreds place.
__3__ x ____ x ____.
How many choices are there for the second blank?
There are 5 choices left since repetition of digits is allowed.
__3__ x __5__ x ____.
How many choices are there for the third blank?
Still, there are 5 choices left since repetition of digits is allowed.
__3__ x __5__ x __5__= 75 ways.
Example 12: There are 4 different Mathematics books and 5 different Science books. In
how many ways can the books be arranged on a shelf if
12.1) there are no restrictions?
12.2) books of the same subject must be placed together?
12.3) if they must be placed alternately?
Solution for 12.1: Given is n = 9 books arranged in a shelf/row (CASE I).
9P9 = 9! = 362,880 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Solution for 12.2: Initially there are two ways to arrange these books if the books with the same
subjects are placed together.
___ x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___x ___ ➔ 4! x 5!
Mathematics books first followed by Science books
or
___ x ___ x ___ x ___x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___ x ___ ➔ 5! x 4!
Science books first followed by Mathematics books

Arranging 4 different Mathematics books in a row is 4! while arranging 5 different Science books
in a row is 5!
𝑃 = 4! ∙ 5! + 5! ∙ 4! = 5,760 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 or 𝑃 = 4! ∙ 5! ∙ 2 = 5,760 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Solution for 12.3: One Science book must be placed first for these books to be arranged
alternately (SMSMSMSMS).
___ x ___ x ___ x ____x ____ x____ x ____ x ___ x ___
S M S M S M S M S
_5_ x ___ x _4_ x ____x __3_ x____ x _2__ x ___ x _1_ Choices for Science books
S M S M S M S M S
_5_ x _4_ x _4_ x __3__x __3_ x_2__ x _2__ x _1_ x _1_ Choices for Mathematics books
S M S M S M S M S
When simplified, 𝑃 = 5! ∙ 4! = 2,880 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

IV. Assessments
General Instruction: Write your solutions and/or answers on a clean sheet of paper.
Q3 Week 1: Exercise 1 (Permutations without restriction)
1. Solve for the unknown for each item: (Formative Assessment)
a. 8P3 = _____________
b. 4P1 = _____________
c. 3P3 x 2P1 = _____________
d. 6Pr = 720, r = ___________
e. nP2 = 90, n = __________
Q3 Week 1: Exercise 2: Solve the following using Permutations without restrictions:
(Summative Assessment)
a. In how many ways can five students arrange themselves in a row for picture taking? (Note: nPn)
b. Mariz has 7 potted plants. In how many ways can she arrange these in a row? (Note: nPn)
c. Given the 4-letter word “CUTE”, in how many ways can we arrange its letters, 3 at a time?
(Note: nPr)
d. In a school club, there are 6 possible choices for the president, a secretary, a treasurer, and
an auditor. Assuming that each of them is qualified for any of these positions, in how many ways
can the 4 officers be elected? (Note: nPr)

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e. How many ways can the letters of the word “MATHEMATICS” be arranged?
𝑛!
(Note: 𝑃 = )
𝑛1 !∙𝑛2 !…∙𝑛𝑘 !
f. In your family picnic, your mom put the following sodas in a jar: 3 coke, 2 royal and 3 sprite. In
𝑛!
how many orders is it possible to consume these sodas? (Note: 𝑃 = )
𝑛1 !∙𝑛2 !…∙𝑛𝑘 !
g. Find the number of ways in which four persons A, B, C and D sit around a circular table such
that there is no restriction. (Note: 𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)!
h. On the buffet there are 7 different appetizers from which to choose. The appetizers are
arranged on a revolving circular tray. How many ways can the appetizers be organized? (Note:
𝑃 = (𝑛 − 1)! )

Q3 Week 2: Exercise 1 (Permutation with restriction)

Decide which solution and answer is correct. (Formative Assessment)
Problem JC’s Solution Maia’s Solution
1. How many two-digit Permutation of 5 numbers (2 choices for tens’ digit) x (5
numbers greater than 50 can taken 2 digits at a time choices for ones’ digit)
be formed using the numbers 5P2 = 5! = 5!
(5−2)! 3!
1, 2, 4, 8 and 9 if repetition of 𝑃 = 2∙5
5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3!
digits is allowed? = = 5 ∙ 4 = 20 = 10
3!
2. How many ways can the A and P are taken as 1 unit A, P and P are taken as 1 unit
letters of the word “HAPPY” since they always come since they always come
be arranged if A and P always together. So, n = 4 and n1 = 2 together. So, n = 3 and n1 = 2
come together? (for letter P). (for letter P).
4! 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2! 3! 3 ∙ 2!
𝑃= = = 12 𝑃= = =3
2! 2! 2! 2!
But A and P are But A and P are
interchangeable in their interchangeable in their
positions (AP or PA). Thus, positions (AP or PA). So,
𝑃 = 12 ∙ 2 = 24 𝑃 = 3∙2 = 6
3. In how many ways can six Since B and F sit together in Since there are 6 persons,
persons A, B, C, D, E and F all the possible n=6.
sit around a round table if arrangements, they are 𝑃 = (6 − 1)! = 5! = 120
person B and F must sit considered as one unit. So,
together? n= 5. But B and F must sit together.
𝑃 = (5 − 1)! = 4! = 24 So,
But B and F are 120
𝑃= = 60
interchangeable in their 2!
positions (BF or FB). Thus,
𝑃 = 24 ∙ 2 = 48
4. There are 2 different anime Since they need to be A K-drama must be watched
and 3 different K-dramas that watched alternately first for these series to be
you want to watch. In how 𝑃 =𝐴∙𝐴∙𝐾∙𝐾∙𝐾 watched alternately.
many ways can you watch 𝑃 = 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 2! ∙ 3! 𝑃 = 𝐾∙𝐴∙𝐾∙𝐴∙𝐾
these series if they must be or K = choices for K-drama
watched alternately? 𝑃 =𝐾∙𝐾∙𝐾∙𝐴∙𝐴 A = choices for anime
𝑃 = 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 3! ∙ 2! 𝑃 = 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 = 3! ∙ 2!
K = choices for K-drama = 12
A = choices for anime
𝑃 = 2! ∙ 3! + 3! ∙ 2!
= 12 + 12 = 24
5. There are 8 people in a Since 2 particular people For total ways
dinner gathering. In how refuse to sit beside each 𝑃 = (8 − 1)! = 5,040
many ways can the host (one other, then there are only 6 For 2 given people to sit
of the 8) arrange the guests people to consider now. beside each other
around a dining table if 2 𝑃 = (7 − 1)! ∙ 2 = 6! ∙ 2 = 1,440
people refuse to sit beside 𝑃 = (6 − 1)! = 5! Hence, the number of ways
each other? = 120 that the 2 given people will
not sit beside each other is
𝑃 = 5,040 − 1,440
= 3600

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Q3 Week 2: Exercise 2: Solve the following problems: (Summative Assessment)
1) In how many ways can you rearrange the letters of the word “UNSUCCESSFULLY”?
2) How many four-digit numbers greater than 4000 can be formed using the numbers 1, 2, 3,
5, 8 and 9 if repetition of digits is allowed?
3) Find the number of ways in which JC, Maia, Lovelyn and Karen sit around a round table such
that JC and Maia must always sit beside each other.
For items 4 and 5:
There are 4 different Mathematics books and 3 different English books. In how many ways
can these books be arranged on a shelf if
4) books of the same subject must be placed together?
5) if they must be placed alternately?

V. References
Department of Education, Mathematics 10, Learner’s Module pp. 283-300
Circular Permutation. (n.d.). Retrieved October 07, 2020, from
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CircularPermutation.html
Doubleroot. (2019, September 08). Permutations & Combinations – Permutations of Identical Objects:
Examples. Retrieved October 07, 2020, from https://doubleroot.in/lessons/permutations-
combinations/permutations-identical-objects-examples/
Permutations with Repetition. (n.d.). Retrieved October 07, 2020, from
https://brilliant.org/wiki/permutations-with-repetition/
Permutations with Restrictions: Introduction, Rules, Types with Examples. (2019, September 20).
Retrieved October 07, 2020, from https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-mathematics-and-
statistics/permutations-and-combinations/permutations-with-restrictions/

VI. Answer key (Formative Assessments)

Q3 Week 1: Exercise 1
1) a. 336 b. 4 c. 12 d. 5 or 6 e. 10
Q3 Week 2: Exercise 1
1) Maia 2) JC 3) JC 4) Maia 5) Maia

Quarter 3: Week 3 to 4
Combination of Objects

I. Introduction
Most of the time, we use the term “combination” loosely, and usually in the wrong way.
For instance:
"The combination to the safe is 143."
We do care about the order of the numbers. "134" will not work, nor will "413". It has to be exactly
1-4-3. Thus, we do not mean of a combination in this situation but rather a permutation. But if
we say
"My fruit salad is a combination of apples, grapes and bananas.”
Now, we do not care what order the fruits are in, they could also be "bananas, grapes and apples"
or "grapes, apples and bananas", it is the same fruit salad. Thus, the use of the word
“combination” in this situation is correct.

II. Learning Competency

Illustrates the combination of objects (M10SP-IIIc-1)
Differentiates permutation from combination of n objects taken r at a time
(M10SP-IIIc-2)
Solves problems involving permutations and combinations (M10SP-IIId-e-1)

III. Material Needed

Scientific Calculator

LESSON 3: PERMUTATION VS COMBINATION

Recall that permutation is an arrangement of a set of objects where order of the objects
matters. While combination determines the number of possible arrangements in a collection of
objects where the order of the selection does not matter.

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Example 1: “A team of 8 basketball players needs tochoose a captain and co-captain.”
This situation is an example of permutation because player 1 as captain and player 2 as
co-captain is different with player 2 as captain and player 1 as co-captain. Thus, order in this
situation matters.

Example 2: “There are 45 applicants for three teacher I positions.”

This situation is an example of combination because hiring applicant A, applicant B and
applicant C is just the same as hiring applicant B, applicant C and applicant A. Hence, order in
this situation does not matter.

Example 3: “The batting order for seven players on a 10-person team.”

In this situation, order matters. For instance, the batting order P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and
P7 (P means player) is different to the batting order P7, P6, P5, P4, P3, P2 and P1. So, it illustrates
a permutation.

Example 4: “Teacher Maia selects 5 students among her 30 students to form a 5-member
band.”
In this situation, order of selection does not matter. For instance, the band group consisting
of Bea, Rens, Raymond, Mina and Joha (members of the band) is the same band group whose
members are Joha, Raymond, Bea, Mina and Rens. Therefore, it illustrates a combination.
LESSON 4: COMBINATION OF OBJECTS
𝑛
The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is denoted by nCr, 𝐶𝑟𝑛 or ( ).
𝑟
𝑛!
nCr =
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!
where n is the number of things to choose from,
choose r out of n,
no repetition, and
order does not matter.

Example 5: In how many ways can a committee consisting of 4 members be formed from
8 people?
Solution: Using the formula, n = 8 and r = 4.
8! 8! 40 320
8 C4 = = = = 70 ways
4!(8−4)! 4!∙4! 576

Example 6: Given that no three points are collinear, how many triangles can be drawn on
a plane using 7 different points?
Solution: Applying the formula, n = 7 and r = 3 (because 3 points are needed to draw a triangle).
7! 7! 5040
7 C3 = = = = 35 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
3!(7−3)! 3!∙4! 144

Example 7: Two cards are to be selected from a standard deck of 52 cards. In how many
ways can this be done?
Solution: Utilizing the formula, n = 52 and r = 2.
52! 52!
52C2 = = . Since the 52! and 50! are too big for the calculator, we may apply the rule
2!(52−2)! 2!∙50!
in cancellation of factors.
52 ∙ 51 ∙ 50! 52 ∙ 51 2652
= = = = 1326 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2! ∙ 50! 2∙1 2
Another way to solve this problem is to use the nCr button found in a scientific calculator. Just
press “52”, “nCr“ and “10“ then”=” in the scientific calculator.

Example 8: Teacher Lovelyn needs to select five students who will clean her room. If there
are 16 boys and 14 girls in her class, in how many ways can this be done?
Solution: Using the formula, n = 30 (total students) and r = 5.
30! 30!
30C5 = = . Since 30! and 25! are too big for the calculator, we may apply the rule in
5!(30−5)! 5!∙25!
cancellation of factors.
30 ∙ 29 ∙ 28 ∙ 27 ∙ 26 ∙ 25! 30 ∙ 29 ∙ 28 ∙ 27 ∙ 26 17,100,720
= = = = 142,506 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
5! ∙ 25! 5∙4∙3∙2∙1 120
A quick solution is to press “30”, “nCr“ and “5 “ then ”=” in the scientific calculator.

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 LESSON 5: COMBINATIONS OF OBJECTS WITH RESTRICTION

In solving combination problems with a specific condition to be followed, fundamental

counting principle (FCP) is applied. Fundamental counting principle states that if there are m
ways to do one thing and n ways to do another, then there are m x n or 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 ways of doing both.

Example 9: A box contains 7 red, 8 blue and 10 yellow balls. How many ways can 4 balls
be selected if three balls must be red?
Solution: The condition is “three balls must be red”. So, the last ball (since we are selecting 4
balls) can be of any color.

Assume that
● m ways = selecting 3 red balls. Hence, 7C3 since 3 red balls are to be selected from 7
red balls.
● n ways = selecting 1 ball of any color. Thus, 22C1 since 1 ball is to be selected from 22
balls (4 red, 8 blue and 10 yellow). Take note that 3 red balls were already selected in m
ways that is why only 4 red balls are left.

Therefore, 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 will result to 7C3 ∙ 22C1.

7! 7! 5040
7 C3 = = = = 35
3!(7−3)! 3!∙4! 144
22! 22!
22C1 = = . 22! and 22! are too big for the calculator, so we apply the rule in cancellation
1!(22−1)! 1!∙21!
22! 22! 22∙21! 22
of factors. 22C1 = = = = = 22
1!(22−1)! 1!∙21! 1!∙21! 1!
7C3 ∙ 22C1 = 35 ∙ 22 = 770 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 10: A group of professionals comprises of three lawyers, two teachers and five
accountants. A committee of three members is selected from these professionals.
Calculate the number of ways to form the committee if there must be one lawyer, one
teacher and one accountant.
Solution: The condition is “there must be one lawyer, one teacher and one accountant.”
Assume that
● m ways = selecting 1 from 3 lawyers. Hence, 3C1.
● n ways = selecting 1 from 2 teachers. Thus, 2C1.
● p ways = selecting 1 from 5 accountant. So, 5C1.

Therefore, 𝑚 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 will result to 3C1 ∙ 2C1∙ 5C1.

3C1 ∙ 2C1∙ 5C1 = 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 5 = 30 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Example 11: A group consisting of 4 students is to be chosen from 8 boys and 7 girls. How
many ways can this be done if there must be at least 3 boys?
Solution: The condition is “there must be at least 3 boys.” “At least 3” means 3 or more boys
must be in the group. For this to happen, there are two possibilities.
Possibility A: The group may consist of 3 boys and 1 girl.
Possibility B: The group may consist of 4 boys and 0 girl.
Adding the results of these two possibilities will answer the problem in example 11.

Possibility A requires selecting 3 from 8 boys and selecting 1 from 7 girls.

8C3 ∙ 7C1 = 56 ∙ 7 = 392 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Possibility B requires selecting 4 from 8 boys and selecting 0 from 7 girls.
8C4 ∙ 7C0 = 70 ∙ 1 = 70 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Therefore, 8C3 ∙ 7C1 + 8C4∙ 7C0 = 392 + 70 = 462 ways.

Example 12: In how many ways can a committee of 5 members be formed from 10 male
and 8 female students if there are more female than male members?
Solution: The condition is “there are more female than male members.” For this to happen, there
are three possibilities:
Possibility A: The committee may have 2 male and 3 female members.
Possibility B: The committee may have 1 male and 4 female members.
Possibility C: The committee may have 0 male and 5 female members.

9
Adding the results of these three possibilities will answer the problem in example 12.
Possibility A involves selecting 2 from 10 male students and selecting 3 from 8 female students.
10C2 ∙ 8C3 = 45 ∙ 56 = 2,520 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Possibility B involves selecting 1 from 10 male students and selecting 4 from 8 female students.
10C1 ∙ 8C4 = 10 ∙ 70 = 700 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Possibility C involves selecting 0 from 10 male students and 5 from 8 female students.
10C0 ∙ 8C5 = 1 ∙ 56 = 56 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
Therefore, 10C2 ∙ 8C3 + 10C1 ∙ 8C4 + 10C0 ∙ 8C5 = 2,520 + 700 + 56 = 3,276 ways.

IV. Assessments
General Instruction: Write your solutions and/or answers on a clean sheet of paper.
Q3 Week 3: EXERCISE 1 (Formative Assessment)
Decide if each scenario involves a PERMUTATION or a COMBINATION.
_________1. Rearranging the letters of the word “FOREVER.”
_________2. Forming a 6-member K-pop group from 20 Korean applicants.
_________3. Setting a password using the number 2, 4, 6, and 8.
_________4. Selecting four students out of 40 students to solve the same problem
on the board.
_________5. Choosing 3 toppings for your sundae out of a list of 15.
_________6. Assembling a jigsaw puzzle.
_________7. Picking 6 balls from a basket of 12 balls.
_________8. Determining the top three winners in a Mathematics Quiz Bee.
_________9. Posing for pictures of 5 people.
_________10. Choosing three of your classmates to attend your party

Q3 Week 3: EXERCISE 2 (Summative Assessment)

Solve for the unknown in each item.
1. 4C1 = _________
2. 9C4 = _________
3. 5C2 = _________
4. 8C3 ∙ 7C3 = _________
5. 5C2 ∙ 4C2 + 5C1 ∙ 4C3 = _________
Q3 Week 3: EXERCISE 3 (Summative Assessment)
Apply the formula nCr to solve each problem.
1) In how many ways can a committee of 5 members be formed from 10 male and 8 female
students?
2) From a standard deck of 52 cards, how many ways can 5 cards be drawn?
Q3 Week 4: EXERCISE 1 (Formative Assessment)
Decide which solution and answer is correct.
Problem JC’s Solution Maia’s Solution
1. A box contains 5 red balls, 7 green
balls, and 6 yellow balls. In how many 5C2 ∙ 7C2 ∙ 6C2 18C6
ways can 6 balls be chosen if there =10 ∙ 21 ∙ 15 = 18,564 ways
should be 2 balls of each color? = 3,150 ways
2. From 6 Statistics books and 5
Research books, in how many ways 6C3 ∙ 5C2 6 C2 ∙ 5 C 3
can one select 3 Statistics and 2 = 20 ∙ 10 = 15 ∙ 10
Research books to buy if all books = 200 ways = 150 ways
are equally necessary?
3. In how many ways can the 12
members of the Board of Directors 12C8 12C8 ∙ 7C4
(BOD) be chosen from 12 parent- = 495 ways = 495 ∙ 35
nominees and 7 teacher-nominees if = 17,325 ways
there must be 8 parents in the BOD?
4. A Mathematics test contains 8
permutation and 10 combination 8C2 ∙ 10C4 + 8C1 ∙ 10C5 + 8C0 8C1 ∙ 10C5 + 8C0 ∙ 10C6
problems. You are supposed to ∙ 10C6
answer 6 problems. How many ways = (8 ∙ 252) + (1 ∙ 210)
can this be done if you need to = (28 ∙ 210) + (8 ∙ 252) + = 2,016 + 210
answer more combination than (1 ∙ 210) = 2,226 ways
permutation problems? = 5,880 + 2,016 + 210
= 8,106 ways

10
 5. A group consisting of 4 students 6 C 2 ∙ 5 C2 + 6C1 ∙ 5C3 + 6 C2 ∙ 5 C 2 + 6C3 ∙ 5C1 +
who will clean the room is to be 6 C 0 ∙ 5 C4 6 C4 ∙ 5 C 0
chosen from 6 boys and 5 girls. How
many ways can this be done if there = (15 ∙ 10) + (6 ∙ 10) + = (15 ∙ 10) + (20 ∙ 5) +
must be at most 2 girls in the group? (1 ∙ 5) (15 ∙ 1)
= 150 + 60 + 5 = 150 + 100 + 15
= 215 ways = 265 ways

Q3 Week 4: EXERCISE 2 (Summative Assessment)

Solve the following problems:
1) In how many ways can a committee of 5 be formed from 5 juniors and 7 seniors if the
committee must have 3 seniors?
2) Three marbles are picked randomly from a jar containing 6 red and 8 green marbles. In how
many possible ways can this happen if at least 2 of the marbles picked are green?
For items 3 and 4:
A group consisting of 4 students who will join a Quiz Bee in Mathematics is to be chosen
from 7 boys and 6 girls. How many ways can this be done if:
3) there is no restriction?
4) there are more boys than girl members?
V. References
Department of Education, Mathematics 10, Learner’s Module pp. 301-315

Combinations and Permutations (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2020, from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/combinatorics/combinations-permutations.html

The Basic Counting Principle. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2020, from
https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/basic-counting-principle.html

Permutations vs Combinations (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2020, from

https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Alg2/Permutations%20vs%20Combinations.pdf

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS WORKSHEET (n.d.) Retrieved October 11, 2020,

from https://www.enetlearning.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Perms-and-Combs-worksheet-
with-solutions.pdf
VI. Answer Key (Formative Assessments)
Q3 Week 3: Exercise 1
1) permutation 2) combination 3) permutation 4) combination 5) combination
6) permutation 7) combination 8) permutation 9) permutation 10) combination
Q3 Week 4: Exercise 1
1) JC 2) JC 3) MAIA 4) JC 5) MAIA

Quarter 3: Week 5 to 6
Probability of Compound Events
I. Introduction
Have you ever noticed how sometimes what seems logical turns out to be proven false
with a little math? For instance, how many people do you think would have to take a survey, on
average, to find two people who share the same birthday? With the help of probability, sometimes
an event is more likely to occur than we expect it to. In this case, if you conduct a survey on a
random group of 23 people, there is about a 50–50 chance that two of them will have the same
birthday. This is known as the birthday paradox.
This paradox was once featured in the story of Alice in Wonderland. In the story, Alice
learns that in a class of 23 pupils, the probability that two of the pupils will have the same birthday
is more than a half. Alice is a fictional character created by author and mathematician Lewis
Carroll (1832-1898).
II. Learning Competencies
Illustrates events, and union and intersection of events (M10SP-IIIf-1).
Illustrates the probability a union of two events (M10SP-IIIg-1).
Finds the probability of (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) (M10SP-IIIg-h-1).
Illustrates mutually exclusive events (M10SP-IIIi-1).

III. Material Needed

11
Scientific Calculator

LESSON 6: PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE EVENTS

Recall that activities such as rolling a die, tossing a coin, or randomly drawing a card from
a deck that may be repeated, and have well-defined results are called experiments. The results
of an experiment are called outcomes. The set of all outcomes in an experiment is called a
sample space. An event is a subset of the sample space.

Example 1: Consider the experiment of “rolling a die.”

● An example of outcome is 5 since it may come out when a die is rolled.
● {1,2,3,4,5,6} is the sample space which is the totality of all possible outcomes when a die
is rolled.
● “Getting a number 5” and “getting a 1” are examples of simple events.

Probability of Simple Events

If each outcome in a sample space is equally likely to happen, then the probability of
an event E or P(E) is given by
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

Example 2: Find the probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed.

Solution: The sample space is {head, tail} or {H, T} which has two outcomes. So,
1
𝑃(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑) = 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙, 50% 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
Perform (1 ÷ 2) to get the decimal 0.5. Then multiply 0.5 by 100 to obtain 50%.

Example 3: A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that
the card drawn is a heart?
Solution: The sample space of 52 cards is shown below.

Club cards

Spade cards

Heart cards

Diamond cards

13 1
𝑃(ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡) = = 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25%
52 4

12
Example 4: A box contains 4 red, 10 blue and 6 yellow marbles. If one marble is randomly
drawn from the box, find the probability that it is red?
Solution: There are 4 red marbles out of 20 marbles (4red, 10blue and 6yellow). So
4 𝑟𝑒𝑑 1
𝑃(𝑟𝑒𝑑) = = 𝑜𝑟 0.2 𝑜𝑟 20%
20 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 5

LESSON 7: PROBABILITY OF UNION AND INTERSECTION OF EVENTS

A compound event consists of two or more simple events. It is often useful to use a Venn
Diagram to visualize the probabilities of compound events.

The union of events A and B denoted 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the event

that either A or B, or both occur when the experiment is performed.
It corresponds to the combining descriptions of the two events
using the word “or.” The union corresponds to the shaded region
at the right.
While the intersection of events A and B, denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵,
is the event that both A and B occur when the experiment is
performed. It corresponds to the combining descriptions of the two
events using the word “and.” The intersection corresponds to the
shaded lens-shaped region at the right.

Example 5: The extracurricular activities participated by the

Grade 10 students from Maligaya National High School are
shown in the Venn diagram below.
Suppose a student is randomly chosen to be interviewed, what
is the probability that the student participates in:
a. Athletics (A) or Drama (D) Club?
b. Drama (D) and Band (B) Club?
Looking at the Venn diagram, the following information can be
obtained:
● 38+30+10+4+8+137 = 227 students joined Athletics or Drama Club
● 30+10 = 40 students joined Drama and Band Club
● There are 38+30+10+4+51+8+137+67 = 345 students in Maligaya National High School.
Solution for 5a: Recall that the students who joined Athletics (A) or Drama (D) Club implies 𝐴 ∪
𝐷 which is read as “A union D.”
38 + 30 + 10 + 4 + 8 + 137 227
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐷) = = ≈ 0.6580 ≈ 65.80%
345 345
Solution for 5b: Remember that students who joined Drama (D) and Band (B) club implies 𝐷 ∩ 𝐵
which is read as “D intersection B.”
30 + 10 40 8
𝑃(𝐷 ∩ 𝐵) = = = ≈ 0.1159 ≈ 11.59%
345 345 69

Example 6: The Venn diagram below shows the

probabilities of Grade 10 students joining either
basketball (B) or soccer (S). Find
a. 𝑃(𝐵)
b. 𝑃(𝑆)
c. 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝑆)
d. 𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝑆)
e. 𝑃(𝐵′ )
f. 𝑃(𝐵′ ∩ 𝑆 ′ )
Solution:
a. Add the probabilities in circle B.
𝑃(𝐵) = 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7
b. Add the probabilities in circle S.
𝑃(𝑆) = 0.2 + 0.3 = 0.5
c. (𝐵 ∩ 𝑆) refers to the overlapping region of circle B and circle S.
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝑆) = 0.3

13
 d. (𝐵 ∪ 𝑆) refers to the totality of the region of circle B or
circle S.
𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝑆) = 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 0.9
e. 𝐵′ which read as “complement of B.” The complement
of an event is the set of all outcomes that are not in
the given event. So, if 𝑃(𝐵) is the probability of event
B will happen, then 𝑃(𝐵′ ) is the probability that event B
will not happen. It is also denoted by 𝑃(𝐵′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐵)
or 𝑃(𝐵′ ) = 100% − 𝑃(𝐵).
Thus, 𝑃(𝐵′ ) = 1 − (0.4 + 0.3) = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3
′ ′
f. (𝐵 ∩ 𝑆 ) refers to the region outside circle B and outside circle S.
𝑃(𝐵′ ∩ 𝑆 ′ ) = 0.1

Example 7: The Venn diagram below shows the favorite

pets of 40 students in 10-MARUPOK. If one student is
randomly selected, find the probability that the student
likes:
a. cats or birds
b. dogs or birds
c. cats and dogs
d. birds and dogs
Solution:
a. cats (C) or birds (B)
10 + 10 + 2 + 6 + 1 + 2 31
𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝐵) = = 𝑜𝑟 0.775 𝑜𝑟 77.5%
40 40
b. dogs (D) or birds (B)
6 + 2 + 2 + 9 + 10 + 1 30 3
𝑃(𝐷 ∪ 𝐵) = = = 𝑜𝑟 0.75 𝑜𝑟 75%
40 40 4
c. cats (C) and dogs (D)
6+2 8 1
𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = = = 𝑜𝑟 0.2 𝑜𝑟 20%
40 40 5
d. birds (B) and dogs (D)
2+2 4 1
𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐷) = = = 𝑜𝑟 0.1 𝑜𝑟 10%
40 40 10

Example 8: One survey from UK in 2014 shows that the probability of marrying your first
love is only 27%. What is the probability of not marrying your first love?
Solution: Since 𝑃(𝑀) = 27%, then 𝑃(𝑀′ ) = 100% − 𝑃(𝑀).
𝑃(𝑀′ ) = 100% − 27% = 73%

Example 9: The Venn diagram below shows the

probabilities of Grade 10 students watching either anime
(A) or Korean drama (K). Find
a. 𝑃(𝐾)
b. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐾)
c. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐾)
d. 𝑃(𝐴′ )
e. 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐾 ′ )
By inspection, the probability for students who only watch Korean drama is unknown. The total
probability must be 1 or 100%. Thus,
𝑃(𝐾 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦) = 1 − (0.2 + 0.4 + 0.3).
𝑃(𝐾 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦) = 1 − 0.9 = 0.1
Solution:
a. 𝑃(𝐾) = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5
b. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐾) = 0.2 + 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.7
c. 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐾) = 0.4
d. 𝑃(𝐴′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − (0.2 + 0.4) = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4
e. 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐾 ′ ) = 0.3

14
 LESSON 8: MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND MUTUALLY INCLUSIVE EVENTS

Mutually exclusive events are two events that cannot happen at the
same time. These events will never have any outcome in common.

Mutually Exclusive Events

If two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, then the probability that either A or B
occurs is the sum of their probabilities. In symbols,
𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑜𝑟 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

Example 10: A card is drawn randomly from nine cards labeled 1 to 9. What is the
probability of picking a 5 or an even number?
Solution: The two events in this problem are:
Event A: picking a 5 that has an outcome of {5}
Event B: picking an even number that has possible outcomes of {2,4,6,8}
Since event A and even B do not have a common outcome, they are mutually exclusive events.
Hence,
𝑃(5 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) = 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛)
1 4 5
= + = ≈ 0.5556 ≈ 55.56%.
9 9 9

Example 11: There are 3 Literature books, 4 Algebra books, and 3 Biology books on a shelf.
If a book is randomly selected, what is the probability of selecting a Literature book or an
Algebra book?
Solution: The two events in this problem are:
Event A: selecting a Literature book that has 3 options
Event B: selecting an Algebra book that has 4 options
Obviously, event A and event B are mutually exclusive events, since a Literature book cannot be
an Algebra book. Thus,
𝑃(𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒) + 𝑃(𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎)
3 4 7
= + = 𝑜𝑟 0.7 𝑜𝑟 70%.
10 10 10

Example 12: A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of
drawing a black suit or a diamond card?
Solution: The two events in this problem are:
Event A: drawing a black suit card that has possible outcomes of {A to King
of clubs, A to king of spades}
Event B: drawing a diamond card that has possible outcomes of {A to king of
diamonds}
Since event A and event B do not have common outcomes, they are mutually exclusive events.
Therefore,
𝑃(𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑) = 𝑃(𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘) + 𝑃(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑)
26 13 39 3
= + = = 𝑜𝑟 0.75 𝑜𝑟 75%.
52 52 52 4

Example 13: Two fair dice are rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum less than 7
or a sum equal to 10?
Solution: In this problem, table of outcomes must be used to identify the possible outcomes of
the two events.

Die 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Event A: getting a sum less than 7 has 15 possible outcomes
Event B: getting a sum equal to 10 has 3 possible outcomes

15
Since event A and event B do not have common outcomes, they are mutually exclusive events.
So,
𝑃(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 10) = 𝑃(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 7) + 𝑃(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 10)
15 3 18 1
= + = = 𝑜𝑟 0.5 𝑜𝑟 50%
36 36 36 2

On the other hand, mutually inclusive events are two events that have
common outcomes. Event A can happen at the same time with event B.

Mutually Inclusive events

If two events, A and B, are not mutually exclusive, then the probability that either A
or B occurs is the sum of their probabilities decreased by the probability of both
occurring. In symbols,
𝑃(𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)– 𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) or 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵).

Example 14: Each of the numbers from 1 to 20 is written on a card and placed in a bag. If
one card is drawn at random, what is the probability that the number is an even number or
is a multiple of 3?
Solution:
Event A: drawing an even number which has an outcome of {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 16, 18, 20}
Event B: drawing a number that is a multiple of 3 and has an outcome of {3, 6,
9, 12, 15, 18}
By inspection, event A and event B have common outcomes of {6, 12, 18}. Thus, they are mutually
inclusive events.
𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3) = 𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛) + 𝑃(𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3) − 𝑃(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3)
10 6 3 13
= + − = 𝑜𝑟 0.65 𝑜𝑟 65%
20 20 20 20

Example 15: In a Math Club, 7 of the 20 girls are seniors, and 4 out of the 14 boys are
seniors. What is the probability of randomly selecting a boy or a senior to represent the
Math Club in a statewide Math contest?
Solution:
Event A: selecting a boy that has 14 possible choices
Event B: selecting a senior that has 11 (7 girls and 4 boys) possible choices

Since there are 4 boys who are seniors, the two events are mutually inclusive. Hence,
𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑟) = 𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑦) + 𝑃(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑟) − 𝑃(𝑏𝑜𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑟).
14 11 4 21
= + − = ≈ 0.6176 ≈ 61.76%
34 34 34 34

Example 16: Tiles with each letter of the alphabet are placed in a bag, and one tile is drawn
at random. What is the probability of getting a tile with a vowel or a letter from the word
“equation”?
Solution:
Event A: getting a tile with a vowel that has possible outcomes of {a,e,i,o,u}
Event B: getting a tile with a letter from the word “equation” that has possible
outcomes of {e,q,u,a,t,i,o,n}

Since event A and event B have common outcomes {a,e,i,o,u}, they are mutually inclusive events.
Thus,

𝑃(𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑃(𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙) + 𝑃(𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) − 𝑃(𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

5 8 5 8 4
= + − = = ≈ 0.3077 ≈ 30.77%
26 26 26 26 13

Example 17: A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of
drawing a spade or a face card?

16
Solution:
Event A: drawing a spade card that has 13 possible outcomes (A to king of spades)
Event B: drawing a face card that has 12 possible outcomes (jack-queen-king of hearts, jack-
queen-king of diamonds, jack-queen-king of clubs, jack-queen-king of spades)

Since there are 3 face cards that are also spade cards, event A and event B are mutually inclusive
events. So,
𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒) = 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒) + 𝑃(𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒) − 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒)
13 12 3 22 11
= + − = = ≈ 0.4231 ≈ 42.31%
52 52 52 52 26

IV. Assessments
General Instructions: Write your solutions and/or answers on a clean sheet of paper.
Q3 Week 5: EXERCISE 1 (Summative Assessment)
Match the answers in column B with the questions in column A.
Column A Column B
1. A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a number that is 1
A.
18
less than 3? 1
2. A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. What is the B.
5
1
probability of drawing a club card? C.
4
3. There are 5 marbles in a bag: 4 are blue and 1 is red. If one marble 1
is picked at random, what is the probability of picking a blue D.
3
4
marble? E.
11
4. Each of the letters in the word “MISSISSIPPI” is written on separate 4
pieces of paper. These papers are folded, dropped in a box and F.
5
shaken. One piece of paper is picked (without looking) from the
box. What is the probability that it is letter “S”?
5. Two fair dice are rolled. What is the probability of getting a sum of
11?

Q3 Week 5: EXERCISE 2 (Formative Assessment)

Solve each question.
A. The Venn diagram below shows the favorite sports of 80 students
in 10-MAPAGMAHAL. If one student is randomly selected, find the
probability that the student likes:
1. basketball (B) or tennis (T)
2. basketball (B) or volleyball (V)
3. tennis (T) or volleyball (V)
4. tennis (T) and basketball (B)
5. volleyball (V) and basketball (B)
6. volleyball (V) and tennis (T)
B. The Venn diagram below shows the probabilities of Grade 10 students playing either
MOBILE LEGENDS (M) or DOTA 2 (D). Find
7. 𝑃(𝑀)
8. 𝑃(𝑀 ∪ 𝐷)
9. 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐷)
10. 𝑃(𝑀′ ∩ 𝐷 ′ )

Week 6: EXERCISE 1 (Formative Assessment)

Determine whether the events are mutually exclusive or mutually inclusive. Then, find each
probability.
1. A die is rolled. What is the probability of rolling a 5 or a number greater than 3?
2. Tiles with each letter of the alphabet are placed in a bag, and one is drawn at random.
What is the probability of getting a vowel or a letter from the word “myth”?
3. A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of drawing an ace
or a king card?

17
 4. Each of the numbers from 1 to 30 is written on a card and placed in a bag. If one card is
drawn at random, what is the probability that the number is a multiple of 5 or a multiple of
10?
5. A box of chocolates contains 6 milk chocolates and 4 dark chocolates. 2 of the milk
chocolates and 3 of the dark chocolates have peanuts inside. You randomly select and
eat a chocolate. Find the probability that it is a milk chocolate or has peanuts inside.
Q3 Week 6: EXERCISE 2 (Summative Assessment)
Decide which solution and answer is correct.
Problem JC’s Solution Maia’s Solution
1. A spinner has an equal chance of 3 4 1 1
landing on each of its eight regions 𝑃(3 𝑜𝑟 4) = + 𝑃(3 𝑜𝑟 4) = +
8 8 8 8
that are numbered from 1 to 8. After 7 2 1
= 𝑜𝑟 0.875 = =
spinning, find the probability that it 8 8 4
lands in region three or four.
𝑜𝑟 87.5% 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25%
2. Sakuragi’s basketball shooting 𝑃(2 𝑜𝑟 3) = 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3) 𝑃(2 𝑜𝑟 3)
records indicate that for any frame, = 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(3)
the probability that he will score in a = 30% + 45% − 𝑃(2𝑎𝑛𝑑3)
two-point shoot is 30%, a three-
point shoot, 45%, and neither, 25%. = 75% = 30% + 45% − 25%
What is the probability that he will
score either in a two-point shoot or = 50%
in a three-point shoot?

3. Out of 240 students, 176 are on 𝑃(𝐻 ∪ 𝑉) = 𝑃(𝐻) + 𝑃(𝐻 ∪ 𝑉) = 𝑃(𝐻) + 𝑃(𝑉)
the honor roll, 48 are members of 𝑃(𝑉) − 𝑃(𝐻 ∩ 𝑉)
the varsity team, and 36 are in the 176 48
honor roll and are also members of 176 48 36 = +
= + − 240 240
the varsity team. What is the 240 240 240
probability that a randomly selected 224 14
188 47 = =
student is on the honor roll (H) or is 240 15
a member of the varsity team (V)? = =
240 60
𝑜𝑟 0.9333 𝑜𝑟 93.33%
𝑜𝑟 0.7833 𝑜𝑟 78.33%
4. Mond’s dog has 8 puppies. The 𝑃(𝐹 ∪ 𝑊) = 𝑃(𝐹) 𝑃(𝐹 ∪ 𝑊) = 𝑃(𝐹) +
puppies include 2 white-colored + 𝑃(𝑊) 𝑃(𝑊) − 𝑃(𝐹 ∩ 𝑊)
females, 3 mixed-colored females,
1 white-colored male, and 2 mixed- 5 2 5 3 2
colored males. He wants to keep = + = + −
8 8 8 8 8
one puppy. What is the probability
that he randomly chooses a puppy 7 6 3
that is female (F) or white-colored = 𝑜𝑟 0.875 𝑜𝑟 87.5% = = 𝑜𝑟 0.75 𝑜𝑟 75%
8 8 4
(W)?
5. A restaurant serves a bowl of 𝑃(𝐶 ∪ 𝑀) = 𝑃(𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑀) = 𝑃(𝐶)
candies to their customers. The 𝑃(𝑀) − 𝑃(𝐶 ∩ 𝑀) + 𝑃(𝑀)
bowl of candies that Bea receives
has 10 chocolate-flavored candies, 10 12 8 10 12
8 coffee-flavored candies, and 12 = + − = +
30 30 30 30 30
milk-flavored candies. After she
randomly chooses a candy, she 14 7 22 11
eats it. Find the probability that that = = ≈ 0.4667 = = ≈ 0.7333
30 15 30 15
candy she ate is chocolate-flavored
(C) or milk-flavored (M) ≈ 46.67% ≈ 73.33%

Q3 Week 6: EXERCISE 3 (Summative Assessment)

I. True or False. Write “TRUE” if the statement is mathematically correct, otherwise write
“FALSE”.
1. Two events are mutually inclusive when they have common outcomes.
2. Getting a number 1 or a number 2 when a die is rolled is an example of mutually exclusive
event.
3. If the chance of thunderstorm tomorrow is 0.43, then the probability that there will be no
thunderstorm tomorrow is 0.47.

18
 4. Mutually exclusive events are two events that can occur at the same time.
5. The probability of getting a tail when a coin is tossed is 50%.

V. References
Department of Education, Mathematics 10, Learner’s Module pp. 328-340
Buddies, S. (2012, March 29). Probability and the Birthday Paradox. Retrieved October 14,
2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-probability-birthday-
paradox
Complements, Intersection, and Unions (2020). Retrieved October 14, 2020 from
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_Introductory_Statistic
s_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/03%3A_Basic_Concepts_of_Probability/3.02%3A_Complements%2C_
Intersections%2C_and_Unions
Mathematics Trivia (n.d.).. Retrieved October 14, 2020, from
https://www.transum.org/Software/Fun_Maths/Trivia.asp
Mutually Exclusive and Mutually Inclusive Events (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from
http://www.madeiracityschools.org/userfiles/376/Classes/26217/Mutually%20Exclusive%20and
%20Inclusive%20Events.pdf
The Probability of Mutually Exclusive and Inclusive Events (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2020,
from
http://math4yu.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/3/0/39302249/mutually_exclusive_and_inclusive_class
work.pdf
VI. Answer Key (Formative Assessments)
Q3 Week 5: Exercise 2
19
1. 𝑜𝑟 0.95 𝑜𝑟 95%
20
37
2. 𝑜𝑟 0.925 𝑜𝑟 92.5%
40
15
3. 𝑜𝑟 0.9375𝑜𝑟 93.75%
16
9
4. 𝑜𝑟 0.5625𝑜𝑟 56.25%
16
3
5. 𝑜𝑟 0.6 𝑜𝑟 60%
5
9
6. 𝑜𝑟 0.45 𝑜𝑟 45%
20
7. 0.6
8. 0.8
9. 0.1
10. 0.2
Q3 Week 6: Exercise 1
1
1. mutually inclusive: 𝑜𝑟 0.5 𝑜𝑟 50%
2
9
2. mutually exclusive: ≈ 0.3462 ≈ 34.62%
26
2
3. mutually exclusive: ≈ 0.1538 ≈ 15.38%
13
1
4. mutually inclusive: 𝑜𝑟 0.2 𝑜𝑟 20%
5
9
5. mutually inclusive: 𝑜𝑟 0.9 𝑜𝑟 90%
10
Quarter 3: Week 7 to 8
Independent and Dependent Events, and Conditional Probability

I. Introduction
Did you know that in a 10 multiple choice quiz with four options, you only have a rough
chance of 0.0000954% to get all ten questions correctly while guessing at random. How is this
number calculated?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ 𝑜𝑟 ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Will you still guess in your exam?
II. Learning Competencies
Illustrates dependent and independent events
Illustrates conditional probability
Solves problems involving probability (M10SP-III-j-1)

III. Material Needed

Scientific Calculator

19
 LESSON 9: INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT EVENTS
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events does not give any
information about whether or not the other event will occur; that is, the events have no influence
on each other.

Probability of Independent Events

If two events, A and B, are independent, then the probability of both events occurring
is the product of the probability of A and the probability of B. In symbols,
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)

Example 1: A coin is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting 2 heads (H) in a row.
1
Solution: The probability of getting a head in the first toss is . Likewise, the probability of getting
2
1
a head in the second toss is still . The result in the second toss is independent with the result in
2
the first toss. Thus, they are independent events.
𝑃(𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻) = 𝑃(𝐻) ∙ 𝑃(𝐻)
1 1
𝑃(𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻) = ∙
2 2
1
𝑃(𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻) = 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25%
4
Example 2: A box contains 6 red, 9 blue and 5 yellow balls. You randomly pick a ball, return
it in the box, and pick another ball. What is the probability that you will pick a red (R)
followed by a blue (B) ball?
6
Solution: In the first draw, the probability of picking a red ball is . Since, you returned the ball
20
before picking the next ball, the probability of picking the next ball will not be affected. Hence, the
9
probability of picking a blue ball in the second draw is and the two events are independent.
20
𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑅) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)
6 9 54
𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = ∙ =
20 20 400
27
𝑃(𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑜𝑟 0.135 𝑜𝑟 13.5%
200
Example 3: What is the probability of drawing 3 king (K) cards at random, one card at a
time, from a standard deck of cards if each card is replaced between each drawing?
Solution: Take note that each card is replaced between each draw. So, the pool of cards is
always 52 and the probability for each draw is not affected. Therefore, the events are independent.
𝑃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐾) = 𝑃(𝐾) ∙ 𝑃(𝐾) ∙ 𝑃(𝐾)
4 4 4
𝑃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐾) = ∙ ∙ since there are 4 king cards in a deck.
52 52 52
1 1 1
𝑃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐾) = ∙ ∙
13 13 13
1
𝑃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐾) = ≈ 0.05%
2197
Example 4: Efa has 4 black pens, 3 blue pens, and 2 red pens in his school bag. He
randomly picks a pen twice. What is the probability that he picks two blue (B) pens in a
row, if he placed the first pen back in his pocket before picking a new pen?
Solution: This is also an example of independent events. Since he placed the first pen back in
his pocket before choosing a second pen, the probability of choosing the second pen is not
affected by the probability of choosing the first pen.
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵)
3 3
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = ∙
9 9
9 1
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = =
≈ 0.1111 ≈ 11.11%
81 9
When the outcome of one event affects the outcome of another event, they are dependent
events.

Dependent Events
If two events, A and B, are dependent, then the probability of both events occurring is
the product of the probability of A and the probability of B after A occurs. In symbols,
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴)

Example 5: A rental agency has 12 white cars, 8 gray cars, 7 red cars, and 3 green cars for
rent. Ms. Gonzales rents a car, returns it because the radio is broken, and gets another car.
What is the probability that she will be given a green car (G) and then a white car (W)?

20
 3
Solution: The probability that she will be given a green car is . Since she returned the first car
30
that was given to her, this broken car is not included in the choices for the replacement car. So,
12
the probability that she will get a white car is . The probability of event W was affected by the
29
probability of event G. Hence, these two events are dependent.
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = 𝑃(𝐺) ∙ 𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺)
3 12
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = ∙
30 29
36 6
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = = ≈ 0.0414 ≈ 4.14%
870 145
Example 6: A box of chocolates contains 10 milk chocolates (M), 8 dark chocolates (D),
and 6 white chocolates (W). Mina randomly chooses a chocolate, eats it, and then randomly
chooses another chocolate. What is the probability that she will choose a milk chocolate,
and then, a white chocolate?
Solution: The first chocolate that was chosen cannot be replaced since she ate it. From a total
of 24 choices in the first chocolate, the choices for the second chocolate became 23. The
probability of the second chocolate was influenced by the probability of the first chocolate. Thus,
the events are dependent.
𝑃(𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = 𝑃(𝑀) ∙ 𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀)
10 6
𝑃(𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = ∙
24 23
60 5
𝑃(𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊) = = ≈ 0.1087 ≈ 10.87%
552 46
Example 7: There are 6 black (B) and 4 white (W) caps in a drawer. If one cap is taken out
without looking and then a second is taken out, what is the probability that both caps will
be black?
Solution: Events in this problem are definitely dependent since the first cap that was taken out
was not replaced back before taking the second cap.
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵)
6 5
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = ∙ .
10 9
5
Take note that it is in the second attempt because one black cap was taken
9
already in the first attempt.
30 1
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = = ≈ 0.3333 ≈ 33.33%
90 3
Example 8: Maia has 3 white (W), 4 black (B) and 3 pink (P) blouses in her closet. If she
randomly chose one blouse to wear for each day, what is the probability that she will wear
white blouse for three consecutive days?
Solution: Since she will not wear the same blouse for three consecutive days and she needs to
change it daily, these three events are dependent to each other.
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑊1 ) ∙ 𝑃(𝑊2 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊1 ) ∙ 𝑃(𝑊3 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑊2 )
3 2 1
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) = ∙ ∙
10 9 8
6 1
𝑃(𝑊 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) = = ≈ 0.83%
720 120

LESSON 10: CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

The conditional probability of an event B is the probability that the event will occur given
the knowledge that an event A has already occurred. This probability is written 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) and is read
as “probability of B given A”. In the case where events A and B are independent (where event A
has no effect on the probability of event B), the conditional probability of event B given event A is
simply the probability of event B, that is 𝑃(𝐵).

Conditional Probability
If events A and B are not independent, then the probability of B given A is defined by
𝑃(𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑜𝑟
𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐴)

Example 9: In ACNHS, 100 students were surveyed if they like hot or ice coffee. The results
of the survey are shown below:

21
 Hot (H) Ice (I) Total

Boy (B) 17 23 40
Girl (G) 38 22 60
Total 55 45 100
If one student is selected at random, what is the probability that the student:
a. is a girl given that she likes ice coffee?
b. is a boy given that he likes hot coffee?
c. likes ice coffee given that he is a boy?
d. likes hot coffee given that she is a girl?
Solution:
a. The given are girls who like iced coffee or (𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼) = 22 and students who like iced coffee
or 𝐼 = 45. Thus,
22
𝑃(𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼) 100 22
𝑃(𝐼) = = = ≈ 0.4889 ≈ 48.89%
𝑃(𝐼) 45 45
100

b. The given are boys who like hot coffee or (𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻) = 17 and students who like hot coffee
or 𝐻 = 55. So,
17
𝑃(𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻) 100 17
𝑃(𝐻) = = = ≈ 0.3091 ≈ 30.91%
𝑃(𝐻) 55 55
100
c. The given are boys who like iced coffee or (𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) = 23 and boy students or 𝐵 = 40.
Hence,
23
𝑃(𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) 100 23
𝑃(𝐵) = = = 𝑜𝑟 0.575 𝑜𝑟 57.5%
𝑃(𝐵) 40 40
100
d. The given are girls who like hot coffee or (𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺) = 38 and girl students or 𝐺 = 60.
Therefore,
38
𝑃(𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺) 100 38 19
𝑃(𝐺) = = = = ≈ 0.6333 ≈ 63.33%
𝑃(𝐺) 60 60 30
100

Example 10: Teacher JC gave his class two tests. 95% of the class passed the first test (T 1)
and 75% of the class passed both tests. Find the probability that a randomly selected
student passed the second test (T2) given that he passed the first test.
Solution: Given: 𝑃(𝑇1 ) = 95%, 𝑃(𝑇1 ∩ 𝑇2 ) = 75%
𝑃(𝑇 ∩𝑇 ) 75% 75 15
𝑃(𝑇1 ) = 1 2 = = = ≈ 0.7895 ≈ 78.95%
𝑃(𝑇1 ) 95% 95 19
Example 11: In ACNHS, 200 students were surveyed if they like anime or K-drama. The
results of the survey are shown below.
Anime (A) K-drama (K) Total
Boys (B) 50 35 85
Girls (G) 45 70 115
Total 95 105 200
If one student is selected at random, what is the probability that the student:
a. is a boy given that he likes anime?
b. is a girl given that she likes K-drama?
c. likes anime given that she is a girl?
d. likes K-drama given that he is a boy?
Solution:
50
𝑃(𝐵∩𝐴) 200 50 10
a. 𝑃(𝐴) = = 95 = = ≈ 0.5263 ≈ 52.63%
𝑃(𝐴) 95 19
200
70
𝑃(𝐺∩𝐾) 200 70 2
b. 𝑃(𝐾) = = 105 = = ≈ 0.6667 ≈ 66.67%
𝑃(𝐾) 105 3
200
45
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐺) 200 45 9
c. 𝑃(𝐺) = = 115 = = ≈ 0.3913 ≈ 39.13%
𝑃(𝐺) 115 23
200

22
 35
𝑃(𝐾∩𝐵) 200 35 7
d. 𝑃(𝐵) = = 85 = = ≈ 0.4118 ≈ 41.18%
𝑃(𝐵) 85 17
200
IV. Assessments
General Instruction: Write your solutions and/or answers on a clean sheet of paper.

Q3 Week 7: EXERCISE 1 (Summative Assessment)

Decide whether the scenario involves independent or dependent events.
1. You flip a coin and then roll a fair die. The coin lands heads-up and the die show a 2.
2. A bag contains eight red marbles and four blue marbles. You randomly pick a marble and
then pick a second marble without returning the marbles to the bag. The first marble and
second marble are red.
3. A box of chocolates contains five milk chocolates, five dark chocolates, and five white
chocolates. You randomly select and eat three chocolates. The first piece is milk
chocolate, the second is dark chocolate, and the third is white chocolate.
4. A cooler contains ten bottles of sports drink: four lemon-lime flavored, three orange
flavored, and three fruit-punch flavored. For three times, you randomly grab a bottle, return
the bottle to the cooler, and then mix up the bottles. The first time, you get a lemon-lime
drink. The second time and third time, you get fruit-punch.
5. There are eight shirts in your closet, four blue and four green. You randomly select one to
wear on Monday and then a different one on Tuesday. You wear blue shirts both days.

Q3 Week 7: EXERCISE 2 (Formative Assessment)

Solve each problem involving independent and dependent events.
1. You are guessing 2 multiple choice-questions that has four choices: A, B, C and D. What
is the probability that you will guess the 2 questions correctly?
2. A box contains 13 white, 21 black and 6 gray balls. If two balls are randomly selected, one
at a time without replacement, what is the probability of selecting two black balls?
3. Rens has 3 white, 4 black and 3 gray shirts in his closet. If he randomly chooses one shirt
to wear for each day, what is the probability that he will wear white shirt on the first day
and black shirt on the second day?
4. What is the probability of drawing 2 heart cards at random (one card at a time) from a
standard deck of cards if each card is replaced between each drawing?
5. A coin is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting 3 tails in a row.

Week 8: EXERCISE 1 (Formative Assessment)

Solve each problem involving conditional probability.
A. In school ACNHS, 100 students were surveyed if they like milk tea or coffee. The results
of the survey are shown below.
Milk Tea (M) Coffee (C) Total
Boys (B) 20 30 50
Girls (G) 45 5 50
Total 65 35 100

If one student is selected at random, what is the probability that the student:
1. is a boy given that he likes coffee?
2. is a girl given that she likes milk tea?
3. likes coffee given that she is a girl?
4. likes milk tea given that he is a boy?

B. At a basketball game, 80% of the fans cheered for Lakers. In the same crowd, 20% of the
fans were waving banners and cheering for Lakers.
5. What is the probability that a fan waved a banner given that the fan cheered
for Lakers?

Q3 Week 8: EXERCISE 2 (Summative Assessment)

Decide which solution and answer is correct.

23
 Problem JC’s Solution Maia’s Solution
1. Each day, Joha, Efa, Anne, 𝑃(𝐽 ∩ 𝐸) 𝑃(𝐽 ∩ 𝐸) = 𝑃(𝐽) ∙ 𝑃(𝐸)
Quinnie, Bahz and Mariz randomly = 𝑃(𝐽)
choose one of their names from a ∙ 𝑃(𝐸 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐽) 1 1
box to decide who throws away 1 1 = ∙
6 6
everyone’s lunch trash. What is the = ∙ 1
6 5 =
probability that Joha (J) was chosen 1 36
on the first day and Efa (E) was = ≈ 0.0278
30
chosen on the second day? ≈ 0.0333 ≈ 2.78%
≈ 3.33%
2. A basket contains 6 apples, 5 𝑃 (𝐵 ∩ 𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) ∙ 𝑃(𝐴)
bananas, 4 oranges, and 5 guavas. = 𝑃 (𝐵) ∙ 𝑃(𝐴 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵)
Dominic randomly chooses one 5 6 5 6
= ∙ = ∙
piece of fruit, eats it, and chooses 20 19 20 20
another piece of fruit. What is the 30 3 30 3
= = = =
probability that he will choose a 380 38 400 40
banana (B) and then an apple (A)? ≈ 0.0789 ≈ 7.89% 𝑜𝑟 0.075 𝑜𝑟 7.75%

3. A teacher gave her class two 𝑃(𝐹 ∩ 𝑆) 𝑃(𝑆 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝑆) ∙ 𝑃(𝐹)

tests. 25% percent of the class 𝑃(𝐹) = = 25% ∙ 42%
𝑃(𝐹)
passed both tests and 42% of the 25% 25 25 42
class passed the first test. What = = = ∙
42% 42 100 100
percent of those who passed the ≈ 0.5952 1050 21
first test (F) also passed the second = =
≈ 59.52% 10000 200
test (S)? 𝑜𝑟 0.105 𝑜𝑟 10.5%
4. Two cards are drawn at random 𝑃 (𝑆 ∩ 𝐷 ) 𝑃(𝑆 ∩ 𝐷) = 𝑃(𝑆) ∙ 𝑃(𝐷)
one at a time from a standard deck = 𝑃(𝑆) ∙ 𝑃(𝐷 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆)
of cards with replacement. What is 13 13 13 13
= ∙ = ∙
the probability that the first card 52 51 52 52
drawn is a spade card (S) and the 169 13 169 1
= = = =
second is a diamond (D)? 2652 204 2704 16
≈ 0.0637 ≈ 6.37% 𝑜𝑟 0.0625 𝑜𝑟 6.25%
5. In RLLMHS, 50 students were 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐵) 𝑃(𝑀 ∩ 𝐵)
surveyed if they like Mathematics 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝑀) =
𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝑀)
(M) or Science (S) subject. The
results of the survey are shown 15 15
15 15
= 50 = = 50 =
below.
M S Total 25 25 28 28
Boys(B) 15 20 25 50 50
Girls(G) 13 12 25
3 ≈ 0.5357 ≈ 53.57%
Total 28 22 50 = 𝑜𝑟 0.6 𝑜𝑟 60%
If one student is selected at 5
random, what is the probability that
the student likes Mathematics given
that he is a boy?

Q3 Week 8: EXERCISE 3 (Summative Assessment)

True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE.
1. Dependent events are two events in which the probability of any one event occurring is
unaffected by the occurrence or non-occurrence of any other events.
2. Conditional probability is the probability of event B will occur given that event A has already
occurred.
3. With replacement, the probability of drawing a heart first then a diamond card from a deck
13 13
of 52 cards can be represented by the expression ∙ .
52 52
4. If 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴) = 0.2 and 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.4, then 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 0.5.
1
5. If a coin is tossed 4 times, then the probability of 4 heads in a row is .
4

24
V. References
Department of Education, Mathematics 10, Learner’s Module pp. 341-352
Conditional Probability (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/condprob.htm
Dependent and independent events. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/maths/grade-11/probability/10-probability-02
Conditional Probability (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://web.gccaz.edu/~johwd63181/MAT142/chapter_4/problems/section%204.7.pdf
Independent and Dependent Events (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2020, from
https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Alg2/Independent%20and%20Dependent%20Events.
pdf

VI. Answer Key (Formative Assessments)

Q3 Week 7: Exercise 2 Q3 Week 8: Exercise 1
1 6
1. 𝑜𝑟 0.0625 𝑜𝑟 6.25% 1. ≈ 0.8571 ≈ 85.71%
16 7
7 9
2. ≈ 0.2692 ≈ 26.92% 2. ≈ 0.6923 ≈ 69.23%
26 13
2 1
3. ≈ 0.1333 ≈ 13.33% 3. 𝑜𝑟 0.1 𝑜𝑟 10%
15 10
1 2
4. 𝑜𝑟 0.0625 𝑜𝑟 6.25% 4. 𝑜𝑟 0.4 𝑜𝑟 40%
16 5
1 1
5. 𝑜𝑟 0.125 5. 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25%
8 4

Prepared by:

Joselito C. Cabije
Teacher III
Angeles City National High School

Checked by:

Angeles City Science High School

Rafael L. Lazatin Memorial High School

25
 Angeles City National High School
Pampang Angeles City
S.Y. 2021-2022

THIRD QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST IN MATHEMATICS 10

Name:____________________________ Date:_______________ Score:______________

Teacher:__________________________ Grade and Section:___________________________

I. Write TRUE if the underlined word/phrase makes the sentence correct. Otherwise, write
FALSE.
__________1. Permutation is an arrangement of objects where order is important.
__________2. In math, n! illustrates the exclamation point.
__________3. Combination is an arrangement of objects where order does not matter.
𝑛!
__________4. nCr = (𝑛−𝑟)!
__________5. The results of an experiment are called events.
__________6. Compound event is composed of 2 or more simple events.
__________7. Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the events does not
affect the occurrence of the other event.
__________8. In probability, the expression: "𝑃(𝐵|𝐴)" is read as “probability of B over A”.
__________9. Finding the arrangement of children on a merry-go-round is an example of
combination.
__________10. Finding the number of committees that can be formed from a group is an
example of combination.

II. Decide which solution is correct in each item. Write the name of the one with correct
solution on the space provided before each item.

Problem Cutie’s solution Pretty’s solution

_______11. A “roleta” has an 1 1 4 8
equal chance of landing on 𝑃(4 𝑜𝑟 8) = + 𝑃(4 𝑜𝑟 8) = +
8 8 8 8
each of its eight regions that 2 1 12
= = = 𝑜𝑟 1.5
are labeled from 1 to 8. What 8 4 8
is the probability of getting 4
or 8 when spinning it? 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25% 𝑜𝑟 150 %
_______12. A coin is tossed 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(H, H, H)= + + P(H, H, H)= ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
three times. Find the 3 1 1
probability of getting 3 heads = or or .50 or 50% = or 0.125 or 12.5%
6 2 8
(H) in a row.

_______13. Pretty with her 5 5P5= 5! = 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 = 6P6= 6! = 6 ∙ 5 ∙ 4 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 1 =

friends pose for a picture. 120 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 720 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
How many way can they pose
in a row?
_______14. In how many 7! 7! 5040 7! 7! 5040
7 C4 = = = = 35 7 P4 = (7−4)!
= = = 840
ways can a committee 3!(7−3)! 3!∙4! 144 3! 6

consisting of 4 members be ways ways

formed from 7 people?
_______15. In rolling a die, 1 3 4 1 3 1 3
P(6 or even) = + = P(6 or even) = + − =
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
what is the probability of 1
or .6667 or 66.67% or or .50 or 50%
getting a 6 or an even 2
number?

II. Multiple Choice. Shade the letter of the correct answer.

For items 16 and 17
(A) (B) (C) (D) 16. In rolling a die twice, what event is illustrated in “finding the probability of getting
an even number on the first roll and an odd number on the second roll”.
A. Union of events B. Intersection of events
C. Independent events D. Dependent events

26
(A) (B) (C) (D) 17. In rolling a die twice, what is the probability on getting a “4” on the first roll and
getting a “3” on the second roll?
2 1 1 1
A. 7 B. = C. D.
6 3 12 36
(A) (B) (C) (D) 18. In how many ways can we arrange the letters of the word “FAITH”, 4 – letters at a
time?
A. 24 B. 60 C. 120 D. 720

(A) (B) (C) (D) 19. What arrangement of objects is illustrated in the problem?
“There are 4 different Mathematics books and 5 different Science books. In how
many ways can the books be arranged on a shelf if books of the same subject must
be placed together?”
A. Permutation without restriction B. Permutation with restriction
C. Combination without restricition D. Combination with restriction

(A) (B) (C) (D) 20. What arrangement of objects is illustrated in the problem? “In how many ways
can a team of 3 - members be chosen from 7 students?”
A. Combination B. Permutation C. Fundamental Counting Principle D. Probability

(A) (B) (C) (D) 21. In how many ways can a team of 3 - members be chosen from 7 students?
3
A. 3(7) = 21 B. 7P3 = 210 C. 7C3 = 35 D.
7
(A) (B) (C) (D) 22. In a standard deck of cards, what is the probability of drawing a number “10”
card?
1
A. B. 1 C. 4 D. 10
13
(A) (B) (C) (D) 23. What do you call events that can happen at the same time?
A. Dependent events B. Independent events
C. Mutually inclusive events D. Mutualy exclusive events

(A) (B) (C) (D) 24. What do you call events if one of the events affects the occurance of another event?
A. Dependent events B. Independent events
C. Mutually inclusive events D. Mutualy exclusive events

(A) (B) (C) (D) 25. What do you call events if one of the events does not affect the occurance of the
other event?
A. Dependent events B. Independent events
C. Mutually inclusive events D. Mutualy exclusive events
For items 26-27:
(A) (B) (C) (D) 26. What kind of permutation is illustrated in the problem? “How many ways can the
letters of “MAXAM” be arranged?”
A. taken all at a time B. taken r at a time
C. with like objects D. circular

(A) (B) (C) (D) 27. How many ways can the letters of “MAXAM” be arranged?
A. 120 ways B. 30 ways C. 5 ways D. 4 ways

(A) (B) (C) (D) 28. What is the value of 6C3(3C2)?

A. 3 B. 6 C. 20 D. 60

(A) (B) (C) (D) 29. A box contains 4 red, 10 white and 6 blue chips. If one chip is randomly drawn from
the box, find the probability that it is white?
1 1 3
A. 1 B. C. D.
2 5 10
For items 30-31, use the data below
A Survey of select G10 students as to their prefered Learning Modality LM):

LM On-line Modular Blended Total

Gender

Male 7 19 9 35
Female 18 26 21 65
Total 25 45 30 100

27
(A) (B) (C) (D) 30. What is the probability of selecting a student who prefers Modular Learning?
25 1 30 3 45 9
A. 45 B. = C. = D. =
100 4 100 10 100 20
(A) (B) (C) (D) 31. What is the probability of selecting a female student given she prefers Blended
Learning?
65 13 30 3 30 6 21 7
A. = B. = C. = D. =
100 20 100 10 65 13 30 10
(A) (B) (C) (D) 32. Find the number of ways in which 6 persons A, B, C, D, E and F sit around a circular
table such that A and B always sit beside each other.
A. 720 B. 240 C. 120 D. 60
For items 33-34:
(A) (B) (C) (D) 33. What kind of arrangement is illustrated in the problem?
“From a group of teachers comprised by 3 English, 4 Math and 2 Science teachers, a
committee of 3-members coming from the group is to be formed if there is 1 teacher
coming form each department. In how many ways can this be done?”
A. Permutation without restriction B. Permutation with restriction
C. Combination without restricition D. Combination with restriction
(A) (B) (C) (D) 34. From a group of teachers comprised by 3 English, 4 Math and 2 Science teachers,
a committee of 3-members coming from the group is to be formed if there is 1 teacher
coming form each department. In how many ways can this be done?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 24
For items 35-36:
A survey among 100 teachers was conducted, it was found out that 70 of them like
Netflix series (S), 60 like Netflix movies (M) and 40 like both.

(A) (B) (C) (D) 35. How many does not like either series or movies?
A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40

(A) (B) (C) (D) 36. What is the probability of selecting a teacher who likes both series and movies?
10 1 20 1 30 3 40 2
A. = B. = C. = D. =
100 10 100 5 100 10 100 5

(A) (B) (C) (D) 37. There are 4 different Algebra books and 5 different Statistics books. In how many
ways can the books be arranged on a shelf if books of the same subject must be
placed together?
A. 5760 B. 2880 C. 120 D. 24
(A) (B) (C) (D) 38. A team composed of 5 players is to be chosen from 6 boys and 4 girls. How many
ways can this be done, if there must be at least 3 boys in the team?
A. 6 B. 60 C. 120 D. 186
(A) (B) (C) (D) 39. A card is drawn from a standard deck of cards. What is the probability of drawing a
heart or a face card?
13 1 12 3 22 11 3
A. = B. = C. = D.
52 4 52 13 52 26 52

40. A bag contains 6 blue marbles, 9 red marbles and 5 green ones. Frielle will choose
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 marbles one at a time, what is the probability of choosing a green marble, with out
replacing it, then choosing a red marble?
5 1 9 6 1 45 9
A. = B. C. = D. =
20 4 19 18 3 380 76

“I WILL DO WELL IN THIS EXAM, AS I AM WELL PREPARED.”

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