1. (a) A turbine generates power using a constant water head from a dam.

The
power output P from the turbine can be shown to depend on the volumetric
flow rate Q of water through the turbine, the size of the turbine given by the
diameter D of the turbine runner, the rotating speed N of the turbine, and the
fluid properties of water including the density  and viscosity . Derive a
non-dimensional relationship for the turbine power output. Explain the
physical meanings of the PI groups used in the relationship. (Hint: you can
express other physical quantities in terms of , N and D). (10 marks)

(b) The turbine in (a) generates 12.5 MW of power when there is 32.5 m3/s of
water passing through it and it is rotating at 1,200 revolutions per minute
(rpm). It is found that for this turbine, the rotating speed N is directly
proportional to the flow rate Q. Calculate the turbine rotating speed (in rpm)
when the flow rate increases to 52.0 m3/s. What will be the turbine power
under this new flow rate? Explain any assumptions made in your
calculation. (10 marks)

(a) Apply Buckingham Pi theorem to the relationship of

P = P(Q, D, N ,  ,  )
Use , N and D as the repeating variables, the three Pi groups are:
P
 1 = 3 5 → non-dimensional power
N D
Q
2 = → non-dimensional discharge
ND 3

3 = → reciprocal of Reynolds number
ND 2
P  Q  
Then, =   , 
2 
N D3
5
 ND ND 
3

(b) Assume the effect of Reynolds number is not significant.

P  Q 
=  3 
N D
3 5
 ND 
 Q  P
Now N  Q and D is fixed, so that  3 
is a constant; as so is 3 5 .
 ND  N D
Numerically, Q1 = 32.5 and N1 = 1200
Thus when Q2 = 52, N2 = 120052/32.5 = 1920 rpm
For the power.
 P   P 
 3 5  =  3 5 
 N D  1  N D   2
3
 1920 
P1 = 12.5 → P2 = 12.5    = 51.2 MW
 1200 
 2. (a) A pump draws water from a reservoir through a tapered suction pipe. The pipe is 15
m long and is laid at a slope of 1 (vertical) on 3 (horizontal). The pipe diameters at
the free end and at the pump-side end are 0.8 m and 0.5 m respectively. The free
end is located at a depth 2.5 m below the reservoir surface. Determine the discharge
through the pipe when the gauge pressure of water inside the pipe at the pump-side
end (point A) is –35 kPa. Neglect friction loss in the pipe and other losses.
(10 marks)

Suction pipe • Pump

2.5 m
15 m

(b) A distorted river model is used to study flow of a tidal river in the laboratory. The
average width and depth of the prototype river are 35 m and 3.8 m, respectively. A
horizontal scale of 1:150 is used for the river model while the vertical scale is to be
set as large as possible, subjected to the limitation of discharge that can be provided
in the laboratory. This largest discharge that can be provided by the pump in the
laboratory is 0.0105 m3/s, while it is required to simulate the prototype river at the
largest full-scale discharge at 240 m3/s.

(i) Determine the vertical geometric scale for the distorted river model.
(4 marks)

(ii) Calculate the Reynolds numbers (based on average river depth and mean flow
velocity) in the prototype and model rivers at the largest discharge situation.
Comment on their differences.
(3 marks)

(iii) The last part of the river is tidal and the full-scale tidal period is 12.4 hours.
Determine the tidal period that should be applied to the model in the
laboratory. (3 marks)

(a) Continuity:
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2
  0.42 V1 =   0.252 V2

Apply Bernoulli Equation between 1 and 2 (A)

 2 2
p1 V p V
+ z1 + 1 = 2 + z2 + 2
g 2 g g 2g
− 35000
2 2
V1 15 V2
2.5 + 0 + = + +
2g g 1 + 32 2 g
(V2 − V1 ) − 35000
2 2
15
= 2.5 − − = 2.5 + 3.568 − 4.743 = 1.324
2g 1000  9.81 1 + 32
 1 1 
Q2  −  = 2  9.81  1.3244 = 25.984
 (  0.252 ) (  0.42 ) 
2 2
 
Q = 1.087 m3/s

(b) Froude similarity:

Vp Vm Vp Hp
(i) Fr p = Frm ; = ; =
gH p gH m Vm Hm
1.5 1.5
Qm Vm  Lm H m Lm  H m  0.0105 1  H m 
= =  → = 
Q p V p  Lp H p Lm  H p  240 150  H p 
Hm 1
= 0.0351 =
Hp 28.53

(ii) Re = VH/
For prototype, Vp = (Q/WH)p = 240/(353.8) = 1.8045
Rep = 1.80453.8/1e-6 = 6.86106
For model, Vm = = 0.0105/(35/1503.8/28.53) = 0.3379
Rem = 0.3379(3.8/28.35)/1e-6 = 45103
Rep/Rem = 150, but both are high enough to ensure fully turbulent flow.

(iii) Time, t = L/V

tm Lm Vm Lm V p Lm Hp
= =  = 
t p Lp V p Lp Vm Lp Hm
tm = 12.4×(1/150)×(28.53) = 0.442 h = 26.49 mins
3. (a) Water flows under gravity from Reservoir A to Reservoir B through a pipe of
length 800 m. The diameter of the pipe is 0.3 m and the friction factor is
0.026. The water level in Reservoir A is always higher than that in Reservoir
B by 20 m. Calculate the discharge through the pipe. Neglect all minor
losses. (5 marks)

(b) After some years, the pipe in (a) ages and the friction factor increases to 0.035.
Calculate the percentage drop in discharge. (5 marks)

(c) In an attempt to restore the discharge in (b) to the original value in (a), a second
pipe, 400 m long and of the same 0.3 m diameter, is joined at the middle of the
original pipe and run parallel to it from there to Reservoir B. Calculate the
total discharge from Reservoir A to Reservoir B through the combined pipe
system. Can it reach the original value in (a)? Take the friction factor of the
new pipe at 0.026.
(10 marks)

(a)
L = 800 m; D = 0.3 m; f = 0.026
fLV 2 8 fLQ 2
h = h f = =
2 gD  2 gD 5
 2 gD 5  2 x9.81x0.35 x20
Q2 = H = = 0.02828  Q = 0.1682 m 3 / s
8 fL 8 x0.026xx800

(b) New f = 0.035

Q 2 = 0.021  Q = 0.1449 m3 s
Q 0.1449 − 0.1682
= = −0.138 = −13.8%
Q 0.1682
 2 gD 5
© For pipe 2: Q22 = h
8 f 2 L2
 2 gD 5
For pipe 3: Q32 = h
8 f 3 L3
Q22 f 0.026
Since L2 = L3, 2
= 3 =  Q2 = 0.8619Q3
Q3 f 2 0.035
For pipe 1, Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 1.8619Q3
 2 gD 5
Q =
1
2
(20 − h)
8 f1 L1
Q12 f 20 − h
Since L3 = L1, 2 = 3 x
Q3 f1 h
0.026 20 − h
1.86192 = x
0.035 h
0.035
20 − h = hx1.86192 x = 4.667h  h = 3.529
0.026
  2 x9.81x0.35
Q12 = (2 − −3.529) = 0.0346  Q1 = 0.1860
8 x0.035x400
Total discharge Q = Q1 = Q2 = 0.186 (larger than in (a))

4. A jet pump consists of a smaller tube inside a larger tube. The larger tube has a uniform
diameter at 0.25 m. High velocity water is injected into the pump through the smaller tube
of diameter 0.075 m. The velocity of water leaving the tube is 40 m/s. This jet of high-
velocity water draws water to flow into the large tube. At section 1, the high-velocity jet is
thus surrounded by a flow of water with a lower velocity at 3 m/s through the annual region
between the two tubes. The pressure at this section is uniformly across the section and at
170 kPa (gauge). The two flow streams mix with each other farther downstream and at the
exit section 2, they become fully mixed where the resulting velocity and pressure are both
uniform across the section.

(a) Determine the velocity U2 at the exit section. (8 marks)

(b) Determine the gauge pressure p2 at the exit section. Neglect flow frictions on the walls
of the tubes. (12 marks)

0.075 m 0.25 m

Section 1: Section 2:

p = 170 kPa velocity U2

gauge
gauge pressure p2

4. In section 1, water jet flow section is 1a and annular flow section is 1b:

(a) Continuity: Q1a + Q1b = Q2

U1a A1a + U1b A1b = U2 A2
  / 4  0.0752  40 +  / 4  (0.252 − 0.0752 )  3 =  / 4  0.252  U2
0.1767 + 0.1340 = 0.0491 U 2 = 0.3107
U2 = 6.33 m/s

(b) Apply the Integral Momentum Equation to the Control Volume between 1 and 2.
 F = Q (uout − uin )
Noting that there is no external force besides pressure due to surrounding water:
 F = p1 A1 − p2 A2
= (170  103 − p2 )   / 4  0.252
= (170  103 − p2 )  0.0491
RHS = Q2U2 − Q1aU1a − Q1bU1b
= 103  (0.3107  6.33 − 0.1767  40 − 0.1340  3)
= 103  (1.967 − 7.069 − 0.402) = −5.504  103
Thus, p2 = 5.504  103 / 0.0491+ 170  103 = (112.1 + 170)  103
p2 = 282.1 kPa

5. A road bridge spans across a river of width 8.0 m. During a flood with discharge at 72.0
m3/s, the river runs over the bridge. On passing the bridge, the river splits into an open
channel of a lower depth and a horizontal sheet of free jet flow. The height of the free
jet is 0.3 m and the water velocity inside it is 3.8 m/s. The water depth of the river
downstream of the bridge is 3.2 m while the depth upstream is 5.0 m. Estimate the
horizontal force on the bridge due to the running water.

(15 marks)

0.3 m

5.0 m
3.2 m

(b) Continuity:
Q / b = V1d1 = V2d 2 + V3d 3
V1 = 72/8/5 = 1.8
V3 = 72/8−0.33.8 = 2.456

Momentum:
 F = Q (uout − uin )
g (d1 2)  bd1 − g (d 2 2)  bd2 − P =  (Q2V2 + Q3V3 − Q1V1 )
1
2 ( )
gb  d12 − d 2 2 − P = b( d 2V2 2 + d 3V32 − d1V12 )
0.5 1000 9.81 (52 − 3.22 ) − P = 1000 8  (0.3  3.82 + 3.2  2.4562 − 5 1.82 )
72.398 − P / 1000 = 7.438
P = 64.96 kN