Describe some of the interconnections between science and technology, using at least three

specific examples.

FC 102 ZOOLOGY
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SUBJECT
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 LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)
Course FC 102 ZOOLOGY
Sem/AY Second Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 1
Lesson Title Introduction to Zoology
Week
1
Duration
Date March 28-April 22, 2022
This lesson will discuss the definition and history of Zoology along with the branches of the
Description study and its importance.
of the Lesson

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning 1. Define zoology as a science.
Outcomes 2. Describe the general features of animals.
3. Understand the brief history of Zoology as a Science.
4. Discuss the basis for animal classification

Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Objectives  Define zoology and sub-discipline and its branches.
 List the general characteristics of animals.
 Discuss animal development

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a One-Hour class discussion on the
Asynchronous) Introduction of the course. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to
this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on March 28, 2021, from 7:30-9:30 AM

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

 1. What is the brief Historical Background of Zoology?
2. What are the branches of Zoology?
3. What are the fundamental properties of life?

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Google
Classroom will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY
Paced) What is zoology?
• from the Greek words- zoo and logos
• broad discipline in biology that tackles aspects of animal life including their forms
(morphology), physiology, behavior, ecology
• includes the gradual modification of animal groups, from the simple sponges
(porifera) to the highly complex vertebrates, including the crown group, Homo
sapiens
GENERAL ANIMAL FEATURES
a. All are heterotrophs – obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other
organisms. What the consume specifically classifies them into herbivore, carnivore
or omnivore.
b. Multicellularity – composed of cells working together to sustain a living system.
Except for the sponges, all major animal groups have a tissue level and all other
biological systems above it. For this reason, the sponges (phylum porifera) are the
base of animal evolution.
c. Tissue level – collection of cells performing similar function is called a tissue. The
animals are unique in having two tissues that are necessary for movement: the
muscles that contract and the nerves that conduct signals.
d. Absence of cell wall – animal cells are enclosed by the cell membrane, or
plasmalemma, that functions to maintain homeostasis.
e. Active movement – movement is one of the most obvious characteristics of
animals. All animals are motile in part of or their whole life cycle. Those that are
sedentary as adults are active swimmers in their larval forms.
f. Diversity in niche – allow them to conquer different habitats and perform specific
functions unique to their group. Some are top predators while others function in a
society
g. Diverse in form – morphological features of animals vary from one group to
another. There are, however, significant display of modifications, giving evidence to
their evolutionary relationships and their constant adaptation to the changing
environment.
h. Sexual reproduction – capable of producing one of two gametes necessary for
sexual reproduction to occur. Sexual reproduction varies from one group to
another, even involving intricate sexual behaviors in higher taxa.
i. Embryonic development – zygote develops from the union of gametes from a
male and female individual. A series of mitotic divisions produces the blastula.
BRIEF HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• Microbial life
Robert Hooke
- Observed cells under the microscope using cork (1663)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Described microscopic life (1673) including bacteria
(1683)
BRIEF HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• Classification
Carolus Linnaeus - Begun the modern description of life, binomial nomenclature
(1735)
BRIEF HISTORY OF ZOOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• Evolution
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - Proposed a modern theory of evolution based on
inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarckism) - 1809.
• Evolution
Charles Darwin - Proposed the theory of biological evolution by means of natural
selection and common decent (1859)
• Cell theory
Rudolf Virchow - Proposed that cells can only arise from pre-existing cells (1858)
Louis Pasteur- Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1864)

• Genetics
Gregor Mendel
- Formulated the laws of inheritance (1866)
BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY
• Taxonomy and systematics – classification
• Morphoanatomy – form and body parts
• Physiology – functions of body parts
• Ecology – interaction
• Embryology – development
• Genetics – trait inheritance
• Ethology – behavior
• Malacology – snails
• Herpetology – reptiles and amphibians
• Mammalogy – mammals
• Entomology – insects
• Ornithology – birds
• Ichthyology – fish
BODY AXIS/ SYMMETRY
• Dorsal – refers to the back surface of the animal
• Ventral – refers to the underside, or belly part of the animal
• Caudal – or posterior, refers to the tail end of the animal (away from the brain
area)
• Cephalic – or anterior, refers to the area towards the head
• Medial – body structures located near the midline of the body
• Lateral – used to refer to structures close to either side of the body
• Superior – mainly used in human anatomy to refer to regions in the upper human
body
• Inferior – used in human anatomy to refer to regions towards the feet
• Animals develop from germ layers:
• Ectoderm – give rise to the outer covering of the body and the nervous tissue.
• Mesoderm – gives rise to the musculature and other internal organs such as the
skeleton and the circulatory system.
• Endoderm – forms the lining of the digestive tract and other digestive structures.
 Performance Tasks

Understanding Directed Assessment

Learning Resources
The main references of this course are the following:
 Intro to Zoology.pdf