MODULE-01_MATRIX: EIGEN VALUE AND VECTORS

Problems Based on Eigen Value and Vectors

1
1. If λ & X are eigen values and eigen vectors of A then prove that λ and X are eigen values
and eigen vectors of A−1 , provided A is non singular matrix
2. Find eigen values and eigen vectors of A3
2 1 1
where A = [2 3 2]
3 3 4
3. If f(x) is an algebraic polynomial in x and λ is an eigen value and X
Is the corresponding eigen vector of a square matrix A then f(λ) is
an eigen value and X is the corresponding eigen vector of f(A).
4. If λ is an Eigen value of the matrix A with corresponding Eigen vector,
prove that λn is an Eigen value of An with corresponding Eigen vector X.
2 2 1
5. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors for the matrix [1 3 1]
1 2 2
6. Show that eigen values of unitary matrix are of unit modulus.
7. Find the Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix A3 where
4 6 6
A=[ 1 3 2]
−1 −5 −2
8. Prove that Eigen values of a hermitian matrix are real.
−2 5 4
9. Find eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix A = [ 5 7 5 ]
4 5 −2
10. Find eigen values and eigen vectors of −
2 1 1
A = [2 3 2]
3 3 4
11. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix
8 −8 −2
A = [4 −3 −2]
3 −4 1
12. Show that the matrix A is derogatory and find its minimal polynomial
2 −3 3
A = [0 3 −1]
0 −1 3
−2 2 −3
13. If A = [ 2 1 −6]
−1 −2 0
Find the characteristics roots of A and A2 + I.
14. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 1

 8 −8 −2
𝐴 = [4 −3 −2]
3 −4 1
2 2 1
15. If A = [1 3 1] , Find the characteristic roots of A and A3 + I.
1 2 2
16. Find the eigen values of the adjoint of the matrix
2 0 −1
A=[ 0 2 0 ]
−1 0 2
1 0 0
17. Find the eigen values of A2 + 2I, where A = [2 −2 0] and I is the identity
3 5 3
matrix of order 3.
18. Find the Eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix.
2 1 0
A = [0 2 1]
0 0 2
4 6 6
19. Find the eigen values and the Eigen vectors of the matrix [ 1 3 2]
−1 −5 −2
x 4x
20. If A = [ ] has eigen values 5 and − 1 then find values of x and y.
2 y
−1 2 3
21. If A = [ 0 3 5 ] . Find the eigen values of A3 + 5A + 8I.
0 0 −2
Problems Based on Cayley-Hamilton Theorem

2 1 1
1. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for A = [0 1 0] and hence find A−1 & A4
1 1 2
2. Verify Cayley − Hamilton Theorem for
2 −1 1
A = [−1 2 −1] and hence find A−1
1 −1 2
3. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for
3 10 5
A = [−2 −3 −4] and hence ,
3 5 7
find the matrix represented by A − 6A5 + 9A4 + 4A3 − 12A2 + 2A − 1 .
6

4. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A and hence find

A−1 and A4 .
1 2 −2
where A = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
5. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem and find the value of A64 for the

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 1 2
matrix A = [ ].
2 −1
6. State Cayley − Hamilton Theorem . Hence deduce that A8 = 625I, where
1 2
A=[ ]
2 −1
7. Verify Caley − Hamilen theorem for
1 2 0
A = [2 −1 0 ] hence find A−2 .
0 0 −1
8. Use Cayley − Hamilton theorem to find
1 2
2A4 − 5A3 − 7A + 61 where A = [ ]
2 2
9. Find the characteristics equation of the matrix A given below and
Hence find the matrix represented by
A6 − 6A5 + 9A4 + 4A3 − 12A2 + 2A − I.
3 10 5
A = [−2 −3 −4]
3 5 7
10. Find A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10I interms of A using Cayley −
1 4
Hamilton theorem for A = [ ]
2 3
11. Use Cayley − Hamilton theorem to find A5 − 4A4 − 7A3 + 11A2 − A − 10 I
1 4
in terms of A where A = [ ]
2 3
2 4
12. If A = [ ] , then find the eigen value of 6A−1 + A3 + 2I
0 3
1 0
13. If A = [ ] then find the eigne values of 4A−1 + 3A + 2I.
2 4
1 3
14. State Cayley − Hamilton theorem & 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = [ ]
2 2
Problems Based on Function of Square matrix A

−1 4
1. If A = [ ] , prove that 3tanA = Atan3
2 1
2. Find A50 , where
2 3
A=[ ]
−3 −4
1 4 4 −4
3. If A = [ ] , prove that A50 − 5A40 = [ ]
2 3 −2 2
2 1
4. If A = [ ] , find A50
1 2
3 1

5. If A = [21 2
3] then find eA and 4A with the help of Modal matrix
2 2
π 3π⁄
6. If A = [ ⁄2 2] , find sin A.
π π

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 7. Find the value of μ which satify the equation.
A100 x = μ X, where
2 1 −1
A = [0 −2 −2]
1 1 0
Problems Based on Diagonalisable

1. Prove that A is diagonizable matrix. Also find diagonal form and

1 −6 −4
transforming matrix where A = [0 4 2]
0 −6 −3
4 2 2
2. Find the orthogonal matrix P that diagonalises A = [2 4 2]
2 2 4
6 −2 2
3. Show that the following matrix A = [−2 3 −1] is diagonalisable .
2 −1 3
Also find the diagonal form and a diagonalising matrix.
8 −8 −2
4. Show that the matrix A = [4 −3 −2] is similar to diagonal matrix , find the
3 −4 1
diagonalising matrix and diagonal form.
2 1 1
5. Is the matrix A = [1 2 1] diagonalizable . If so find diagonal form and
0 0 1
transforming matrix.
−9 4 4
6. Show that the matrix A = [ −8 3 4] is diagonable . Also find diagonal
−16 8 7
form and diagonalising matrix.
2 2 1
7. Show that the given matrix [1 3 1] is
1 2 2
diagonalizable . Find the transforming matrix and diagonal form.
8 −6 2
8. Show that the matrix A = [−6 7 −4] is diagonalizable . Find the
2 −4 3
transforming matrix and the diagonal matrix.
8 −6 2
9. Show that the matrix A = [−6 7 −4] is diagonalisable.
2 −4 3
Find the diagonal form and transforming matrix.
8 −6 2
10. Show that the matrix A = [−6 7 −4]
2 −4 3
Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 4
 is diagonalisable . Find the transforming matrix and the diagonal matrix.
8 −8 −2
11. Show that the matrix A = [4 −3 −2] is diagonalisable
3 −4 1
Find the transforming matrix and the diagonal matrix.
8 −6 2
12. Show that the matrix A = [−6 7 −4]
2 −4 3
is diagonalisable . Find the transforming matrix and the diagonal matrix.
−9 4 4
13. Show that the matrix [ −8 3 4] is diagonalizable . Find the tranforming
−16 8 7
matrix and the diagonal matrix.
14. Show that the matrix A is diagonalizable , find its diagonal form and
−9 4 4
transforming matrix , if A = [ −8 3 4] .
−16 8 7
15. Show that the following matrix is Diagonalizable . Find the transforming
matrix and the Diagonal matrix.
−9 4 4
[ −8 3 4]
−16 8 7
Problems Based on Derogatory

1 2 3
1. Check whether A = [2 3 4] is derogatory or not
3 4 5
7 4 −1
2. Show that the matrix A = [ 4 7 −1] is derogatory
−4 −4 4
7 4 −1
3. Show that the matrix A = [ 4 7 −1] is derogatory
−4 −4 4
4. Show that the matrix A is derogatory and find its minimal polynomial
2 −3 3
A = [0 3 −1]
0 −1 3
5 −6 −6
5. Show that the matrix A = [−1 4 2 ] is derogatory.
3 −6 −4
6. Is the following matrix Derogatory? Justify.
5 −6 −6
[−1 4 2]
3 −6 −4

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 2 −2 3
7. Show that the matrix A = [1 1 1 ] is non − derogatory.
1 3 −1
7 4 −1
8. Show that A = [ 4 7 −1] is derogatory.
−4 −4 4
2 1 0
9. Determine whether matrix A is derogatory A = [0 2 1 ]
0 0 2
5 −6 −6
10. Show that the matrix A = [−1 4 2 ] is derogatory.
3 −6 −4

MODULE-02_ COMPLEX- INTEGRATION

Practice Problems Based on Open Loop C.I.
1+i 2
1. Evaluate ∫0 z dz , along the parabola x = y 2
2. Evaluate ∫c|z|dz , where c is the left half of unit circle |z| = 1 from
z = −i to z = i
1+i 2
3. Evaluate ∫0 (x + iy) dz along y = x and y = x 2
1+i
4. Evaluate the line integral ∫0 (x 2 + iy)dz along the path y = x
5. Show that ∫c log z = 2 π i , where C is the unit circle in the z − plane
6. Evaluate ∫c(z̅ + 2z)dz along the circle c: x 2 + y 2 = 1.
7. Evaluate ∫c(z − z 2 ) where C is the upper half of the cirlce |z| = 1.What is the
value of the integral for the lower half of the same circle?
Practice Problems Based on Cauchy’s Integral formula
ekz
8. If C is circle |z| = 1, using the integral ∫c dz where k is real , show that
z
π kcosθ
∫0 e cos(ksinθ) dθ = π
e2x
9. Evaluate ∫c (z+1)4 dz where C: |z| = 2
z
10. Evaluate ∫c (z−1)2 (z−2) dz , where c is the circle |z − 2| = 0.5
4z2 +z+5 x2 y2
11. If ∮ (α) = ∫c z−α dz , where c is the contour of the ellipse 4 + = 1,
9
find the values of ∮ (3.5), ∮ (i), ∮ (−1), ∮ (−i)
sinπz2 −cosπz2
12. Evaluate ∫c (z−1)(z−2) dz , where c is the circle |z| = 3
3z2 +7z+1
13. If f(a) = ∫c z−a dz , where c is a circle |z| = 2, find the values of
(i)
f(−3), (ii)
f(i), (iii) ′ (1
f − i) .
14. State and prove Cauchy ′ s Integral formula for the simply connected region
z+6
and hence evaluate ∫ 2 dz, |z − 2| = 5
z −4

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 ekz
15. Evaluate ∮c dz over the circle |z| = 1 and k is real. Hence prove
z
π kcosθ
that ∫0 e cos (k sinθ)dθ = π.
3z2 +11z+7
16. Find f(3), f ′ (1 + i), f ″ (1 − i), if f(a) = ∮c dz, c: |z| = 2 .
z−a
zez ′ ′
17. If ∮ (α) = ∮ z−α dz where c is |z − 2i| = 3. find ∮ (1), ∮ (2) , ∮ (4)
e2z
18. Evaluate ∫c (z+1)4 dz , where C is the circle |z − 1| = 3
e2z
19. Evaluate ∮c (z−1)4 dz where c is the circle |z| = 2
∫ e2z
20. Evaluate (z+1)4
dz where c is the circle |z − 1| = 3
z+2
21. Evaluate ∫c z3 −2z2 dz , where C is the circle |z − 2 − i| =2
dz
22. Evaluate ∮c z3 (z+4) where c is the circle |z| = 2
(12z−7)dz
23. Using Cauchy's Integral formula ,evaluate ∫c (z−1)2 (2z+3) where C: |z + i| = √3
z+3
24. Evaluate ∫ z2 +2z+5 dz ,where C is the circle (i) |z| = 1. (ii) |z + 1 − i| = 2.

Practice Problems Based on Cauchy’s residue theorem

e2
25. Using Residue theorem evaluate ∫c dz where C is |z| = 4.
z2 +π2
𝑑𝑧
26. Evaluate ∫ 𝑧 3 (𝑍+4) where |z| = 4
z−4
27. Find the sum of the residues at singular points of f(z) = z(z−1)(z−2)
z2 +3
28. Using Cauchy ′ s Residue theorem , evaluate ∮c z2 −1 dz where c is the circle
(i) |z − 1| = 1 (ii) |z + 1| = 1 .
z
29. Find the sum of the residues at singular points of f(z) = (z−1)2 (z2 −1)
2z−1
30. Evaluate using Cauchy ′ s Residue theorem ∮c z(2z+1)(z+2) dz where c is |z| = 1.
1−2z
31. Evaluate using Cauchy ′ s Residue theorem ∮c z(z−1)(z−2) dz where c is |z| = 1.5
z2
32. Evaluate ∫c (z−1)2 (z+1) dz where C is |z| = 2 using residue theorem

Practice Problems Based on Taylor and Laurent series

Type: 1 (about z=0)
z−1
50. Obtain Taylor ′ s and two distinct Laurent ′ s expansion of f(z) = z2 −2z−3
indicating the region of convergence.
1
51. Find expansion of f(z) = (1+z2)(z+2) indicating region of convergence .
52. Obtain Taylor ′ s series and two distinct Laurent ′ s series expansion
z2 −1
of f(z) = z2 +5z+6 about z = 0, indicating region of convergence .
1
53. Expand f(z) = in the regions
z(z−2)(z+1)

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 i) |z| < 1 , 𝑖𝑖) 1 < |z| < 2 , 𝑖𝑖𝑖) |z| > 2
2
54. Find Laurent ′ s series which represents the function f(z) = (z−1)(z−2)
when (i) |z| < 1, (ii) 1 < |z| < 2 (iii) |z| > 2
z
55. Expand f(z) = (z−2)(z−1) in the regions
i ) |z| < 1, 𝑖𝑖) 1 < |z| < 2, 𝑖𝑖𝑖) |z| > 2.
′ ′
56. Obtain ALL Taylor s and Laurent s series expansions of function
(z − 2)(z + 2)
about z = 0.
(z + 1)(z + 4)
2
57. Find Laurent ′ s series which represents the function f(z) = (z−1)(z−2) when
(i) |z| < 1 (ii) 1 < |z| < 2 (iii) |z| > 2.

Type: 1 (about z=a)

2z−3
60. Find all possible Laurent ′ s expansions of z2 −4z−3 about z = 4.
z
61. Find all possible Laurent ′ s expansions of (z−1)(z−2) about z = −2 indicating
the region of convergence .
′ 2z−3
62. Obtain two distinct Laurent s series expansions of f(z) = z2 −4z+3 in powers
of (z − 4) indicating the region of convergence in each case .
63. Find all possible Laurent ′ s expansions of the function
7z−2
f(z) = z(z−2)(z+1) about z = −1

MODULE-03_Z-TRANSFORM
1. Find z-Transform of f(k) = {−6, −3,0,2,4}
2. Find z[f(k)]
If f(k) = 4k k<0
k
=3 k≥0
3. If f(k) = u(k)& 9(k) = 2k ∙ u(k) Find z[f(k)] ∗ 9(k)
Find z-Transforms of 𝒇(𝒌)
4. f(k) = {8,6,4,2,0,1,3,5,7}
5. f(k) = {−6, −4, −2,1,2,4,6}
6. f(k) = 3k ; k ≥ 0
7. f(k) = 5k ; k < 0
k
8. f(k) = { ak k < 0
b k≥0
9. f(k) = k(2k ) ; k ≥ 0
ak
10. f(k) = ;k ≥ 1
k
5k ; k<0
11. f(k) = {
3k ; k≥0

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 2k ; k ≤ −1
12. f(k) = {(1⁄2)k ; k = 0,2,4 ….
(1⁄3)k ; k = 1,3,5
3k
13. f(k) = ;k ≥ 1
k
|k|
14. f(k) = 2
15. f(k) = cos(ak + b) ; k ≥ 0
16. f(k) = cos 2k ; k≥0
17. f(k) = sin 2k ;k ≥ 0
18. f(k) = sin h (2k) ;k ≥ 0
19. f(k) = cos h (2k) ;k ≥ 0
20. f(k) = sin(αk + π⁄2) ; k ≥ 0
21. f(k) = 2k ∙ u(k)
22. f(k) = (e−ak ∙ k) = (ea )−k ∙ k
23. f(k) = e−ak cos bk
24. f(k) = 2k sin(3k + 2) ; k ≥ 0
25. Find z [f(k) ∗ 9(k)]
if f(k) = 4k ∙ u(k)
9(k) = 5k . u(k)
1 1
26. Find z[f(k)] where f(k) = (2k ) ∗ (3k )
27. z[k. ak ] ;k ≥ 0
2]
28. z[k = z[k ∙ k]
29. f(k) = 3k + 5k ;k ≥ 0
30. f(k) = kαk + kβk ;k ≥ 0
1
31. f(k) = 3k + 3k ;k ≥ 0
2k 3k
32. f(k) = + ;k ≥ 0
k k
kπ π
33. f(k) = 3k cos ( 2 + 4 ) ;k ≥ 0
34. f(k) = e−2k cos 3k ;k ≥ 0
kπ π
35. f(k) = 3k sin ( 2 + 4 ) ;k ≥ 0
1
36. Find z −1 [z−a] |z| > |a|
1
37. Find z −1 [z−a] |z| < |a|
1
38. Find z −1 [(z−3)(z−2)]
ROC is (i)|z| > 2
(ii)2 < |z| < 3
(iii)|z| > 3

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 9

 MODULE-04_PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING
Practice Problem Based on Probability Distribution
1. Write down the probability distribution of the sum of numbers appearing on the toss of
two unbiased dice.
2. The probability density function of a random variable X is ,
X= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P(X=x)= k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k

Find k, mean, variance, cdf and P(X < 4), P(3 < 𝑋 ≤ 6) .
3. Calculate the first four moments about the mean taking 37 as mean value?
X 31 34 37 40 43 46

F 2 4 26 47 15 6

4. If the mean of the following distribution is 16 find m,n and variance

X 8 12 16 20 24

P(X=x) 1/8 m n 1/4 1/12

5. A random variable X has the following probability distribution

X 0 1 2 3

P(x) 1/6 1/3 1/3 1/6

Find M.G.F about the origin and hence first four raw moments.
6. The probability density function of a random variable x is
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3

P(x) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 K

Find i) k ii) mean iii) variance

7. Find the 𝑀. 𝐺. 𝐹. of following distribution.
X: -2 3 1

P(X=x) 1 1 1
3 2 6
Hence find first four central moments.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 10

 8. A random variable x has following probability distribution.

X -2 -1 0 1 2

P(x) 1/5 1/5 2/5 2/15 1/15

Find probability distribution of

(i) v=x2 +1 (ii) w=x2 +2x+3
9. A random variable x has following probability distribution.
X -1 0 1 2

P(x) 0.25 0.1 0.35 0.3

Find probability distribution of

(i) u=x2 -1 (ii) v=x2 +1
10. If the first four moments of a distribution about the value 4 of
the random variable are-1.5,17, -30 and 108 then find first four raw moments.
11. A continuous random variable X has the following probability law
f(x) = kx 2 e−x , x ≥ 0. Find k, mean and variance.
12. The daily consumption of electric power (in millions of kwh) is r.v. x with
PDF f(x) = k xe−x/4 , x > 0.Find k and the probability that on a given day the
electricity consumption is more than expected electricity consumption.

13. Find k and then E(x) for the p. d. f.

k(x − x 2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, k > 0
f(x) = {
0 , otherwise
14. If x is a continuous random variable with the probability density function
3)
given by f(x) = {k(x − x 0 ≤ x ≤ 1} ,
0 otherwise
Find (i) k ii) the mean of the distribution.
15. A continuous random variable X had the p.d.f. defined by
1
f(x) = A + Bx, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.If the mean of the distribution is find A and B.
3

16. The daily consumption of electric power (in million kwh)

is a random variable x with p.d.f, f(x) = kx e−x⁄5 for x > 0; Find the value of k, the
mathematical expectation and the probability that on a given day, the electric consumption is more
than the expected value.

17. A continuous random variable with P.D. F. f(x) = kx(1 − x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Find K and determine a number b such that P(x ≤ b) = p(x ≥ b).

Type:1 Fit Binomial Distribution {Self Learning Topics}

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 11

 1. 150 random samples of 4 units each are inspected for number of defective items. The
results are:
Number of defective items : 0 1 2 3 4

Number of Samples : 28 62 46 10 4

Fit a binomial distribution to the observed data.

2. Fit a binomial distribution to the following data. [D04]

X 0 1 2 3 4

F 12 66 109 59 10

3. Fit a Binomial distribution to the following data

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

F 5 18 28 12 7 6 4

Type:2 Problem Based on Mean and variance

4. The mean and variance of a Binomial variate are 3 and 1.2. Find n, p and P[X<4].

5. Find Binomial distribution of mean is 5 and variance is 10/3.Find P[X=2]

6. Find mean, mode and standard deviation of the Binomial distribution whose
parameters are n=8, p=1/4.
7. Find p of Binomial distribution if n=6 and 9𝑃[𝑋 = 4] = 𝑃[𝑋 = 2]

Type:3 Word Problem Based on Binomial Distribution

8. The probability that a man, aged 60 will be live up to 70 is 0.65. what is the probability
that out of 10 such men now at 60 at least 7 will live up to 70. [M03]
9. If 10 fair coins are tossed simultaneously what is the chance of getting at least 7 heads.
10. Outof2000 families with 4 children each how many would you expect to have
(i) at least a boy (ii) 1 or 2 girls
(iii) no girl (iv) having 2 boys. [D98]
11. If 10% bolts produced by a machine are defective, calculate the probability that out of
a sample selected at random of 7 bolts, not more than 1 bolt will be defective.
12. If 10% of the rivets produced by a machine are defective. Find the probability that out
5 randomly chosen rivets
(i)none will be defective (ii) at most two will be defective.
13. In 100 sets of 10 tosses of a coins. In how many cases do you expect
(i) 7 heads and 3 tails (ii) at least 7 heads.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 12

 14. Team A has probability 2/3 of winning whenever it plays. If A plays 4 games find the
probability that A wins.
I. exactly 2 games
II. at least 1 game
III. more than half the game.
15. A box contains 100 transistors ,20 of which are defective. If 10 are selected at random
find the probability that
i. all are defective
ii. all are non-defective
iii. at least one is defective.
16. 7 dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect at least 4 dice to show 3
or 5?
17. In a bombing attack there is a 50% chance that any one bomb will strike the target.
Two direct hits are required to destroy the target completely. How many bombs must
be dropped to given at least 99% chance of destroying the target.
18. A six faced die is thrown and the probability that in 20 throws it gives 5 even numbers
is twice the probability that it will give 5 odd numbers. How many times in 10,000 sets
of throws would you expect it to give no even number?
19. The mean of a binomial distribution is 6 and standard deviation is 4. Find the fallacy if
any in this statement.
20. The probability that at any moment one telephone line out of 10 will
be busy is 0.2.
(i) What is the probability that 5 lines are busy?
(ii) Find the expected number of busy lines and also find the probability
of this number.
(iii) What is the probability that all lines are busy?
21. It is known that the probability of an item produced by a certain
machine will be defective is 0.05. If the produced items are sent
to the market in packets of 20, find the number of packets containing
(i) at least 2
(ii) exactly 2
(iii) at most 2 defective items in a
consignment of 1000 packets using Poisson distribution.
22. The ratio of the probability of 3 successes in 5 independent trials to the probability of 2
successes in 5 independent trials is 1⁄4 . What is the probability of 4 successes in 6
independent trials?
23. Seven dice are thrown 729 times. How many times do you expect at least four dice to
show three or five?
24. The probability of a man hitting the target is 1⁄4.How many times must he fire so that
the probability of his hitting the target at least one is greater than 2⁄3 ?

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 13

 25. If x is Binomial distributed with E(x) = 2 and V(x) = 4⁄3, find the probability
distribution of x.
26. For special security in a certain protected area, it was decided to put three lighting
bulbs on each pole. If each bulb has a probability p of burning out in the first 100 hours
of service, calculate the probability that at least one of them is still good after 100
hours. If p=0.3, how many bulbs would be needed on each pole to ensure 99% safety
that at least one is good after 100 hours?
27. Assuming the probability of male birth as ½, find the probability distribution of
number of boys out of 5 births.
(a) Find the probability that a family of 5 children have
(i) at least one boy
(ii) at most 3 boys
(b) Out of 960 families with 5 children each find the expected
number of families with (i) and (ii) above
28. On an average a machine produces 20 % defective item find the probability that a
random sample of 4 items consists of
(a)none to four defective items (b)at least 3 defective items
(c) almost 2 defective items.
Out of 200 samples of 4 items, find the expected number of samples with (a), (b), and(c) above

Practice Problem Based on Poisson-Distribution

Type:1 Fit Poisson Distribution
1. The distribution of typing mistakes committed by a typist is given below:

Number of mistakes (X) : 0 1 2 3 4 5

Number of pages (f) : 142 156 69 27 5 1

Fit a Poisson distribution and find the expected frequencies.

2. Fit the Poisson distribution to the following data.

X 0 1 2 3 4

F 211 90 19 5 0

3. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 14

 F 56 156 132 92 37 22 4 0 1

4. Fit a poisson distribution to the following data

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

F 56 156 132 92 37 22 4 0 1

Type:2 Problems Based on Mean and Variance of P.D.

5. If X is a Poisson varies such that
P(X=2) =9P(X=4) +90P(X=6) find mean.
6. If a random variable X follow Poisson distribution such that 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 2𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
Find mean and variance also find P(X=3).
7. If X is a Poisson variate such that P(X=1) =P(X=2) find E(X 2 ).
8. If X and Y are independent Poisson variate with mean 2 and 3. Find the variance of 3X-
2Y.
9. If X and Y are independent Poisson variate such that P(X=1) =P(X=2) and P(Y=2)
=P(Y=3) find variance of 2X-3Y.
10. X is a Poisson variable and it is found that probability that X=2 is two third of probability
of X=1.Find probability that X=0 and that of X=3.What is the probability that X exceeds

Type:3 Word Problems Based on Poisson Distribution

11. A car firm has 2 cars which it hires out day by day. The number of demands for a car on
each day is distributed as Poisson variate with mean 1.5. Calculate the proportion of days
on which
i. Neither car is used
ii. Some demand is refused.
12. An insurance company found that only 0.01% of the population is involved in a certain
type of accident each other. If its 1000 policy holders are randomly selected from the
population. What is the probability that no more than two of its clients are involved in such
accident next year?
13. Find the probability that at most 4 defective bulbs will be found in a box of 200 bulbs if it
is known that 2% of the bulbs are defective.

14. The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a city follows Poisson
distribution with mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers find approximately the number of
drivers with
i. No accident
ii. More than 3 accidents in a year
15. In a certain factory turning out blades there is a small chance 1/500 for any blade to be
defective. The blades are supplied in packets of 10. Use Poisson distribution to calculate
the approximately number of packets containing no defective, one defective, two defective
blades in a consignment of 10,000 packets.
16. It is known that the probability of an item produced by a certain machine will be defective
is 0.05. If the produced items are sent to the market in packets of 20. Find the number of

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 15

 packets containing (i) a least (ii) exactly and (iii)at most 2 defective items in a
consignment of 1000 packets using Poisson distribution.
17. Between the hours 2 and 4pm the average number of phone calls per minute coming into
the switch board of a company is 2.5. Find the probability that during particular minute
there will be (i) no phone calls (ii) exactly and (iii) at least 1 call (iv) 4 or less calls.

18. If the probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction from certain injection is 0.001.
Determine the probability that out of 2000 individuals (i) exactly 3 (ii) more than 2 will
suffer bad reaction.
19. In a certain factory producing certain articles the probability that an article is defective is
1/500.The articles are supplied in packets of 20. Find approximately the number of packets
containing no defective, one defective, two defectives in a consignment of 20,000 packets.

20. At a parking place the average number of car-arrivals during a specified period of 15
minutes is 2. If the arrival process is well described by a Poisson process, find the
probability that during a given period of 15 minutes
(c) no car will arrive
(d) at least two cars will arrive
(e) at most three cars will arrive
(f) between 1 and 3 cars will arrive

Practice Problem Based on Normal Distribution

Type:1 Word Problems
1. A manufacturer knows from his experience that the resistance of resistors he produces is
normal with μ=100 ohms and standard deviation σ=2 ohms. What percentage of
resistors will have resistance between 98 ohms and 102 ohms?
2. The weights of 4000 students are found to be normally distributed with mean 50 kgs.
And standard deviation 5 kgs. Find the probability that a student selected at random will
have weight (i) less than 45 kgs. (ii) between 45 and 60 kgs.
3. In an intelligence test administered to 1000 students the average score was 42 and
standard deviation was 24. Find the number of students (i)exceeding the score 50 (ii)
between 30 and 54
4. The monthly salary in a big organization is normally distributed with mean Rs.3000, and
standard deviation of Rs. 250.What should be the minimum salary of a worker in the
organization so that the probability that he belongs to top 5% workers.
5. The marks of 1000 students of university are found to be normally distributed with mean
70 & SD 5. Estimate the number of students whose marks will be (i) between 60 &
75(ii) more than 75.
6. The mean inside diameter of a sample of 200 washers produced by a machine is 0.502
cm and the standard deviation is 0.005 cm. The purpose for which these washers are

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 16

 intended allows a maximum tolerance in the diameter of 0.496 to 0.508 cm, otherwise
the washers are considered defective. Determine the percentage of defective washers
produced by the machine, assuming the diameters are normally distributed.
7. In a competitive examination, the top 15% of the students appeared will get grade 'A’,
while the bottom 20% will be declared fail. If the grades are normally distributed with
mean % of marks 75 and S.D.10, determine the lowest % of marks to receive grade A
and the lowest % of marks
8. The marks obtained by standard in a certain examination follows a normal distribution
with mean 45 and standard deviation 10. If 1000 students appeared at an examination
calculate the number of students scoring
(i)less than 40 marks (ii) more than 60 marks
9. The sizes of 10,000 items are normally distributed with mean 20cms and standard
deviation 4cms.Find the probability that an item selected at random will have size
between
(i)18 cms and 23cms (ii) above 26cms
10. The daily sales of a firm are normally distributed with mean Rs.8000 and variance of
Rs.10000.
(i)What is the probability that on a certain day the sales will be less than Rs.8210?
(ii)What is % of days on which the sales will be between Rs.8100 and 8200?

11. The scores of candidates who appeared for a certain test are normally distributed with
mean 55 marks and standard deviation 15 marks. If minimum score for passing is 35
marks and second class is awarded to the students with scores between 45 marks and 60
marks. Find
(i) Probability that candidates selected at random scores at most 40 marks.
(ii) Percentage of candidates who passed the test.
(iii) Number of candidates passing in the second class if 10,000 candidates for the test.
12. The mean height of soldiers is 68 .22” with variance 10.8”. find the expected number of
soldiers in a regiment of 1000 whose height will be more than 6 feet.
13. If the weight of 500 students is normally distributed with mean 40kgs and standard
deviation 4kgs. Find the expected number of students with weight.
(i) Less than 36 kgs (ii) more than 45kgs
14. The income distribution of workers in a certain factory was found to be normal with
mean of Rs.500 and standard deviation equal to Rs.50. There were 228 persons above
Rs. 600.How many persons are there in all.
15. The arithmetic mean of the weights of a group of boys in 105 lbs with standard deviation
5 lbs. If there are 456 boys having weight more than 115 lbs, how many students were
there in the group.
16. The life of army shoes is normally distributed with mean 8 months and standard
deviation 2 months. If 5000 pairs are issued, how many pairs would be expected to need
replacement after months.
17. In an intelligence test administered to 1000 students the average was 42 and standard
deviation was 24. Find the number of students
(i) exceeding 50 (ii) between 30 and 54
(ii) least score of top 100 students.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 17

 18. Monthly salaries of 1000 workers have a normal distribution with mean of Rs.575 and
standard deviation of Rs.75. Find the number of workers having salaries between Rs.500
and Rs.625 pm. Also find the minimum salary of the highest paid 200 workers.
19. If the heights of 500 students is normally distributed with mean 68 inches and standard
deviation of 4 inches, estimate the number of students having heights i) less than 62
inches, ii) between 65 and 71 inches.
20. The marks of 1000 students of a university are found to be normally distributed between
70 and standard deviation 5. Find the number of students whose marks will be
(i) Between 60 and 75. (ii) more than 75. (iii) less than 68.
21. The weekly wage of 2000 workmen is normally distribution with mean wage of Rs 70
and wage standard deviation of Rs 5. Estimate the number of workers whose weekly
wages are
(a) between Rs 70 and Rs 71 (b) between Rs 69 and Rs 73

(c) more than Rs 72 (d) less than Rs 65

22. The amount of fuel consumed by the engines of a jetliner on a flight between two cities
is a normally distributed random variable with mean = 5.7 tons and standard derivation
S.D.=0.5 tons. Carrying too much fuel is inefficient as it slows the plans. If, however,
too little fuel is loaded on the plane, an emergency landing may be necessary. What
should be the amount of fuel to load so that there is 0.99 probability that the plane will
arrive at its destination without emergency landing?
23. Monthly sale of beer at a bar is believed to be approximately normally distributed with
mean 2450 units and standard 400 units. To determine the level of orders and stock, the
management wants to find two values symmetrically on either side of mean, such that
the probability that sales of beer during the month will be between the two values is
(a) 0.95 (b) 0.99
24. The time it takes an international telephone operator to place an overseas phone call is
normally distributed with mean 45 seconds and standard deviation 10 seconds.
(a) What is the probability that my call will go through in less than 1
minute?
(b) What is the probability that my call will get through in less than 40
seconds?
(c) What is the probability that I will have to wait more
than 70 seconds for my call to go through?
25. The number of votes cast in favor of a controversial proposition is believed to be
approximately normally distributed with mean 8,000 and standard deviation 1,000. The
proposition needs at least 9,322 votes in order to pass. What is the probability that the
proposition will pass? (Assume numbers are on a continuous scale.)
26. A manufacturing company regularly consumes a special type of glue purchased from a
foreign supplier. From past experience, the materials manager notes that the company’s
demand for glue during the uncertain lead-time is normally distributed with a mean of
187.6 gallons and a standard deviation of 12.4 gallons. The company follows a policy of
placing the order when the glue stock falls to a predetermined value, called “re-order
point”. It the demand during lead-time exceeds the reorder level, the glue would go
‘stock-out’ and production process would have to stop.
(a) If the re-order point is kept at 187.6 gallons, what is the probability that a
stock-out condition would occur?

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 18

 (b) If the reorder point is kept at 200 gallons, what is the probability that a
stock- out condition would occur?
(c) If the company wants to be 95% confident that the stock-out condition will
not occur, what should be the reorder point? The reorder point minus the
mean demand during lead-time is known as the "safety stock." What is the
safety stock in this case?
(d) If the company wants to be 99% confident that the stock-out condition will
not occur, what should be the reorder point? What is the safety stock in this
case?
27. The demand for gasoline at a service station is normally distributed with mean 27,009
gallons per day and standard deviation 4,530. Find two values that will give a symmetric
0.95 probability interval for the amount of gasoline demanded daily.
28. The percentage of protein in a certain brand of dog food is a normally distributed
random variable with mean 11.2 % and standard deviation 0.6 %. The manufacturer
would like to state on the package that the product has a protein content of at least x1%
and no more than x %. He wants the statement to be true for 99% of the packages sold.
Determine the values x1 and x2.
Type:2 Find Mean and Variance
29. In a distribution exactly normal 7% of items are under 35 and 89% are under 63. What
are mean and standard deviation. Also find the probability that an item selected at
random lies between 45 & 56.
30. For normal distribution 30% items are below 50 and 60% items are above 64. Find mean
and variance of the normal distribution.
31. Marks obtained by students in an examination follow a normal distribution. If 30% of
students got below 35 marks and 10% got above 60 marks. Find mean, variance and %
students who got marks between 40 and 50.
32. The distribution of marks in a certain examination was found to be normal with 23% of
the candidates scoring above 60 marks and 21% candidates scoring below 40. Find mean
and standard deviation.
33. Find mean and standard deviation of a normal distribution of marks in an examination
were 58% of the candidates obtained marks below 75,4% got above 80 and rest between
75 and 80.
34. The results of a given selection test exercise are summarized as
(i) cleared with distinction = 10%
(ii) cleared without distinction = 60%
(iii) those who failed = 30%.
A candidate gets failed if he/she obtains less than 40% marks, while one must obtain at
least 75% marks to pass with distinction. Determine the mean and standard deviation of
the distribution of marks, assuming the same to be normal.
Type:3 Independent Events
14. In an examination marks obtained by students in mathematics, Physics and Chemistry are
normally distributed with mean 51,53 and 46 with standard deviation 15,12 and 16. Find
the probability of scoring total marks.
(i)180 or above (ii) 90 or below.
15. Assuming the marks in the two subjects to be independent normal variates obtain in the
probability that a score marks between 100 and 130 marks in two subjects taken together

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 19

 Mean S.D.
Math’s 50 10
Physics 55 12

Large Sample Test

Type:1 Two Dependent Samples with their Means
1. Can it be concluded that the average life span of an Indian is more than 70 years, if a
random sample of 100 Indians has an average life span of 71.8 years with the Standard
deviation of 7.8 years.
2. A random sample of 900 items is found to have a mean of 65.3 cms. Can it be regarded
as a sample from a large population whose mean is 66.2 cms and standard deviation is 5
cms at 5% level of significance.
3. A random sample of 50 items give the mean 6.2 and standard deviation 10.24, can it be
regarded as drawn from a normal population with mean 5.4 at 5% level of significance?
4. A Random sample of 400 members is found to have mean of 4.45 cms. Can it be
reasonably regarded as a sample from large population whose mean is 5 cms and whose
is S.D. is 4 cms.
5. A machine is claimed to produce nails of mean length 5 cm and standard deviation of
0.45 cm. A random sample of 100 nails gave 5.1 cm as average length. Does the
performance of the machine justify the claim? Mention the level of significance you
apply.
6. A sample of 50 pieces of certain type of string was tested. The mean breaking strength
turned out to be 14.5 pounds. Test whether the sample is forming a batch of a string
having a mean breaking strength of 15.6 pound and S.D. of 2.2 pounds.
7. A tyre company claims that the lives of tyres have mean 42,000 kms with S.D of 4000
kms. A change in the production process is believed to result in better product. A test
sample of 81 new tyre has a mean life of 42,500 kms. Test at 5% level of significance
that the new product is significantly better than the old one.
8. An ambulance service claims that it takes an average 8.9 min to reach the destination in
emergency call. To check this licensing agency has them timed on 50 emergency calls
getting a mean of 9.3 min with S.D.1.6 min. Is the claim acceptable at 5%?

9. A machine is claimed to produce nails of mean length 5cms and standard deviation of
0.45cm. A random sample of 100 nails gave 5.1cms as their average length. Does the
performance of the machine justify the claim? Mention the level of significance you
apply.
10. A random sample of 900 items is found to have a mean of 65.3cms. Can it be regarded as
drawn from a normal population whose mean is 66.2cms and standard deviation is 5cms
at 5% level of significance.

11. An automobile manufacturer substitutes a different engine in cars that were known to
have an average miles-per-gallon rating of 31.5 on the highway. The manufacturer wants
to test whether the new engine changes the miles-per-gallon rating of the automobile
model. A random sample of 100 trial runs gives mean=29.8 miles per gallon and
S.D.=6.6 miles per gallon. Using the 0.05 level of significance, is the average miles-per-

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 20

 gallon rating on the highway for cars using the new engine different from the rating for
cars using the old engine?
Type:2 Two dependent samples with their Probabilities
13. 24 students out of post graduate class of 49 wear spectacles. Does it confirm a hypothesis
that about 36% of the student population studying for a post graduate degree suffer from
short sight. Give level of significance.
14. The manufacturer of a patent medicine claimed that it is effective in relieving 90% of the
people suffering from the disease. from a sample of 200 people using the medicine 160
were relieved of suffering. Determine if the claim is legitimate.
15. In a random sample of 400 persons taken from a large population 120 were females. Can
it be said that male and female are in the ratio 5:3 in the population. Use 1% level of
significance.
16. A coin is tosses 400 times and was found to result in head 245 times. Can we conclude
that the coin is fair?
17. A wholesaler received a shipment of goods, which is reported to be containing at most
2% defective items. He will accept the shipment if the claim is found true and reject if
the percentage of defective items is more. To verity this claim, he draws a sample of 200
items and finds that 10 items are defective. What should be his decision at 5% level of
significance?
18. SBI claims that more than 55% of the saving accounts in Haryana are at SBI. A sample
survey of 400 account holders revealed that only 180 account holders have account at
SBI. Verify, using 5% level of significance, if the sample results underestimate the claim
of SBI.
Type-3: Two Independent samples with their means {}
19. The average of marks scored by 32 boys is 72 with standard deviation 8 while that of 36
Girls is 70 with standard deviation 6. Test at 1% level of significance whether the boys
perform better than girls.
20. Two different processes A and B are used to manufacture light bulbs. Samples were
drawn from these two populations and following results were obtained
Population A B
Sample size 20 17
Sample Standard deviation 60 50
Mean 1000 1100
Test the hypothesis that variance of A is greater than variance of B
21. A potential buyer of light bulbs he found that brand A have a mean life of 1,282 hours
with a S.D. of 80 hours. Brand B had a mean life of 1,208 hours with S.D. of 94 hours.
Can the buyer be quite certain that the two brands do differ in quality?

22. Intelligence test of 2 groups of boys and girls gave the following result
Mean S.D. Number

Girls 84 10 121

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 21

 Boys 81 12 81

Is the difference between the means significant?

Type:4 Two Independent sample with their Probabilities { }

23. In a sample of 600 men from a certain large city 450 were found to be smokers. In one of
900 from other city 450 are smokers. Do the data indicate that the cities are significantly
different with respective to the prevalence of smoking among men.
24. A sample survey of tax-payers belonging to business class and professional class yielded the
following results:
Business Class Professional Class
Sample size n1 = 400 n2 = 420
Defaulters in tax payment x1 = 80 x2 = 65
Given these sample data, test the hypothesis at α = 5% that
(a) the defaulter’s rate is the same for the two classes of tax-payers
(b) the defaulter’s rate in the case of business class is more
than that in the case of professional class by 0.07.

ESTIMATION {}
Type:1 Find Confidence Limits of Given Mean {}
1. The mean value of random sample of 60 items was found to be 145 with standard
deviation of 40. Find 95% confidence limits for the population mean. What size of the
sample is required to estimate the population mean with error of 5 units with 95% or more
confidence using sample mean.
2. A random sample of 65 items drawn from a population has mean 40 with a standard
deviation 28. Construct 98% confidence internal estimate of the population mean.
3. A company has 4,000 employees whose average monthly wage comes to Rs. 4,800 with
standard deviation of Rs. 1,200. Find range of salary.
4. A company engaged in selling ballpoint pens wishes to estimate the proportion of people
who prefers its pens. It wishes to keep the error to 3% with standard deviation is 0.25.
Find out sample size of proposed survey
5. A random sample of 100 students. It was found that mean height is 168.75 cm and
standard deviation 7.5cm. Construct 98% confidence interval estimate of the population
mean height.
6. A random sample of 400 firms was taken to find out the average sale per customer. The
mean has Rs.900 and S.D. Rs.200. Construct an interval estimate of the mean population
with 95% confidence
7. A firm has appointed a large number of dealers all over the country to sell its bicycles. It
interested to knowing the average sell per dealer. A random sample of 25 dealers is
selected for this purpose. The sample mean is Rs.50,000 and S.D. Is Rs.20,000. Construct
an interval estimate with 95% confidence

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 22

 8. A machine is producing ball bearing with a diameter of 0.5 inches. It is known that the
standard deviation of the ball bearings is 0.005 inch. A sample of 100 ball bearings is
selected and their average diameter is found to be 0.48 inch. Determine the 99 per cent
confidence interval.
9. Suppose a wholesaler of paints wants to estimate the actual amount of paint contained in
10 kg cans purchased from a paint manufacturing company. It is known from the
manufacture’s specifications that the standard deviation of the amount of paint is equal
to 0.02 kg. A random sample of 50 cans is selected, and the average amount of paint per
10 kg can is 0.995 kg. Setup a 99 per cent confidence interval estimate of the true
population average amount of paint included in a 10 kg can. Based on your results, do you
think that the wholesaler has a right to complaint to the manufacture? Why?

Type:2 Find Confidence Limits of Given Probability {}

10. Out of a consignment of 10,000 articles 200 were selected at random. Of this sample over
20 were found defective. How many defective balls you can reasonably expect to have in
the whole consignment at 95% confidence level?
11. A random sample of 500 pineapples was taken from a large consignment and 65 were
found to be bad. Find the limits between which the percentage of bad apples in the
consignment almost certainly lies.
12. A factory is producing 50,000 pair of shoes from a sample of 500 pairs. 2% were found to
be substandard quality. Estimate the limits of a number of pairs that can be reasonably
expected to be substandard in the daily production at 95% confidence level.
13. Suppose that a simple random sample of 400 families shows that 320 families own a
television set and 80 do not. We have to construct a confidence interval with 95%
confidence
14. A survey of 672 audited tax returns showed that 448 resulted in additional payments.
Construct a 95 per cent confidence interval for the true percentage of all audited tax
returns that resulted in additional payments.
15. In a survey carried out in a large city, 170 households out of a random sample of 250
owned at least one pet. Find the 95 per cent confidence interval for the percentage of
households in the city who own at least one pet. Does the result support a pet food
manufacturer’s claim that 75 per cent of all households have at least one pet?
16. A cigarette manufacturer wishes to use random sampling to estimate the average nicotine
content. The sampling error should not be more than one milligram above or below the
true mean with a 99 per cent confidence coefficient. The population standard deviation is
4 milligrams. What sample size should the company use in order to satisfy these
requirements?
17. An agency responsible for electricity distribution would like to estimate the average
electric bills for a particular month for single-family homes in a large city. Based on
studies conducted in other cities, the standard deviation is assumed to be Rs.40. The
agency would like to estimate the average bill for that month to within Rs.10 of the true
average. If 95 per cent confidence is desired, then what sample size is necessary?

Practice Problem Based on Small Sample Test

Type:1 Two Independent Samples. {}

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 23

 1. A sample of 8 students of 16 years each shown up a mean systolic blood pressure of 118.4
mm of Hg with S.D. of 12.17 mm. While a sample of 10 students of 17 years each showed
the mean systolic BP of 121.0 mm with S.D. of 12.88 mm during in investigation. The
investigator feels that the systolic BP is related to age. Do you think that the data provides
enough reasons to support investigator^' s feeling at 5% LoS? Assume the distribution of
systolic BP to be normal.

2. A Group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on different diet B,
recorded the following increase in weight.
Diet A: 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10 gms
Diet B: 2 3 6 8 1 10 2 8 gms
Find if the variances are significantly different?
3. In a laboratory experiment two samples gave the following results. Test the equality of
sample variances at 5% level of significance.

Sample Size Mean Sum of squares of the deviations from mean

1 10 15 90
2 13 14 108
4. In a test given to two groups of students drawn from two normal Populations marks
obtained were as follows,
Group A: 18,20,36,50,49,36,34,49,41.
Group B: 29,28,26,35,30,44,46.
Examine the equality of variances at 5% level of significance.
5. A Group of rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on different diet B, recorded
the following increase in weight
Diet A : 5, 6, 8, 1, 1 2, 4, 3, 9, 6, 10 gms
Diet B : 2, 3, 6, 8, 1, 10, 2, 8 gms
Find if the variances are significantly different?
6. Two independent samples of sizes 8 and 7 gave the following results.

Sample 1: 19 17 15 21 16 18 16 14
Sample 2: 15 14 15 19 15 18 16
Is the difference between sample means significant?
7. The means of two random samples of size 9 and 7are 196.42 and 198.82 respectively. The
sum of the squares of the deviation from the means is 26.94 and 18.73 respectively. Can
the sample be considered to have been drawn from the same population?

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 24

 8. The means of two random samples of size 9 and 7 are 196.42 and 198.82 respectively. The
sums of the squares of the deviation from the means are 26.94 and 18.73 respectively. Can
the samples be considered to have been drawn from the same population?
9. The mean of 2 random samples of size 9 & 7 are 196.42 % 198.82 respectively. The sum
of the squares of deviation from mean is 26.94 % 18.73. Can the samples be considered to
have been drawn from same population?
10. Samples of 2 types of electric bulb were tested for length of life.
Type1 Type2

No. Of Sample: 8 7

Mean 1134 1024

S.D. 35 40

Test at 5% level of significances whether the difference in sample means is significant?

11. Use 5% level of significance to test the following hypothesis that the difference in mean
periods of two drugs is significant?
Type A Type B
No. Of patients: 6 6
Mean: 13.55 8.2
S.D: 3.2 2.8
12. Let X = group of 7 chicken with high protein diet weight 13,16,12,17,15,15,17.
Y = group of 5 chicken with low protein diet weight 9,11,15,14,12.
Test whether chicken on high protein diet show increased in weight.

Type:2 Two Dependent Samples {}

13. Test whether there is any charge in IQ after the training program use 1% level of
significance.
IQ before training 125 128 118 125 135 130 129 135

IQ after training 137 124 120 120 130 132 130 132

14. A drug was administered to 5 persons & B.P before & after was measured. The results are
given below:
B.P before: - 140 130 132 150 140
B.P after: - 132 126 133 144 133
Whether the drug is effective in lowering the B.P?

15. A certain injection administered to 12 patients resulted in the following changes of blood
pressure:5,2,8, -1,3,0,6, -2,1,5,0,4. Can it be concluded that the injection will be in general
accompanied by an increase in blood pressure?
16. The following data show employees’ rate of substandard performance
before and after a new incentive scheme. Determine whether the

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 25

 introduction of the new incentive scheme has reduced the substandard
performance at 0.05 level of significance.
Before 7 8 5 9 10 6 5 9 6 8
After 5 6 7 6 8 7 6 6 5 7
17. A company manufacturing electronic toys has recently been taken over by another
company. Prior to the takeover of the company, certain workers were approached to
ascertain their satisfaction levels. The same workers were again approached to know their
satisfaction level after the takeover of the company. The two sets of data are given below.
Before 69 73 58 76 82 65 75 64 87 70
After 65 75 63 75 82 68 71 65 85 68
Using an appropriate test, find out whether there has been an improvement in the products
Practice Problem Based on Chi-Square Test
Type:1 More Than Two Dimensions Events {}
1. A sample of 400 students of undergraduates and 400 students of post graduate classes was
taken to know their opinion about autonomous colleges .290 of the undergraduate and 310
of the post graduate students favored the autonomous status. Present these facts in the form
of a table and test at 5% level, that the opinion regarding autonomous status of colleges is
independent of the level of classes of students

2. Investigate the association between the darkness of eye color in father and son.

Color of son’s eyes

Color of father’s eye Dark Not Dark Total

Dark 48 90 138

Not Dark 80 782 862

Total 128 872 1000

3. A total of 3759 individuals were interviewed in a public opinion survey on A political

proposal. Of them ,1872 were men and the rest were women. A total of 2257 individuals
were in favour of the proposal and 917 were opposed to it. A total of 243 men were
undecided and 442 women were to opposed the proposal. Do you justify on the hypothesis
that there is no association between gender and attitude, at 5% LoS.
4. Based on the following data, can you say that there is no relation between smoking and
literacy.

Smokers Non smokers

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 26

 Literates 83 57
Illiterates 45 68

5. In an experiment on immunization of cattle from Tuberculosis the following results were

obtained

Affected Not Affected Total

Inoculated 267 27 294
Not Inoculated 757 155 912
Total 1024 182 1206
2
Use χ Test to determine the efficacy of vaccine in preventing tuberculosis.
6. Table below shows the performances of students in Mathematics and Physics. Test the
hypothesis that the performance in Mathematics is independent of performance in Physics.

Grades in Maths
High Medium Low
Grades in Physics

High 56 71 12

Medium 47 163 38

Low 14 42 81

Type:2 One Dimensions Events {}

7. A die was thrown 132 times and the following frequencies were observed

No. obtained 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

Frequency 15 20 25 15 29 28 132
2
Using χ -test examine the hypothesis that the die is unbiased.
8. The number of car accidents in a metropolitan city was found to be 20,17,12,6,7,15,8,5,16
and 14 per month respectively. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 χ2 test to check whether these frequencies are in
agreement with the belief that occurrence of accidents was the same during 10 months
period. Test at 5% level of significance.

9. 300 digits were chosen at random from a table of random numbers. The frequency of digits
was as follows.

Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
Frequency 28 29 33 31 26 35 32 30 31 25 300
Using χ2 −test examine the hypothesis that the digits were distributed in equal numbers in the
10. In an experiment on pea breeding, the following frequencies of seeds were obtained

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 27

 Round and Wrinkled and Round and Wrinkled and Total
Yellow yellow green green
315 101 108 32 556
Theory predicts that the frequencies should be in proportions 9:3:3:1. Examine the
correspondence between theory and experiment using Chi-square test
11. Twelve dice were thrown 4096 times and the number of appearances of 6 each time was
noted.

No. Success: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency: 447 1145 1181 796 380 115 32

Test whether the dice are unbiased

12. The following table gives the number of accidents in a city during a week. Find whether
the accidents are uniformity distributed over a week, using X 2 test.
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat Total
No of 13 15 9 11 12 10 14 84
accidents

13. According to a theory, the proportion of a commodity in 4 classes A B C D should be

9:4:2:1. In a survey of 1600 items of this commodity the nos. in the four classes were
882,432,168 & 118. Does the theory support the hypothesis?

MODULE-05_LPP

Formulations:

1. A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers- a desktop model and a portable
model that will cost Rs.25000 and Rs.40000 respectively. He estimates that the total
monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine the number of units of
each type of computers which the merchant should stock to get maximum profit if he does
not want to invest more than 70 lakhs and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs.4500 and
on portable model is Rs.5000.
2. Reshma wishes to mix two types of food P and Q in such a way that the vitamin
contents of the mixture contain at least 8 units of vitamin A and 11 units of
vitamin B. Food P costs Rs 60/kg and Food Q costs Rs 80/kg. Food P contains
3 units/kg of Vitamin A and 5 units / kg of Vitamin B while food Q contains
4 units/kg of Vitamin A and 2 units/kg of vitamin B. Determine the minimum cost
of the mixture.
3. One kind of cake requires 200g of flour and 25g of fat, and another kind of cake
requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum number of cakes which
can be made from 5kg of flour and 1 kg of fat assuming that there is no shortage
of the other ingredients used in making the cakes.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 28

 4. A factory makes tennis rackets and cricket bats. A tennis racket takes 1.5 hours
of machine time and 3 hours of craftsman’s time in its making while a cricket bat
takes 3 hour of machine time and 1 hour of craftsman’s time. In a day, the factory
has the availability of not more than 42 hours of machine time and 24 hours of
craftsman’s time.
(i) What number of rackets and bats must be made if the factory is to work
at full capacity?
(ii) If the profit on a racket and on a bat is Rs 20 and Rs 10 respectively, find
the maximum profit of the factory when it works at full capacity.
5. A manufacturer produces nuts and bolts. It takes 1 hour of work on machine A
and 3 hours on machine B to produce a package of nuts. It takes 3 hours on
machine A and 1 hour on machine B to produce a package of bolts. He earns a
profit of Rs17.50 per package on nuts and Rs 7.00 per package on bolts. How
many packages of each should be produced each day so as to maximize his
profit, if he operates his machines for at the most 12 hours a day?
6. A factory manufactures two types of screws, A and B. Each type of screw
requires the use of two machines, an automatic and a hand operated. It takes
4 minutes on the automatic and 6 minutes on hand operated machines to
manufacture a package of screws A, while it takes 6 minutes on automatic and
3 minutes on the hand operated machines to manufacture a package of screws
B. Each machine is available for at the most 4 hours on any day. The manufacturer
can sell a package of screws A at a profit of Rs 7 and screws B at a profit of
Rs 10. Assuming that he can sell all the screws he manufactures, how many
packages of each type should the factory owner produce in a day in order to
maximize his profit? Determine the maximum profit.
7. A cottage industry manufactures pedestal lamps and wooden shades, each
requiring the use of a grinding/cutting machine and a sprayer. It takes 2 hours on
grinding/cutting machine and 3 hours on the sprayer to manufacture a pedestal
lamp. It takes 1 hour on the grinding/cutting machine and 2 hours on the sprayer
to manufacture a shade. On any day, the sprayer is available for at the most 20
hours and the grinding/cutting machine for at the most 12 hours. The profit from
the sale of a lamp is Rs 5 and that from a shade is Rs 3. Assuming that the
manufacturer can sell all the lamps and shades that he produces, how should he
schedule his daily production in order to maximize his profit?
8. A company manufactures two types of novelty souvenirs made of plywood.
Souvenirs of type A require 5 minutes each for cutting and 10 minutes each for
assembling. Souvenirs of type B require 8 minutes each for cutting and 8 minutes
each for assembling. There are 3 hours 20 minutes available for cutting and 4
hours for assembling. The profit is Rs 5 each for type A and Rs 6 each for type
B souvenirs. How many souvenirs of each type should the company manufacture
in order to maximize the profit?
9. A merchant plans to sell two types of personal computers – a desktop model and
a portable model that will cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He estimates
that the total monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250 units. Determine
the number of units of each type of computers which the merchant should stock
to get maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs 70 lakhs and if
his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500 and on portable model is Rs 5000.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 29

 10. A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of minerals. Two
foods F1 and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit food and F2 costs
Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F1 contains 3 units of vitamin A and 4 units of
minerals. One unit of food F2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3 units of minerals.
Formulate this as a linear programming problem. Find the minimum cost for diet
that consists of mixture of these two foods and also meets the minimal nutritional
requirements.
11. There are two types of fertilizers F1 and F2. F1 consists of 10% nitrogen and 6%
phosphoric acid and F2 consists of 5% nitrogen and 10% phosphoric acid. After
testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that she needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen
and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for her crop. If F1 costs Rs 6/kg and F2 costs
Rs 5/kg, determine how much of each type of fertilizer should be used so that
nutrient requirements are met at a minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?

Problems based on Simplex Method

1. Solve the following LPP using Simplex method

Maximize z = 6x1 − 2x2 + 3x3

Subject to 2x1 − x2 + 2x3 ≤ 2

x1 + 4x3 ≤ 4

x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

2. Using Simplex Method

Maximize Z=6X1+5X2

Subject to X1+X2<5

3X1+2X2<12

3. Find all the basic solutions to the following problem

Maximize z = x1 + 3x2 + 3x3

Subject to x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 4

2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 = 7

and x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

4. Solve the following L. P. P. by simplex method

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 30

 Maximise z = 3x1 + 2x2

Subject to x1 + x2 ≤ 4

x1 − x2 ≤ 2

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

5. Solve the following LPP using Simple method

Maximize z = 4x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 5x4

Subject to − 4x1 + 6x2 + 5x3 + 4x4 ≤ 20

−3x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 + x4 ≤ 10

−8x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 ≤ 20

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ≥ 0

6. Solve the following L. P. P. by simplex method

Minimize z = 3x1 + 2x2

Subject to 3x1 + 2x2 ≤ 18

0 ≤ x1 ≤ 4

0 ≤ x2 ≤ 6

x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

7. Solve the following L. P. P. by simplex method

Maximize Z = 4x1 + 3x2 + 6x3

Subject to 2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 ≤ 440

4x1 + 3x3 ≤ 470

2x1 + 5x2 ≤ 430

x1 , x2 , x3 ≤ 0

8. Using Simplex method , solve the following LPP

Max z = 15x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 2x4

s. t. 2x1 + x2 + 5x3 + 6x4 ≤ 20

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 31

 3x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 25x4 ≤ 24

7x1 + x4 ≤ 70

& x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ≥ 0

9. Solve the following LPP by Simplex method: −

Max z = x1 + 4x2

Subject to 2x1 + x2 ≤ 3

3x1 + 5x2 ≤ 9

x1 + 3x2 ≤ 5

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

Problems based on Dual-Simplex Method(RHS>0)

1. Using dual simplex method , solve

max z = −2x1 − x3

s. t. x1 + x2 − x3 ≥ 5

x1 − 2x2 + 4x3 ≥ 8

& x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

2. Solve the following LPP using the Dual Simplex method

Maximize z = −3x1 − 2x2

Subject to x1 + x2 ≥ 1

x1 + x2 ≤ 7

x1 + 2x2 ≥ 10

x2 ≤ 3

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

3. Use the dual simple method to solve the following L. P. P.

Minimise z = 6x1 + x2

Subject to 2x1 + x2 ≥ 3

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 32

 x1 − x2 ≥0

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

4. Solve the following LPP using the Dual Simplex method

Minimize z = 2x1 + 2x2 + 4x3

Subject to 2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3 ≥ 2

3x1 + x2 + 7x3 ≤ 3

x1 + 4x2 + 6x3 ≤ 5

x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0.

5. Find dual of following LP model

Maximize z = 2x1 + 3x2 + 5x3

Subject to x1 + x2 − x3 ≥ −5

x1 + x2 + 4x3 = 10

−6x1 + 7x2 − 9x3 ≤ 4

& x1 , x2 ≥ 0 and x3 is unrestricted.

6. Construct the dual of the following L. P. P.

Maximise z = 3x1 + 17x2 + 9x3

Subject to x1 − x2 + x3 ≥ 3

2x1 + x2 − 5x3 = 1

x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

7. Find the dual of the following L. P. P.

Maximize Z = 2x1 − x2 + 3x3

Subject to x1 − 2x2 + x3 ≥ 4

2x1 + x3 ≤ 10

x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 20

x1 , x3 ≤ 0, x2 unrestricted.

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 33

Problems based on Duality Method (Use W and Y)
1. Use Duality to solve the following LPP:

Max z = 2x1 + x2

Subject to 2x1 − x2 ≤ 2

x1 + x2 ≤ 4

x1 ≤ 3

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

2. Using duality solve the following L. P. P.

Maximize Z = 5x1 − 2x2 + 3x3

Subject to 2x1 + 2x2 − x3 ≥ 2

3x1 − 4x2 ≤ 3

x1 + 3x3 ≤ 5

x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

Problems based on Big-M Penalty Method

1. Use Penalty method to solve the following L.P.P.

Minimize z = 2x1 + 3x2

Subject to x1 + x2 ≥ 5

x1 + 2x2 ≥ 6

x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

2. Use Penalty method to solve the following L.P.P.

Maximize 𝐳 = 𝟑𝐱𝟏 − 𝐱𝟐

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨,

𝟐𝐱𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 ≥ 𝟐

𝐱𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱𝟐 ≤ 𝟐

𝐱𝟐 ≤ 𝟒

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 34

 3. Use Penalty method to solve the following L.P.P.

𝐌𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐳′ = 𝟐𝐱𝟏 + 𝟑𝐱𝟐

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐱𝟏 + 𝐱𝟐 ≥ 𝟓

𝐱𝟏 + 𝟐𝐱𝟐 ≥ 𝟔

𝐱𝟏 , 𝐱𝟐 ≥ 𝟎

MODULE-06_NLPP

Lagrange’s Multipliers

Problems based on Without-Constraint

1. Optimize z = x12 + x22 + x32 − 6x1 − 8x2 − 10x3

2. Find the relative maximum or minimum of the function.

z = x12 + x22 + x32 − 6x1 − 10x2 − 14x3 + 103

3. Find the relative maximum or minimum (if any) of the function

Z = 2x12 + x22 + 3x32 − 4x1 − 8x2 − 12x3 + 100

Problems based on With One-Constraint

1. Using the method of Lagrange′ s multipliers solve the given N. L. P. P.

Optimize z = 6x12 + 5x22 ,

Subject to x1 + 5x2 = 7, x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

2. Using the method of Lagrange′ s multipliers solve the following N. L. P. P.

Optimize z = 6x12 + 5x22

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 35

 Subject to x1 + 5x2 = 7 and x1 , x2 ≥ 0

3. Using the Lagrange’s multiplier method solve the

following N.L.P.P

Optimise z = 2x12 + 2x22 + 2x32 − 24x1 − 8x2 − 12x3 + 196

subject to x1 + x2 + x3 = 11

4. Using the method of Lagrange′ s multipliers solve the following N. L. P. P.

Optimize z = 6x12 + 5x22

Subject to x1 + 5x2 = 7 and x1 , x2 ≥ 0

5. Using Lagrange^' s method of multipliers solve the NLPP, Optimize

z = 4x1 + 8x2 − x12 − x22 subjected to x1 + x2 = 4, x1 , x2 ≥ 0 .

Problems based on With Two-Constraints

1. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP

Maximise z=6x1 + 8x2 − x12 − x22
Subject to 4x1 + 3x2 = 16
3x1 + 5x2 = 15
x1 , x2 ≥ 0
2. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimize z=4x12 + 2x22 + x32 − 4x1 x2
Subject to x1 + x2 + x3 = 15
2x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 20
x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0
3. Using Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimize z=4x1 + 9x2 − x12 − x22
Subject to 4x1 + 3x2 = 15
3x1 + 5x2 = 14
x1 , x2 ≥ 0
4. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimise z=x12 + x22 + x32
Subject to x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 2
5x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 5
x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0
5. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 36

 Maximize 𝑧 = 6𝑥1 + 8x2 − x12 − x22
Subject to 4x1 + 3x2 = 16
3x1 + 5x2 = 15
x1 , x2 ≥ 0
6. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimize z=4x12 + 2x22 + x32 − 4x1 x2
Subject to x1 + x2 + x3 = 15
2x1 − x2 + 2x3 = 20
x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0
7. Using Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimize 𝑧 = 4x1 + 9x2 − x12 − x22
Subject to 4x1 + 3x2 = 15
3x1 + 5x2 = 14
x1 , x2 ≥ 0
8. Using method of Lagrange’s multipliers, solve the following NLPP
Optimize 𝑧 = x12 + x22 + x32
Subject to x1 + x2 + 3x3 = 2
5x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 5
x1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0

Kuhn-Tucker Method

Problems based on With One-Constraint

1. Using Kuhn − Tucker ′ s method solve

Max z = 2x12 + 12x1 x2 − 7x22

Subject to the constraints 2x1 + 5x2 ≤ 98 and x1 , x2 ≥ 0

2. Solve the following NLPP using Kuhn-Tucker conditions

Maximize z = 10x1 + 4x2 − 2x12 − x22

Subject to 2x1 + x2 ≤ 5; and x1 , x2 ≥ 0

3. Use Kuhn − Tucker conditions to solve the following N. L. P. P.

Maximize Z = 8x1 + 10x2 − x12 − x23

Subject to 3x1 + 2x2 ≤ 6

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

4. Solve the following non − linear programming problem using Kuhn − Tucker

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 37

 conditions

Maximize z = 10x1 + 4x2 − 2x12 − x22

Subject to 2x1 + x2 ≤ 5 ; and x1 , x2 ≥ 0

5. Using the Kuhn-Tucker conditions solve the following N.L.P.P.

Minimise z = 7x12 + 5x22 − 6x1

Subject to x1 + 3x2 ≤ 9

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

6. Use the Kuhn − Tucker conditions to solve the following N. L. P. P.

Maximize z = 2x12 − 7x22 + 12x1 x2

Subject to 2x1 + 5x2 ≤ 98

x1 , x2 ≥ 0 .

Problems based on With Two-Constraint

1. Use Kuhn Tucker method to solve the NLPP: −

Max z = −x12 − x22 − x32 + 4x1 + 6x2

st. x1 + x2 ≤ 2

2x1 + 3x2 ≤ 12

x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

2. Using the kuhn − Tucker conditions solve the following N. L. P. P.

Maximize z = −x12 − x22 − x32 + 4x1 + 6x2

Subject to x1 + x2 ≤ 2

2x1 + 3x2 ≤ 12

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

3. Using the Kuhn − Tucker conditions solve the following N. L. P. P.

Maximize z = 2x1 + 3x2 − x12 − 2x22

Subject to x1 + 3x2 ≤ 6 ,5x1 + 2x2 ≤ 10, x1 , x2 ≥ 0 .

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 38

 4. Using the Kuhn − Tucker conditions solve the following N. L. P. P.

Maximize z = x12 + x22 , subjected to x1 + x2 − 4 ≤ 0 and 2x1 + x2 − 5 ≤ 0,

x1 , x2 ≥ 0.

5. Using the Kuhn − Tucker conditions solve the following problem

Maximize z = 10x1 + 10x2 − x12 − x22

Subject to x1 + x2 ≤ 8

−x1 + x2 ≤ 5

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

6. Using Kuhn − Tucker conditions solve following N. L. P. P

Maximize z = 2x1 + 3x2 − x12 − x22

Subject to x1 + x2 ≤ 1

2x1 + 3x2 ≤ 6 x1 , x2 ≥ 0

7. Using the Kuhn − Tucker conditions solve the following problem

Maximize z = 10x1 + 10x2 − x12 − x22

Subject to x1 + x2 ≤ 8

−x1 + x2 ≤ 5

x1 , x2 ≥ 0

Prof. Mrityunjay Pandey Page 39