eni spa 28893.COS.AVV.

STD
Rev. 00 – October 2019
Pag. 2 of 40

REVISION TRACKING

Rev. 00: Actual revision is of 40 pages

Date: October 2019

INFORMATION REQUEST

Eni personnel can access company standard repository at:

http://wwweandp.eni.it/TSServices/TAE/company-documents-standards

External user shall refer to the Project Engineer Manager.

For information about the content of this standard, please refer to persons mentioned on first
page or to Company Standard Team (mbxc&st@eni.com).

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

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Rev. 00 – October 2019
Pag. 3 of 40

INDEX

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL INFORMATION 5

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 5
1.2 DISTRIBUTION AND INTENDED AUDIENCE 5
1.3 REFERENCES DOCUMENTS AND NORMATIVES 5
1.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 5
1.4.1 General Definitions 6
1.4.2 Specific Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations 6
1.5 ROLES AND RESPONSABILITIES 6
1.6 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE 6
2 OPERATIVE GUIDELINES 8
2.1 TEAM ORGANIZATION 8
2.2 PRE-REQUISITES 8
2.3 LEAK TEST METHODS – DESCRIPTION & SELECTION CRITERIAS 8
2.3.1 Gross Leak Test 9
2.3.2 Pressure Monitoring Leak Test 9
2.3.3 Tracer Fluid Leak Test 11
2.3.4 Ultrasonic Detection Leak Test 12
2.3.5 Service Leak Test 12
2.3.6 Testing Methods & Media Selection Criteria 12
2.4 LEAK TEST PHASES 13
2.4.1 Leak Test Engineering Phase 13
2.4.2 Leak Test Execution Phases 13
2.4.2.1 Preparation Phase 14
2.4.2.2 Pressurization / Test / De-Pressurization Phase 15
2.4.2.3 System Repair 20
2.4.2.4 System Reinstatement 20
2.4.3 Leak Test - Main Execution Parameters & Acceptance Criteria 21
2.5 LEAK TEST COMPLETION CERTIFICATE 24
3 SAFETY REQUIREMENT 25
3.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTION 25
3.2 DOCUMENTATION 25
3.3 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS 25

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

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3.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN 27

3.5 SAFETY WITH NITROGEN 27
4 ANNEXES 28
4.1 LEAK TEST PACK - TYPICAL INDEX 28
4.2 TYPICAL P&ID MARK-UP 29
4.3 CHECKLIST FORM - TYPICAL 30
4.3.1 Pre-activity Check List 30
4.3.2 Material Take Off List 31
4.3.3 Closed / Open Isolation Valves check list 31
4.3.4 Blind/Spade Isolation Checklist 32
4.3.5 Online/Against Check list 32
4.3.6 Vent Paths checklist 33
4.3.7 Actuated Valves Checklist 33
4.3.8 Ultrasonic Test Valves Checklist 33
4.3.9 Depressurization Checklist 35
4.3.10 Reinstatement Check List 36
4.3.11 Leak Report /Leak List 37
4.3.12 Leak Test Acceptance Form 38
4.4 LIQUID NITROGEN HANDLING BEST PRACTICE AND POTETIAL RISK 39

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

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Pag. 5 of 40

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

Scope of this document is to provide the guidelines for performing the tightness test (i.e.: leak
test) of a defined piping system, through pressurization of the entire system and check for
presence of any leak, either external (leak towards outer environment) or internal (passing leak
through any isolation/shut-off valve).

Leak test, as part of the “pre start-up activities”, shall be carried out after the relevant system
has achieved the Mechanical Completion and any Commissioning activity which should require
for a temporary break of the system’s integrity, have been completed.

Contractor shall endorse this document and shall be responsible for preparing, accordingly to it,
a project tailored leak test procedure.

1.2 DISTRIBUTION AND INTENDED AUDIENCE

The distribution of this document is limited to Eni employees and contractors awarding for
Development Projects.

1.3 REFERENCES DOCUMENTS AND NORMATIVES

The latest edition of each publication shall generally be used, together with any
amendments/supplements/revisions thereto, however new revisions/updates during an activity
or project will not be considered unless there are associated safety/environmental impacts.

Ref. Code Title

Energy and Environmental Industrial Project
01 msg-svi-eni spa
Development
02 opi-svi-017-eni-spa Facilities Commissioning
Minimum Safety Standard on the Control of Hazardous
03 opi-sg-hse-044-ups Energy (Lockout/Tagout)

Minimum Safety Standard on Permit to Work System

04 opi-sg-hse-042-ups
05 28025.COS.AVV.STD Lockout and Tagout Guideline
06 28910.COS.AVV.STD Livening up notice guideline
07 27952.COS.AVV.STD FACILITIES COMMISSIONING SPECIFICATION

To be taken into account that msg (management system guidelines), opi (operating instruction)
and pro (procedure) are for Eni Internal use only and not distributed to contractors.

1.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
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1.4.1 General Definitions

The Company Standards shall comply with the use of the Company Terminology.
All acronyms and abbreviations used in the document are summarized in section 1.4.2.

i. The Company is Eni Spa;

ii. The word shall is used to indicate that a provision is mandatory;
iii. The word should is used to indicate that a provision is not mandatory, but recommended
as good practice.

1.4.2 Specific Terms, Definitions, Acronyms and Abbreviations

HIPPS High Integrity Pressure Protection System

HLD Helium Leak Detection
HSE Health Safety Environment
HV Hand Valve
LOTO Log Out Tag Out
LT Leak Test
LTP Leak Test Pack
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
NLD Nitrogen Leak Detection
NRV Non-Return Valve
OPPS Over Pressure Protection System
P&ID Process & Instrument Diagram
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PRV Pressure Regulating Valve
PSV Pressure Safety Valve
SDV Shut Down Valve
SOW Scope of Work
TBT Tool Box Talk
TSO Tight Shut Off
TSV Temperature Safety Valve
XV Actuated valve

1.5 ROLES AND RESPONSABILITIES

Contractor is responsible for endorsing the guidelines defined within this document and for
developing a project tailored leak test procedure, accordingly.

1.6 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

In conjunction with this specification, the codes, standards and regulations listed in section 1.3
shall be applicable. Reference to any Standard or Code shall mean the latest edition of that
Standard or Code including addenda, supplements or revisions, unless otherwise stated in this
document.

The order of precedence shall be as follows: (descending order)

i. Local Regulations of the Country where the equipment is installed;

ii. Project Specifications and Data Sheets;
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

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iii. Company General Specifications;

iv. International Codes & Standards

International Standards are at the lower level of hierarchy, their contents, assumed as reference,
is developed and detailed within the Company Specifications considering the specific application
and the area of business in which Eni SpA is operating. On top of those there are the Local
Regulations, the Project Specifications than the Company Specifications. Any applicable local
mandatory rule prevails on this specification. Should there be a perceived conflict between this
standard and other referenced standards, or lack of clear definition as to the applicability of any
specification or standard, the Facilities Technical Units owner of the Standard, shall seek
guidance to the Standard Team.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

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2 OPERATIVE GUIDELINES

2.1 TEAM ORGANIZATION

Within Contractor’s organization, the Commissioning Team shall be responsible, through a

dedicated team, for planning, coordinating and executing the leak tests, as well as for
mobilizing any specialized Sub-Contractor and/or test equipment it would be required for
performing the job.

Contractor shall issue to Company the organization chart of the appointed team responsible for
executing of the leak test activities, inclusive of description about role and responsibilities of
each position.

2.2 PRE-REQUISITES

Before any leak test could be performed, the following prerequisites shall be satisfied:

• A project tailored leak test procedure has been issued by Contractor and approved by
Company
• The leak test team organization chart has been issued by Contractor and approved by
Company
• The leak test circuits boundaries mark-up drawings, as well as the overall composite
boundaries mark-up drawing, have been issued by Contractor and approved by Company
• The leak test method, for each Facility’s sub-system, has been proposed by Contractor
and approved by Company (i.e.: through issuance and approval of a “Leak Test Method
Matrix”)
• The individual leak test circuit “Test Pack” has been issued by Contractor and approved
by Company (ref. Annex 4.1 for Test Pack typical index)
• All the sub-systems included into the relevant leak test circuit, have achieved the
“Mechanical Completion”, without any outstanding punch item related to the mechanical
integrity of the subsystems themselves or, anyway, preventing the possibility for safely
and thoroughly pressurizing the test circuit envelop
• No further Commissioning activities, requiring for breaking the mechanical integrity of
the test circuit envelop, are envisaged

Leak test activities shall be performed under the approved Permit to Work Procedure, which
shall include the requirement for properly notifying the execution of any leak test activity
through the issuance and distribution of a LUN (Livening Up Notice).

2.3 LEAK TEST METHODS – DESCRIPTION & SELECTION CRITERIAS

During a leak test, the main items within a piping system subject to tightness check shall be the
following:

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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• Mechanical joints and fittings (i.e.: bolted joints, threaded joints, compression joints)
• Valves’ bonnet, glands and plugs
• Isolation valves (for internal seal tightness check)
• Instrument manifolds and instruments’ sensing pipes
• Special pieces (e.g.: flexible hoses, corrosion probes, injection quills, etc.)

As general rule, rotating equipment should be included within the relevant leak test circuit,
unless the relevant seals are either not suitable to sustain the testing pressure or not suitable
for sealing the testing fluid.

In order to check for any leak affecting the above listed items, the following leak testing
methodologies can be used:

• Gross Leak Test

• Pressure Monitoring Leak Test
• Tracer Fluid Leak Test
• Ultrasonic Detection Leak Test
• Service Leak Test

NOTE: “Vacuum Test” method is not described into this document since subject of a dedicated
guideline (ref. to doc. 28898).

2.3.1 Gross Leak Test

The purpose of a Gross Leak Test is to locate and repair any possible gross leaks before
introducing into the system other testing media at higher pressure, reducing wasted testing
media.
For this reason, as standard practice, a Gross Leak Test should be performed prior to any other
leak testing method.

In any case, Gross Leak Test shall not be selected as the main leak test method, if not at the
condition described below.

Gross Leak Test shall be performed using air or Nitrogen as testing media. System shall be
pressurized up to 25% of its maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) or 7barg (100psi),
whichever is less.
Once test pressure is achieved, a visual check of potentially leaking points is performed by
wetting/coating the surface of these ones with a soapy solution, and looking if bubbles appears
(i.e.: bubble test).

Due to its nature, neither a pressure stabilization period nor an holding period is required by this
test. It is sufficient to monitor that test pressure does not drop consistently while performing the
visual leak check.
At the same way, no holding period is required

2.3.2 Pressure Monitoring Leak Test

This method allows to identify the presence of leaks, but not to quantify the leak rate.

Dependently by the nature of the relevant service fluid, the following testing media may be
selected:

- Air
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
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- Nitrogen
- Water / water based fluid
- Oil / oil based fluid
NOTE: In case the piping system materials include austenitic stainless steel and the selected
testing fluid is water, the total content of chloride must be less than 30ppm

The following main steps shall be followed when performing a pressure monitoring leak test:

• pressurize the system in a controlled manner (i.e.: less than 2bar per minute) and by
steps (i.e.: hold pressure in 25% steps of final test pressure)

• at each pressurization step, wait for pressure to stabilize (i.e.: no visible pressure
variation is observed on pressure recording instruments).

NOTE: if pressure does not stabilize, the cause is to be investigated and fixed, accordingly
to the requirement defined by the permit to work procedure.

• once the nominal test pressure is achieved, and is stable, the holding period shall start.

• during the holding period, check all the potentially leaking points (i.e.: target items for
leak detection) along the systems, using one of the following methods:

- if using a gas as testing media: wet/coat the points to be tested with a soapy solution
and look if solution start to bubble (bubble test). Where it is, a leak is present.

- if using Nitrogen as testing media: alternatively, to the use of a soapy solution, it can
be used an oxygen detector for leaks detection. Before pressurizing the system, wrap,
with plastic wrap or tape, the points where leaks are potentially expected. Once the
test pressure is achieved, puncture the wrap/tape with the Oxygen detector probe for
measuring the oxygen content. Less than 20% of oxygen content shall confirms a
leak is present

- if using a liquid as testing media: visually check the potentially leaking points of the
system for any droplet or leakage. If found, test is failed.

The test pressure shall be set at 95% either of the set point of the pressure safety device
protecting the system from overpressure (i.e.: PSV, PRV, TSV, HIPPS, etc.) or of the system’s
MAWP. In any case, test pressure shall not be less than the maximum operating pressure of the
system.

The holding period shall be defined within specific project documentation (e.g. the Leak Test
Method Matrix), for each leak test circuit, according to the following circuit parameters:

• overall volume and geometry

• number of joints/potential leak points to be inspected
• number of valves subject to tightness test (i.e.: passing leak)
• fluid service criticality

As per the above criteria, the required holding period may extend up to 4 hours, and even
further.

The minimum duration for the holding period shall be 1 hour and, in any case, not less than the
time required for completing the leak check along all the system, as described above.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
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During holding period, the pressure variation rate (inclusive of any compensation due to possible
variation of system temperature) must not exceed 0.05 bar/h, otherwise the test will be declared
failed.

Notwithstanding the above, during test, the maximum allowed pressure variation shall not
exceed the ±5% of nominal test pressure.

2.3.3 Tracer Fluid Leak Test

For the purpose of this document, only the following tracer fluid method is considered:

- Helium Leak Detection (HLD)

This method, further than allowing the identification of leaks, allow the quantification of the leak
rate.

Testing media is a mixture of 99% of Nitrogen and 1% of Helium and the leak detection is
performed by the use either of a probe connected to a mass spectrometer (calibrated for He) or
a hand held helium detector to quantify the leak rate by measuring the helium flow rate.

The main execution steps of this kind of test are the following:

- As part of preparation activities, wrap, with plastic wrap or masking tape, the points
where leaks are potentially expected (flanges, fittings, etc.).

- pressurize the system with Nitrogen up to 5% of final test pressure or 2barg, whichever
is higher. Monitor the pressure of the system for any pressure drop and once pressure is
stable walk around the system for a gross leak check

- If gross leaks are not found, resume system pressurization using a test gas mixture of
99% Nitrogen + 1% Helium mixture.

NOTE: pressurize the system in a controlled manner (i.e.: less than 2bar per minute) and
by steps (i.e.: hold pressure in 25% steps of final test pressure), ensuring an hold period
between each step of sufficient time to verify, on the pressure recording instrumentation,
that the pressure remain stable

- Once the final test pressure is achieved, wait for a “soak period” of 30 minutes, as
minimum. During this period, continue to monitor the pressure recording instrumentation
for verifying the system pressure remain stable. If pressure doesn’t stabilize, the cause
is to be investigated and fixed before proceed)

NOTE: soak period must be sufficient to grant a proper diffusion of the tracer fluid
throughout all the circuit, therefore its duration may be extended further than 30
minutes, accordingly to the circuit overall volume and geometry.

- Puncture the plastic wrap, or masking tape, with the either the Helium mass spectrometer
probe or the hand held helium detector for measuring the leak rate.

The test pressure shall be set at 95% either of the set point of the pressure safety device
protecting the system from overpressure (i.e.: PSV, PRV, TSV, HIPPS, etc.) or of the system’s
MAWP, whichever is less.
In any case, test pressure shall not be less than the maximum operating pressure of the system.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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System’s pressure shall be assumed stable, when no visible pressure variation is observed on
pressure recording instruments.

Notwithstanding the above, during test, the maximum allowed pressure variation shall be ±5%
of nominal test pressure.

2.3.4 Ultrasonic Detection Leak Test

This method is based on the detection of the ultrasounds generated by a fluid leaking and is
mainly used for detecting “internal/passing” leaks across closed isolation valves, when these are
subject to full differential pressure.

It is normally adopted in conjunction with a “Pressure Monitoring Leak Test” or a “Tracer Fluid
Leak Test” and is performed during the depressurization phase of the system, when it’s easier
to realize the required differential pressure across the valves to be tested.

Acceptance criteria for this testing method shall be set accordingly to the operating instruction
manual of the ultrasonic detector used.

2.3.5 Service Leak Test

The Service Leak Test consider to use the final service fluid of the system as testing media and
to test the tightness of the system by bringing it, gradually, in service up to its nominal operating
pressure.

Once the nominal operating pressure is reached, the system is visually checked for leaks
(“bubble test” shall be performed on gas service systems).

2.3.6 Testing Methods & Media Selection Criteria

Selection of leak test methods and testing media shall be made accordingly to the relevant fluid
service (considering the combination of fluid properties, operating conditions and any other
parameters influencing the design of the piping system).

Piping systems design to operate with well’s fluids (including the well’s produced water), toxic
fluids, fluids potentially damaging to human tissues (at the expected operating conditions), or
flammable fluids in general, shall be tested using “Tracer Fluid Leak Testing Method” (e.g. Helium
Leak Detection “HLD” method), unless differently instructed, or allowed, by Company.

Piping systems design to operate with non-flammable fluids, non-toxic fluids and fluids not
damaging to human tissue (at the expected operating conditions), at a maximum pressure
exceeding the 10barg, shall be subject to “Pressure Monitoring Leak Test”, using gaseous or
liquid testing media, accordingly to the nature of the relevant service fluid.
For these systems, selection of “Service Test”, in place of Hydraulic or Pneumatic Leak Test,
shall be subject to Company approval.

Piping systems design to operate with fluids non-flammable, non-toxic and not damaging to
human tissue (at the expected operating conditions), at a maximum pressure NOT exceeding
the 10barg, shall be subject to preliminary Gross Leak Test followed by Service Leak test.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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Accordingly, to the above, Contractor shall define and assign the most appropriate leak test
method to each facility’s sub-system (defined accordingly to the systemization made for
completion and commissioning purpose).

Contractor shall resume all the details relevant to the leak testing methods definition and
assignment, into a dedicated document (e.g.: “Leak Test Method Matrix”), subject to Company
review and approval.

Boundaries of each leak test circuit shall be set accordingly to the above mentioned assignment,
notwithstanding that test circuit boundaries may include different facility’s subsystem.

2.4 LEAK TEST PHASES

2.4.1 Leak Test Engineering Phase

Before any leak test could be performed, the relevant “engineering phase” must completed by
the Contractor, and relevant deliverables approved by Company.

During this phase, Contractor shall produce the following main deliverables:

• Leak Test Procedure

• Leak Test Method Statement
• Master Composite Mark-up drawing
• Leak Test Circuits mark-up drawings
• Leak Test Packs (one for each leak test circuit)

Contractor shall work on a “Master Composite Mark-up Drawing”, inclusive of the full set of the
latest revision of P&IDs “approved for construction” provided by the Contractor.
If necessary, copy of the red mark-up P&IDs, representing the “as built” status of the facility,
may be used for mark-up purpose.

Contractor shall mark-up boundaries and details relevant to each single leak test circuit on the
“Master Composite Mark-up Drawing” and from this shall extract the individual leak test circuit,
when required.

Each leak test circuit mark-up drawing shall be subject to Company review and approval, as well
as the “Master Composite Mark-up Drawing”.

For each leak test circuit, Contractor shall produce a “Leak Test Pack”, which shall contain all
the information required to proceed with the next execution phase

A reference index for a “Leak Test Pack” is included into Appendix 4.1.

2.4.2 Leak Test Execution Phases

All the activities related to the execution of Leak Test shall be carried out in compliance to the
approved permit to work procedure for pressure tests.

The execution of leak testing activities, with exception of “Gross Leak Tests” and “Service Leak
Tests”, shall be split into four (4) distinct phases, each one requiring approval of a specific permit
to work for being performed:

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• Phase 1: Preparation phase

• Phase 2: Pressurization, Test and Depressurization phase
• Phase 3: Repair phase
• Phase 4: Reinstatement phase

Unless differently stated in the approved permit to work procedure, both “Gross Leak Test” and
“Service Leak Test” shall be subject to standard permit to work system (e.g.: a single PTW
required).

2.4.2.1 Preparation Phase

As part of the preparation phase for the execution of a leak test, an Hazard Identification Study,
a Job Safety Analysis and a Local Risk Assessment, including calculation of the exclusion zone,
shall be carried out by Contractor, with the direct involvement of both his sub-contractors
involved into leak testing activities and Company.

Contractor shall perform the following main completion check before proceeding with test circuit
line up:

• Check that box-up of all pressure vessels within the circuit boundaries has been done;
• Check that flanged joints have gasket/RTJ/seal ring and all nuts and bolts properly
fitted
• Check that tensioning/torqueing of all bolted connections within the circuit boundaries
has been performed as per project specifications (i.e.: Flange Management procedure);
• Check that tubing within the circuit boundary limits is properly connected;
• Check that pressure safety/relief valves within circuit boundary limits are calibrated, as
well as burst disks are installed;

Contractor shall perform the test circuit line-up accordingly to the approved Test Pack.

Circuit line up shall include, without being limited to, the following activities:

• Identify the circuit boundary limits and ensure all relevant primary isolations are
LOCKED CLOSE (LOTO system shall be followed according to CLIENT’s/YARD’s safety
requirements)
• Ensure all joints to be tested are accessible. If required, erect a scaffolding to provide
proper accessibility for carrying on leak testing
• Ensure correct operation of primary and secondary vent valves
• Where present, remove insulation from flanges and valves to be tested
• Mark leak paths using uniquely colour coded PVC tape (e.g.: WHITE/BLUE stripe
coloured PVC tape)
• Mark joints/points to be checked using colour coded PVC tape. A colour code shall be
preliminarily assigned to each leak test circuit, in order to distinguish among different
circuits

NOTE: In case of “HLD” test type, wrap, with plastic wrap or masking tape of the same
circuit assigned colour code, all flanges, threaded joints, valve bonnets, glands and man
way doors.

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• Identify and Lock Out/Tag Out (LOTO) all valves, using an approved locking device,
accordingly to position required by relevant isolation check lists and mark-up P&IDs.
Locking device shall be colour coded as follow:

o RED tag colour – Item CLOSED (e.g.: test circuit isolation valves)
o GREEN tag colour – Item OPEN/IN LINE
o ORANGE tag Colour – Valves requiring for POSITION CHANGE during test (i.e.:
valves requiring to be closed/open as per a defined sequence, in order to
perform specific leak check)

As final check, before declaring completed the circuit preparation phase, a joint walk through
the circuit shall be performed by Contractor and Company.

During the walk through all the Test Pack preparation check lists shall be re-verified and
signed off. Any item which should prevent the possibility for safely and effectively testing the
circuit shall be recorded into a dedicated “Preparation Punch List” and shall be cleared before it
will be possible to proceed with the next phase (circuit pressurization).

2.4.2.2 Pressurization / Test / De-Pressurization Phase

Before the permit to work for starting the system pressurization could be issued, a Tool Box Talk
must be conducted by all the personnel directly involved into the activity.

No personnel other than that one attending the Tool Box Talk, and directly involved into the leak
testing activity, shall be allowed to enter inside the testing area and, in any case, subject to
permission given, time by time, by the appointed leak test supervisor.

During the Tool Box Talk, as minimum, the following subject shall be discussed:

• Radio communication;
• Authorization for personnel to stay inside the restricted area;
• Suspension of heavy lifting activities over testing spread and system being pressurized;
• Escape route and contingency plan;
• Specific PPEs requirement for personnel attending the test.

Moreover, before the permit to work relevant to the preparation phase could be signed off,
allowing for opening the permit to work for starting pressurization, safety barriers, surrounding
the area containing the envelope of the system to be pressurized, shall be placed to prevent
unauthorised personnel enter into the testing area. Warning signs, stating “DANGER -SYSTEM
UNDER PRESSURE - NO ENTRY”, shall be posted, as well, at all testing area access points

A preliminary calculation of safe distance to be kept from pressurized system will be performed
according to the following formula:

Safe distance D = P^0.6, where P is the test pressure in bar – Minimum safe distance = 10 m

The above safe distance refers to flanges, joints or any possible source of leak. Normally, no
safe distance is required from solid/fully welded line pipe/spools.

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Prior to start the pressurization, a general announcement shall be made via loudspeaker,
followed by a specific horn alarm. This to inform everybody present in the area that high pressure
nitrogen leak testing is ready to start in a specific area, module or system, and that all warning
signs and barriers must be obeyed.

For preventing the risk of over-pressurize the system, during test, an “Over Pressure Protection
System” (OPPS) shall take a pressure signal from the system and shall automatically shut down
the pumping unit if pressure reach the relevant set point. OPPS set point shall be set marginally
above the test pressure, and below the set pressure of the pressure safety device(s) installed
on the system.

The Over Pressure Protection System (OPPS) shall be calibrated at the defined set pressure and
the relevant sensing hose shall be connected to the system, through the connection point
identified in the Test Pack.

Whenever PSVs wouldn’t be present on the system or couldn’t be left online during the test, a
temporary PRV, calibrated on the MAWP of the system, shall be fit to protect the system, and
relevant discharge routed to safe area.

The Nitrogen source (Pump/Quad) pressurizing hose shall be connected to each individual
system injection point (or points) using an in-line injection manifold. For each injection points,
a dedicated NRV shall be installed and the hose secured against movement by tying down at
regular intervals.

A pressure chart recorder shall be connected to the system, in order to monitor and record the
pressure during the test. An additional pressure gauge shall be connected directly to the
discharge of Nitrogen Pump/Quad, as close as possible to the OPPS.

A valid calibration certificate must be available at site for any instrumentation used for testing
purpose.

Immediately before starting to pressurize the system, Contractor and Company shall walk
through the system to confirm system familiarity and system integrity (i.e.: verify that no
changes occurred in the system line up, as previously checked).

As minimum, the following checks shall be performed:

• Injection points are properly connected and secured against movement

• OPPS sensing hose is properly connected and secured against movement
• Any temporary hose and jumper is correctly installed and secured
• LO/TO devices are still in place, as identified in P&ID’s marked up;
• Wrapping/masking tape is still in place;
• Barrier and safety sign are in place

Once all the above final checks are successfully completed, parties shall sign off the notice of
energisation, which shall allow to start with pressurization sequence.

System pressurization sequence shall address the following main steps:

1. Before starting injecting testing media into the system, the pressurization hose(s) shall
be tested at 1.5 times the test pressure, identified on the Test Pack

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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2. A gross leak test of the overall system shall be performed, pressurizing the system with
Nitrogen to 5% of the final test pressure, or 2barg (whichever higher).

NOTE: If any gross leak is found, system shall be depressurized, using the
Depressurization Check List included into the Test pack, permit to work for
“pressurization/test/depressurization” phase shall be signed off and permit to work for
“repair” shall be open before any repairing activity could start.

3. If/when no gross leaks are detected the system pressure shall be increased in a controlled
manner (less than 2bar per minute) up to 25% of test pressure.

4. Intermediate check, for visible and audible leaks will be carried out while pressure hold
up shall be monitored. Minimum holding time shall be 15 min, and anyway until system
pressure doesn’t stabilize;

NOTE: whenever pressure would not stabilize, the cause shall be investigated and fixed
before proceeding with test.

5. Repeat above steps for achieving 50% and 75% of test pressure;

6. Increase pressure up to 100% of test pressure;

7. Start to check all items involved in the system using soapy solution or Helium Leak
Detector probe (depending by which leak test method has been selected)

NOTE: in case of “HLD” test, Helium Leak Detector need to be calibrated with gas sample
from system before to start detecting activity. Helium detection can be performed using
either Mass Spectrometer device (equipped with test cabin) or Hand Held device (portable
device without the test cabin). With both device, the detection will be conducted
performing with probe itself a small hole on the tape that envelope the flange. All leaks
must be recorder in P&IDs and in Leak Test Report;

8. Tightness (i.e.: passing test) of the selected isolation valves shall be preferably performed
using an ultrasonic detector when across the valves is realized a full differential pressure.
For this reason, valves’ tightness test is normally performed during the depressurization
of the system, when it is easier to realize the maximum achievable differential pressure
across the valves. Any alternative solution to shall be subject to Company approval.

If, at any of the above steps, a leakage is detected:

• System pressurization shall stop

• If deemed convenient, in term of time saving, may be evaluated if the portion of system
affected by the leakage can be safely isolated and depressurized, allowing to continue
with testing the remaining portion of system.

NOTE: In any case, no repair activity shall be carried out until the full system will not be
fully depressurized, relevant permit to work for testing closed and a specific permit to
work for repairing activity open

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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• In case it wouldn’t be deemed convenient, or possible, to segregate the portion of system

where leak is detected, the leak test shall be declared “failed”. The whole system shall
be depressurized (as per the Depressurization Check List included into the Test pack),
the permit to work in place for “pressurization/test/depressurization” shall be signed off
and the permit to work for “repair” shall be open before any repairing activity could start.

In case that “Pressure Monitoring Leak Test Method” is adopted, the final test pressure shall be
held for sufficient time to allow the testing of all relevant joints within the test envelope, and in
any case not less than 120 minutes.

No minimum holding time is required for “HLD” test type, at the condition that during the leak
detection period the system pressure variation shall not exceed the ±5% of the nominal test
pressure.

Even if performing an “HLD” test, joints with nominal diameter ≥ 18 inches will be subject to
“bubble test” (visible check) too, in order to mitigate the risk of a misdetection due to the
masking tape not totally sealed around the flange and helium will be easily spread in the
atmosphere.

During the whole test duration, the temperature effect on the system pressure variation shall be
carefully evaluated, especially on the system with big volume involved in test envelope.

For reference purpose, the figure below represent a typical configuration for the testing spread
used when performing an “HLD” test.

Figure 1. Typical Scheme for “HLD” Pumping System

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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Once leak check activity on a system is successfully completed, or it’s necessary to proceed
with a repair, the system shall be fully depressurized to atmospheric pressure.

Any leak detected during testing, shall be registered on a proper the “Leak Report”.

Depressurization activity shall be carried out accordingly to the “Depressurization Check List”
included into the Test Pack, which shall include, as minimum:

• List of depressurization/venting points to be used

• List of pressure monitoring points to be checked
• Check list of manual and actuated valves stating the position required both during and
after depressurization

The primary depressurization/venting path should be the same facility’s flaring system.
Whenever this system wouldn’t be available at the time of testing, the secondary venting
paths, preliminary selected and clearly identified on the test pack mark-up P&IDs, shall be
used.

Secondary venting paths shall be arranged in such a way to bring the venting point possibly out
of the system boundaries and anyway within a safe area, away from normal access points.

Use of hard pipe for realizing the secondary vent paths should be preferred. Use of flexible hoses
should be evaluated only as secondary option.

Whenever flexible hose are used, these shall be tied down to solid, immovable objects at regular
intervals along all their length, in order to prevent any movement during venting operations.

As part of Test Pack preparation, vent valves and venting routes shall be carefully evaluated and
defined, in order to ensure that each part of the system can be fully depressurized. Particular
attention must be paid for trapped pressure areas close to check valves.

During depressurization phase, temperature of piping close to each depressurization point shall
be carefully monitored to ensure that chilling does not occur.

In any case, depressurization shall be carried out in a controlled and safe manner, with maximum
pressure rate, which should not exceed 2bar/min.

Once the system is depressurized and relevant “Depressurization Check List” duly signed by
Contractor and Company, the permit to work relevant to pressurization, testing and
depressurization phase shall be signed off, allowing to open the permit to work for repairing or
reinstating of the system.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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2.4.2.3 System Repair

Any leak repair activity shall be performed only after the system has been fully depressurized,
the permit to work for testing phase has been closed and the permit to work for repairing activity
has been issued.

Before starting any repair activity, a tool box talk shall be conducted involving all the personnel
directly involved.

The leak(s) position shall been identified and located referring to the “Leak Description Report”
generated during the previous testing phase.

Prior to the removal of any test blind or spade, Contractor in charge for performing the repair
activity shall re-verify that the system has been fully depressurized.

Contractor shall appoint a “Flange Management & Repair Team” to carry out removal of any test
blind or spade, as well as flange opening or flanges overtightening (as required for repairing
purpose), while only personnel specifically trained, in accordance with the relevant vendor’s
procedure, shall be allowed to remove “clamp type” joint.

Once repair activity is completed, Contractor shall fill the relevant section on the “Leak Report”
and, if necessary, shall update accordingly the “Witness Joint Register”.

At this point, the permit to work related to repair activity can be signed off.

2.4.2.4 System Reinstatement

A system shall be reinstated after the testing phase has been successfully completed (i.e.
detected leaks, if any, have been repaired and re-tested successfully, rather than only repaired
and accepted by Company to be considered as witness joint).

Reinstatement shall start after the system has been fully depressurized, the permit to work for
testing phase has been closed and the permit to work for reinstatement activity has been issued.

Prior to start the system reinstatement a tool box talk shall be conducted by all the personnel
directly involved.

Reinstatement shall start with a walk through the system to identify the system limits and
remove all the locking devices, as per the “Isolation Check Lists” included into the Test Pack.

Following the removal of the locking device, all coloured PVC and masking tape shall be removed,
as well as the tags fitted to valves and spectacle blind listed into the preparation checklist.

Injection hoses and OPPS hoses shall be disconnected from the system, as well as all the
temporary pressure monitoring equipment, and relevant connection point shall be reinstated.

Prior to the removal of any test blind or spade, the team appointed by Contractor for
reinstatement purpose, shall re-verify that the system has been fully depressurized.

Reinstatement check list, attached to the Test Pack, shall be used to verify that all joints/fittings
etc. removed, disturbed or fitted during the preparation or testing phase have been addressed
and reinstated.
ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD
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Those joints/fittings etc. removed, disturbed or fitted during the reinstatement shall be listed,
by Contractor, into the “Witness Join List”, to be attached to the relevant Test Pack Report,
further than added to the master “Witness Joint Register”, which shall be the reference document
for carry on visual/audible checks on the witness joints during start-up.

2.4.3 Leak Test - Main Execution Parameters & Acceptance Criteria

As stated above, the proper leak testing methodology shall be selected accordingly to the
system’s fluid service.

Here below are summarized the main execution parameters and acceptance criteria for the leak
testing methodologies described into this document.

Gross Leak Test

Test Parameters Acceptance Criteria

Testing Media Air or Nitrogen

25% of system’s MAWP or 7barg (100psi),

Nominal Testing Pressure
whichever is less.

Intermediate Pressurization Steps n.a.

Pressurization Rate n.a.

Pressure Stabilization Requirements n.a.

Pressure Variation Rate

[considering temperature compensation n.a.

effect]
No significant pressure drop while performing
Overall Pressure Variation
visual leak check
Leakage Check
No visible bubbles
[“bubble test” using soapy solution]

Pressure Holding Time n.a.

Pressure Monitoring Leak Test

Normally applied to sweet fluid services, either with Nitrogen or Nitrogen/Helium as testing
media.

Test Parameters Acceptance Criteria

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Testing Media Air, Nitrogen, Water / water based fluid, Oil / oil
based fluid
95% either of the set point of the pressure
safety device protecting the system from
overpressure (i.e.: PSV, PRV, TSV, HIPPS,
Nominal Testing Pressure
etc.) or of the system’s MAWP. In any case,
test pressure shall not be less than the
maximum operating pressure of the system

Intermediate Pressurization Steps 25% - 50% - 75% of nominal test pressure

Pressurization Rate < 2bar per minutes

no visible pressure variation on pressure
Pressure Stabilization Requirements
recording instruments

Pressure Variation Rate

[considering temperature compensation < 0.05bar per hour

effect]
Overall Pressure Variation ±5% of nominal test pressure
Leakage Check

Option 1: “bubble test” (if using gas as

Option 1: no visible bubbles
testing media)
Option 2: measured oxygen concentration
Option 2: Oxygen Detector if using above 20%
Nitrogen as testing media
Option 3: no liquid droplet
Option 3: visive check (if using liquid as
testing media)

120 minutes

Pressure Holding Time [anyway, not less than the time required for
completing the leak check along all the
system]

Tracer Fluid Leak Test (Helium Detection)

Mandatory for sour services.

Test Parameters Acceptance Criteria

Testing Media Mixture of 99% Nitrogen + 1% Helium

95% either of the set point of the pressure

safety device protecting the system from
overpressure (i.e.: PSV, PRV, TSV, HIPPS,
Nominal Testing Pressure
etc.) or of the system’s MAWP. In any case,
test pressure shall not be less than the
maximum operating pressure of the system

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Intermediate Pressurization Steps 25% - 50% - 75% of nominal test pressure

Pressure Variation Rate

[considering temperature compensation < 2bar per minutes

effect]
no visible pressure variation on pressure
Pressure Stabilization Requirements
recording instruments
Minimum 30 minutes @ nominal testing
Soak Period
pressure

Leakage Rate < 35 scf/yr ( H2S<10000 ppm)

< 5 scf/yr ( H2S>10000 ppm)

Service Test

Test Parameters Acceptance Criteria

Testing Media System’s service fluid

Nominal Testing Pressure System’s nominal operating pressure

Intermediate Pressurization Steps n.a.

Pressurization Rate n.a.

Pressure Stabilization Requirements n.a.

Pressure Variation Rate

[considering temperature compensation n.a.

effect]
Overall Pressure Variation n.a.
Leakage Visible Check
No visible bubbles / liquid droplet
[“bubble test” if service fluid is a gas]

Leakage Sensitive Check n.a.

Pressure Holding Time n.a.

Ultrasonic Detection Leak Test

As stated above, the acceptance criteria for this testing method shall be set accordingly to the
operating instruction manual of the ultrasonic detector used.

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2.5 LEAK TEST COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

For each leak test completed, Contractor shall produce and submit to Company, for acceptance,
a “Leak Test Completion Certificate”.

Notwithstanding that the full set of documents/procedures, check lists (duly filled), instrument
calibration certificates, and whichever included into the specific “Leak Test Pack” shall be
included into the “Leak Test Dossier”, as minimum, the following documents shall be attached
to each the “Leak Test Completion Certificate” sent to Company for approval:

• Leaks Report (listing all the leaks, if any, detected, repaired and retested
during the test)
• Witness Joint List
• Pressure Recorder Chart

“Leak Test Completion Certificate”, and relevant attachments, shall be attached to

the Leak Test ITR, to be uploaded into the Completion Management System.

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3 SAFETY REQUIREMENT

3.1 GENERAL INSTRUCTION

The following general instructions shall be followed and adhered to:

• Dedicated work permit must be obtained following relevant procedure;

• An emergency procedure has to be issued considering unwanted events coming from leak
test activity;
• All personnel working at site must be informed in advance when leak test will be carried
out.

3.2 DOCUMENTATION

Before starting any leak test, Contractor shall prepare and submit to Company, for review and
approval, the relevant “Leak Test Pack”, inclusive of marked up P&IDs identifying, as minimum,
the following details:

• Test circuit envelope

• Vent paths open to atmosphere (required for granting positive isolation of boundary
systems from test circuit envelope)

• Depressurization paths (including temporary piping spools or flexible hoses, if any

required, for reaching a safe area);

• Temporary blinds/spade to be installed in order to isolate pumps, compressors or any

other item;
• Test media injection points;

• Temporary Jumper hoses, if required;

• Nominal Test Pressure, OPPS set point and (if required/foreseen) Temporary PRV set
point.

• Circuit envelope estimated volume

• any further circuit modifications required to carry out the test.

Contractor shall also prepare and submit Company, for review and approval, a plot plan showing,
as minimum:

• The location of testing equipment;

• The safe area/exclusion area boundary limits.

3.3 SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

Contractor’s shall be responsible to guarantee that at site the following actions are in place:
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• Fence off at safe distance from the tested circuit is set-up;

• Post signs around the barricaded area are in place;

• Verify that all people involved in the activity wear appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE);

• Activate the emergency procedure in case an unwanted situation happens;

• Verify that extinguishers are in the area, near diesel driven equipment or potential source
of fire;

• Ensure that both a Verbal and written Handover (between Contractor day shift crew and
night shift crew in the presence of company representative) is performed at the end of
every operational shift;

• Ensure that all relevant generic JSA’s for the job has been reviewed, amended if
necessary and signed off as reviewed by Contractor;

• Verify that Lock out tag out is in place for all isolation boundary limits using project
approved LOTO procedure (i.e. chain, locks, etc.);

• Verify that all hoses, fittings and instruments bring by Contractor are certified and are fit
for purpose;

• Check that temporary PRV(s), Pressure gauges and pressure recorder are connected with
a test manifold, which is connected with the system;

• Confirm pressure setting of all temporary Pressure Relief Devices and ensure they operate
as required;

• Identify all NRV’s (Non-Returnable Valve) and check orientation as part of system line
up;

• Ensure that in Leak Test Packs marked-up drawings all areas for potential trapped
pressure using the “TRAPPED PRESSURE” dialog box and show clearly how the area will
be de-pressured after test. NRV’s shall be identified by a Triangle symbol and “NRV” will
be written above the symbol;

• Ensure that, if depressurization will occur through hoses, this one must be secured
sufficiently to prevent any flailing;
• Check that all hoses should be secured using rope (to a permanent fixture, i.e. a structural
support and not a scaffold) at regular intervals to prevent flailing;

• Confirm that cut-off or kick-out settings of OPPS, acting on Pumping equipment, are fit
for purpose and functionality has been checked;
• Verify on completion of pressure testing operations, that all barriers have been removed
and the all people around informed of cessation of operations.

An HSE Officer shall assist the Leak Test Team, appointed by Contractor, to prevent unauthorized
personnel or vehicles from entering the barricaded area.

During each testing phase, Contractor, shall be responsible for notifying, duly in advance,
Company about the readiness of a system for walking through it and filling out the relevant
check lists.

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Any punch item should be raised during the above mentioned check, it shall be cleared before
the test could proceed.

Examples of the main check list normally filled during leak testing activity are shown into ANNEX
4.3 .

3.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

All personnel involved in the activity has to be award of the Emergency Response Plan.

Any action taken in case of unwanted event has to be complied with the Emergency Response
Plan.

3.5 SAFETY WITH NITROGEN

Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas, which is part of the air we breathe.
However, nitrogen is drastically different in the liquid form that is used to feed the Nitrogen
Pump Equipment. It is extremely cold and is considered as 'cryogenic'. Since the temperature of
liquid nitrogen under normal atmospheric pressure is –196 °C, flash can freeze instantly upon
contact.

Even though nitrogen and cryogenic equipment are different from other service equipment, their
use is not considered dangerous if handled and operated properly. The following additional
precaution need to be taken:

- Contractor must use plastic sheet on the ground or under nitrogen equipment;
- Contractor shall provide adequate skin and eye Protection for people involved in Nitrogen
handling;
- Contractor has to provide First Aid Procedures for Freeze Burns;
- Contract shall provide Liquid Air Hazard Analysis;
- Contractor shall take into account Undesired effect of Trapping Liquid Nitrogen.

For major detail regarding Liquid Nitrogen precaution in handling and best practice, please refer
to Annex 4.4.

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4 ANNEXES

4.1 LEAK TEST PACK - TYPICAL INDEX

Each "Test Pack" shall to include/provide, as minimum, the following sections/attachments:

1. Front page with Project & Test Pack main references, including (but not limited to):
- Test Pack number
- System Name
- System design pressure
- System PSV setting (if any)
- test pressure of the system
- over pressure protection (OPP) set point
- System free volume (m3)
- Estimated test gases (if more than one) volume required for pressurizing the system
- Pressurization step pressure values (25% of TP, 50% of TP, 75% of TP)
- P&IDs reference numbers & item tags related to: N2/He inj. pont, OPP and
instrument connection point, pressure monitoring points, depressurization points,
jumper connection points (if any), potential trapped pressure area (if any), HP/LP
systems interfaces (if any)
- Allowable leak rate (expressed in scf/yr)

2. Closed / Open Isolation Valves check list

3. Blind/Spade Isolation Checklist

4. Online/Against Check list (i.e.: items to be checked for being oriented accordingly or
opposite to flow direction while pressurizing the system)

5. Vent Paths checklist (i.e.: list of blind flanges or tubing connections to be loosen or
disconnected for providing a safe vent path at system boundary limits)

6. Actuated Valves Checklist (i.e.: actuated valves open/close condition during test)

7. Ultrasonic Test Valves Checklist (i.e.: list of the valves subject to internal leak check via
UT measurement)

8. Material Take Off (i.e.: list of external/temporary material, and relevant isolation type,
required for configuring the leak test circuit)

9. Tool Box Talk Form (to be filled, signed and attached to the test pack before commence
the pressurization phase)

10. Leak Test Method (just a summary of the leak test method statement)

11. Depressurization Checklist

12. Reinstatement Check List

13. Leak Test Circuit Mark-up P&IDs

14. Leak Test Results (including: test completion certificate, leak detection report, witness
joint report, test circuit marked up P&IDs showing leaks position, copy of pressure
recorder chart(s), test equipment certificates)

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15. As "Appendix" to the "Test pack":

- the "Test Circuit Line List", extract from the overall "Project Line List" and including
both the design and operating pressure of each line
- the “Test Circuit PSVs List”, extract from the Master PSVs Register, providing all the
main data related to the PSVs included into the system, with particular reference to
the last calibration date and/or the calibration certificate expiry date

4.2 TYPICAL P&ID MARK-UP

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4.3 CHECKLIST FORM - TYPICAL

Here below are provided, for reference, some example of checklist used during the different
Leak Test phases.

4.3.1 Pre-activity Check List

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4.3.2 Material Take Off List

4.3.3 Closed / Open Isolation Valves check list

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4.3.4 Blind/Spade Isolation Checklist

4.3.5 Online/Against Check list

Items which orientation (i.e.: according or opposite to flow direction while pressurizing the
system) is to be checked.

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4.3.6 Vent Paths checklist

The list of blind flanges or tubing connections to be loosen or disconnected for providing a safe
vent path at system boundary limits, rather than secondary depressurization point.

4.3.7 Actuated Valves Checklist

List providing the detail about required open or close condition of system’s actuated valves
during test.

4.3.8 Ultrasonic Test Valves Checklist

List of the valves subject to internal leak check via UT measurement)

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ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

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4.3.9 Depressurization Checklist

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4.3.10 Reinstatement Check List

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4.3.11 Leak Report /Leak List

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4.3.12 Leak Test Acceptance Form

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4.4 LIQUID NITROGEN HANDLING BEST PRACTICE AND POTETIAL RISK

Skin and Eye Protection

Liquid nitrogen is hazardous. Contact of human tissue with severe cold will destroy it in a manner
similar to high temperature burns. Freeze burns will result from contact with the actual liquid or
contact with the cold surfaces of piping and equipment containing the liquid. The danger
increases when the liquid nitrogen is under pressure.

These facts emphasize the need for protective clothing and a good safety attitude on the part of
the nitrogen operator. Wear safety glass or a face shield. The liquid could spray or splash and
cold gas might discharge under pressure from equipment. Clean, insulated gloves that can be
easily removed and long sleeves are recommended for hand and arm protection. Trousers should
not have cuffs and should be worn outside boots or over shoes to shed spilled liquid.

First Aid Procedure for Freeze Burns

A freeze burn should be treated as follows:

- Remove any clothing that may constrict blood circulation to affected body area.
- Immediately flood or submerge the affected body area with large quantities of clean,
unheated water.
- Apply cold compresses.
- Get patient to a physician for treatment.

Liquid Air Hazard

Since the boiling point of nitrogen is lower than the boiling point of oxygen, liquid air will
rapidly become oxygen enriched. Condensed liquid air on pumps and manifolds contain
approximately 52% oxygen. This oxygen-enriched air may cause normally non-combustible
material to become flammable and normally flammable material to burn at an increased
rate.

Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency

Although nitrogen is a non-toxic, non-flammable gas, it can cause asphyxiation in an area

without adequate ventilation. Therefore, all liquid containers should be stored outdoors in
well ventilated areas.

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Effect of Trapping Liquid Nitrogen

Trapped liquid nitrogen absorbs heat and can expand creating a pressure in excess of 20
tons per square inch.
If liquid nitrogen is trapped between two valves in a manifold or hose, the effect of liquid turning
to vapour may cause pressure over 42,000 psi. Due to the rapid expansion rate (700%), lines
should always be staked down.

ENGINEERING COMPANY STANDARD

Documento riservato di proprietà di Eni spa. Esso non sarà mostrato a terzi né utilizzato per scopi diversi da quelli per i quali è stato inviato.
This document is property of Eni spa. It shall neither be shown to third parties nor used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.

Company Classification: Restricted - Filename: 28893E00.docx