Readings in the Philippine History

NURSING/LESSON 1/PPT & BOOK BASED

1 History is who we are and why we are the way 1 Greek word “historia” = knowledge acquired
we are. History is not just the past but also the through inquiry or investigation
present. 2 ARNOLD TOYNBEE
2 PETER N. STEARNS A Greek word which means literally, just
History should be studied because it is essential investigation
to individuals and to society 3 JOHN JACOB ANDERSON (1821-1906)
NOTE: History is a narration of the events which have
- Everything has a history (Ideas, wards, happened among mankind, including an account
countries, sports) of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other
- Use of history: Learn not to repeat mistakes great changes which have affected the political
of other people in the past and social condition of the human race.”- A
- Jobs that use history (Eng., lawyer, teachers, Manual of the General History
FBI, military, archeologists, politicians) 4 The study of the past as it is described in written
document
5 Narrative/ event (written, visual, oral or
combination of the 3) about past events
6 If we find meaning in history, then it will gain the
1 It is essential to individuals and to the society
power to change our lives
2 It provides an account of the ways society has
changed and developed over time.
3 Helps us define our identity who we are, where
we come from and how we are connected. - Changes in states of affairs that both
4 Presents an opportunity to analyze and are perceived and are considered to
determine what actually occurred during a
particular event and why
be worth recording.
-

1. The middle ages - Intellectual level which historians

2. Renaissance study the past.
3. The Reformation
4. The age of exploration
5. The scientific revolution
6. The enlightenment
7. The American revolution
8. The French revolution
9. The age of imperialism (1850-1914)
10. The great war (1914-1918)
11. World war 2 (1939-1945)

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 1. MEMORY- hard to verify, dies with
the person
2. HISTORY- shared memory, history HISTORIANS- Scholars who write about
that is written down history
3. RELIC- tangible remnant, needs to be
interpreted

Trinidad Pardo de
1. Helps understand the present Tavera
2. Identify yourself as an individual and
as a collective
3. Reaffirmation
4. Enrichment of perspective
5. To teach peace and reconciliation
6. The past can also present an
alternative to an unacceptable Fr. Horancio de la
present
Costa, S.J.

By: Dr. Dante Ambrosio

Illustrados & Katipunan
1896 Pensionados Quezon and Osmena & Sakay
apo ipe, datu alip panglima hassan & PKP &
PSP Gregorio F. Zaide
1942 Roxas Marcos & Huk, Milf, MNLF, CPP-npa
1986 Aquino Duterte & MILF, MNLF, CPP-NPA

1. BIPARTITE Dilim (pre-colonial)- Liwanag

(colonial)
Civilization=
Christianization+Hispanization
2. TRI- Liwanag (pre-colonial)- Dilim Teodoro Agoncillo
PARTITE (colonial)- Liwanag (post-
colonial

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 MARCUS GARVEY

“A people without the

knowledge of their past
history, origin and culture is
like a tree without roots”

MARCUS TULLIUS
CICERO JACQUES CHIRAC
“To be ignorant of the past “There is no future without
is to remain always a child” memory”

“Qu’il n’est pas d’avenir

sans mamoire”

GEORGE SANTAYANA

“Those who do not

remember the past are - Basic to historical research:
condemned to repeat it” utilization of sources
- Diverse sources of history:
1. Documentary sources/
documents
2. Archaeological records
3. Oral and video accounts
LORD ACTON

“History is not a burden on - Refers to handwritten, printed,

the memory but an drawn, designed and other composed
illumination of the soul” materials
- Includes (books, newspaper,
magazines, journals, maps,
architectural perspectives, paintings,
advertisements, and photographs.)

WINSTON CHURCHILL

“History is written by the - Preserved remains of human beings,

victors” their activities and the environment
where they lived.
- Categorized as fossils and artifacts

- Audio-visual documentation of
people, events, and places

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 - Usually recorded in video and audio
cassettes/ compact disc
- Aside from scholars, media people
also use this as part of their news and  The memoir or autobiography- relies
public works. not just on personal memory but also
on documents, the writer works like a
historian.
 A source may be considered primary
or secondary- depending on which
aspect of it is being studied
PRIMARY SOURCES  SOME PRIMARY SOURCES- published
1 Created during period being studied
in a book but remain primary even if
(contemporaneity) by EYEWITNESS or
participant in event they publish recently.
2 Though written years after the event (memoir),  SECONDARY SOURCES- comments
eyewitness account still primary on newspaper, journalist who are not
3 Not necessarily reliable or accurate witnesses to events although they
4 To understand the past on its own terms, not appear in newspaper that is a
through the modern-day lenses
primary source.
5 Never intended to be public usually more
revealing
6 EXAMPLES:
 Many documents have primary and
- Letter, diary, memoir
- Report, parish record, newspaper secondary segments.
- Photograph, art work, building  insisted that to understand a literary
- Chronicle piece, we need to understand the
- Pottery author's biography and social
- Piece of glacial ice
background, ideas circulating at the
time, and the cultural milieu. This
SECONDARY SOURCES school of criticism fell into disfavor as
1 Study of a period in the past or some aspect of
the New Critics emerged/
it, written long after the period, BASED ON
PRIMARY/SECONDFARY SOURCES
2 Works on the comment of the past Examples:
3 Typically, this is a recently written book that 1. NEWSPAPER
describes past events, often written by a
historian or trained scholar familiar about the
PRIMARY SOURCE
time period and civilization in question
4 Scholars will spend just as much time with
- A news written by a witness of an
secondary sources as they will with primary event
sources since they attempt to understand how SECONDARY SOURCE
other scholars interpret obscure events and - A feature article
may disagree with their analyses.
5 EXAMPLES:
- Books
2. BOOK
- Journal articles - A book published a long time ago
- Essay does not necessarily render as a
- Conference paper primary source

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NOTE: 3. Find out when and where the
document was written
- It requires a meticulous reading of the - Existing condition at the time of
document to know its origin. writing (CONTEXT)

DOCUMENT - Genuine or fake?

EXTERNAL CRITICISM WRITER - Background
- Authority (eyewitness? Or
1 Answers concerns and questions pertinent to
expert?)
the authenticity of a historical source by
- credibility
identifying:
- Who composed the historical material? WHEN & WHERE was the document
- Locating when and where the material written?
was produced What were the existing conditions at
- Establishing the material’s evidential the time of writing?
value

INTERNAL CRITICISM 4. determine accuracy of facts

1 Deals with the credibility and reliability of the 5. determine consistency of facts
content of a given historical source - compare and contrast facts/cross-
This kind of criticism focuses on: check or cross validate facts from
- Understanding the substance and
message that the historical material
different sources
wants to convey by examining how the 6. establish the relationship between the
author frame the intent and meaning of author and his narrative story
a composed material. 7. give conclusions/ render judgements
on the reliability of the sources and
the meaning of events

Pay Attention to The Following:

 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE (body, hair,
clothing, jewelry). Such as
descriptions can provide important
clues about the author ‘s attitude
toward people they are describing.
 NATURE OR CHARACTER (childlike,
honest, lazy, greedy). Be willing to
1. Establish the genuiness/ authenticity read between the lines.
of document  POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS
2. Find out the background and TRADITIONSD AND PRACTICES
authority/credibility of the writer (behavior of women, ceremonies,
eating habits). Narrator is looking

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 through the lens of his own culture
(ethnocentric)
 OVERALL IMPRESSIONS- the author
1. Ayala museum
usually gives his readers a collective
2. Lopez museum
pictures of the people he encountered.
3. Religious congregations

- There are substantial primary

sources in the Philippines and abroad.
1. Archivo General de Indias (Spain)
- Philippines: government institutions
2. US Library of Congress
(National Library & National
3. Harvard University
Archives)
4. US National Archives
5. University of Michigan

- Has a complete microfilm copies of

the following:
1. Philippine Revolutionary Records,
2. compilation of captured POLITICAL -The narration of the evolution of
HISTORY the political related matters of the
3. documents of Emilio Aguinaldo’s past.
revolutionary government -Deals with the analysis of
4. Historical data papers- collection political leaders, ideas, events,
of history and cultural life of all movements, activities along with
towns in the country (Not all the making of government policies.
-Focuses on the study of
historical data is old and much of normative beliefs as it is believed
it must be retained for a to be the reason behind the
significant amount of time.) historical changes
5. Presidential papers of different DIPLOMATIC - Focuses on the study of
administrations (Manuel Quezon- HISTORY international relations between
nations or states.
Joseph Estrada) -tends to be more concerned with
the history of diplomacy and the
ideas of diplomacy and much more
CULTURAL -Deals with the traditions and
- Holds a substantial collection of
HISTORY cultural interpretation of the past
catalogued and uncatalogued -Study of various facets of human
Spanish documents about Philippines and history
composed from 1552-1900. -Records and interprets various
past events involving human
beings like literature, sport, and
entertainment
1. UP SOCIAL -Study of various social norms like
2. ADMU HISTORY ways of living, standard, customs,
3. UST disciplines, status of the peoples,
alongside the demography.
4. University of San Carlos
-Looks at the lived experience of
the past

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 -Also called, Normal Social RELEVEANCE
History - a relation to the matter at hand, or a
ECONIMC -Focuses on the study of
practical and especially social
HISTORY economies as well as the
economical phenomena of the past applicability.
-Study of pattern of the CONTEMPORARY
production, consumption - marked by characteristics of the
alongside industry, market present period
concerning the past
HISTORY
-Aims to understand historical
events of the economical process - investigation of events, looking and
INTELLECTUAL -Aims to understand the ideas dissecting what really took place on
HISTORY (ideology and philosophy) by that very event is what the historian
understanding the political, written a mere perspective or the fact
cultural, social, intellectual
that took place during that time.
context of the past
-Intellectual history is about the INVESTIGATION
human (historians) actions and - to observe or study by close
how they developed history examination and systematic inquiry.
- In depth study of an event which we
follow series of structured and well
defined steps.
ANALYSIS OF FACTS
- An observation and examination of
facts rather if it is true or not
1 History can be interpreted in different ways SYNTHESIS OF TRUTH
2 History can be misunderstood - Bringing all the ideas together in order
3 History will always have gaps. to form a particular evidence made
out of independent interpretation
 a discipline is not only useful in the Ex:
academic arena but also to the field
of intelligence - History itself is a collection of
 helps one discern what the story is, synthesis of truth, history is always
instead of what the problem is it helps employing research and investigation
to determine the who, what, when, studies in order to analyze what
where, how and the why of a happened back then and to be able to
narrative. publish what really happened or to
 History can clarify events, and offer tell the people what was happening on
guidance and guidelines for decisions a years ago, they have to synthesize
to intelligence practitioners the truth and combine all the research
 it serves as a way to uncover past they did.
intelligence practices and expands
intelligence history as an academic
discipline

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 LISITNG DOWN -accepting answers in an open
ANSWERS minded manner.
INQUIRY/ Gamaru Kasuko & Bernal “OPEN-MINDED -when accepting answer check if
ASKING “Asking question is to check on the the statement is a fact or an
QUESTION progress to a certain topic” information
because they answer today may
change the following day FACTS
LOOKING IN SOURCE- one that supplies -are statements that are
TO A information or the point of origin already true, you prove it and
SOURCE: (reference) provide evidences why is it true
PRIMARY & Primary source- this are sources
SECONDARY that created by an eye witness to INFORMATION
SOURCE the event -these are statements that can
Ex: be whether true or false, you
Jotting notes in a class have to validate it first 9raw
Secondary source- a rewritten data, comes from opinion or
work, it based from primary or perspective)
secondary source according to an
author’s perspective EXAMINE THE -accepting answer is different
Ex: ANSWER from believing an answer, before
Collection of notes by different you believe, you must examine
person and summarizes by one first
person OR doing essay
QUESTIONING -Evaluate the sources into 3 BEFORE
THE SOURCE elements: -There are only 2 truths (True or
False)
CREDIBILITY True- fact or examined truth
-the quality that False- examined wrong
somebody/something has that information
makes people believe or trust
them. NOWADAYS
-Trustworthiness of an information -birth of “fake” information
Ex: FAKE INFROMATION- not
Examining the author’s credentials necessarily true but they are
in order to identify that they are also not necessarily false
objective in delivering information. because one of the 3 elements is
missing.
AUTHENTICITY Ex:
-worthy of acceptance or belief as You may prove the event, and
conforming to or based on fact authenticity however the
-the quality of examining if credibility of a person is
something is genuine or fake. questionable then it becomes
Ex: fake news (Moca Uson)
Examining the background of the TO GIVE -sum up the investigations and
sources at hand by checking who is CONCLUSIONS/ verify it. Dissect into 6
the author or who said the JUDGEMENTS challenges of information
statement.
NOTE:
POVENANCE
-the place that something
- Once we question 1 of the 3 elements
originally came from of sources, it is no longer a good
-tracing the records or ownership source
to find the origin (providing
evidences)

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VERIFIED -You completed the
investigation and you presented
an information which is already
been examined
-It is beyond questioned; no one
can question it because it has
been verified as truth or false.
RELIABLE -The data has the tendency of
becoming a fact meaning it is a
degree lower than verified but
the tendency of it is going into
something we can believe.
UNVERIED -The examination is still wrong, it
has a change of becoming 50%
true and 50% false and 50%
becoming fake
-there is possibility
VALID -these are argumentative point
meaning you need to justify your
statement and support it so that
people will believe it.
-You need to justly and you can
still oppose to it
Ex:
Beautiful is in the eye of the
beholder (depend on how a
person judge what is beautiful)
MISLEADING -You mislead the reader into
believing what you are saying is
fact
-There is no place on opposing
because you are trying to lead
the viewer to believe what you
state.
Ex:
Topic= description of beautiful
-If you are not pointed noise you
are no longer beautiful
(misleading)
MANIPULATED -subjective statement used by
the use and uses emotions so
that people will believe the
statement as true
-According to the research,
Filipinos are very emotional
people
-lowest and most dangerous
degree

Ex:
A person shot by a police officer

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