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Pushover Hinge Definition in midas Civil

October 7, 2021

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Pushover Hinge Definition in midas Civil
 
Table of Contents
 
1. Introduction

2. Pushover Hinge Properties

3. Example of GSD Import Type Hinge
4. Summary
 

 
1. Introduction
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Pushover Analysis is a non-linear static analysis procedure to estimate the capacity of a structure beyond
its elastic limit to understand the post-elastic behavior. Majorly, it allows us to evaluate overall structural
behaviors and performance characteristics and enables us to investigate the sequential formation of plastic
hinges in the individual structural elements constituting the entire structure. Displacement demand can be
determined from Response Spectrum Analysis and displacement capacity can be determined from
Pushover Analysis.
 
In the pushover analysis, the hinges are predicted at the potential weak areas and the sequence of damage
at these hinge locations is tracked till the collapse of the structure. Hinge represents a localized force-
displacement relation of a member through its elastic and inelastic phases under lateral loads. Figure 1
explains the brief procedure for pushover analysis.
 
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Figure 1: Procedure for Pushover Analysis

 

 
2. Pushover Hinge Properties 
 
In midas Civil, pushover hinge properties can be added using the dialog box shown in Figure 2.
 
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Figure 2. Pushover hinge properties

 
 
Five main components of pushover hinge properties are listed below:
 
1. Element Type
2. Material Type

3. Definition

4. Interaction Type

5. Component Properties

 
2.1 Element Type
Beam/Column : Hinge to be assigned to Beam or Column element
Truss : Hinge to be assigned to Truss element  
Point Spring Support : Hinge in the form of point spring support       
General Link : Hinge in the form of general link
 

2.2 Material Type

Specify the type of material used for the corresponding element.
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RC / SRC (encased) : RC or SRC (Concrete encased steel type) 
Steel / SRC (filled) : Steel or SRC (Concrete filled steel tube type)
 

2.3 Definition
Specify the load-deformation relationship of the flexural member in terms of Moment-Rotation (M-θ) or
Moment-Curvature (M-φ Lumped) or Moment-Curvature (M-φ Distributed) can be specified.
When Moment-Curvature (M-φ Lumped) is selected, then we can specify the pushover hinge length and also
specify the integration point of the hinge length whether it is End or Center. For example, if L is the length of
an element which is not necessarily the entire column. If the entire column is modeled as one element, you
can define hinge lengths at both the I-end and J-end of the element to represent hinge lengths of both ends
of the entire column. If the column consists of two elements, you need to define hinge lengths at the I-end
of one element and at the J-end of the other element.
 

2.4 Interaction Type

Specify the interaction type that will be used for the hinge.
None: Axial force and biaxial moments are uncoupled from each other.
P-M in Status Determination: Coupled axial force-Uniaxial moment behavior is reflected by calculating the
flexural yield strength of a hinge considering the effect of axial force. It is only applicable for beam/column
element types.
P-M-M in Status Determination: Coupled axial force-biaxial moment behavior is reflected by calculating the
flexural yield strength of a hinge considering the effect of axial force. It is only applicable for beam/column
element types.
 

2.5 Component Properties

For Pushover hinge, we can specify the hinge property in six degrees of freedom(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz), and
the corresponding skeleton curve can be given.
 
2.5.1 When Moment-Rotation (M-Theta) is selected, the skeleton curves available are as
follows:
 

Bilinear Type

Trilinear Type

FEMA Type

 
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Figure 3. Moment-Rotation (M-Theta) - Skeleton curves

 
 
 
Component Definition of hinge properties Initial stiffness Location of hinge

Fx (Axial) Axial force - Strain (Relative Displ.) EA/L Middle

Fy, Fz (Shear) Shear force- Shear strain GAs/L Middle

Mx (Torsion) Torsional moment - Rotation GJ/L I-end, J-end

My, Mz (Flexure) Flexural moment - Rotation 6EI/L,3EI/L,2EI/L I-end, J-end

Table 1. Moment-Rotation (M-Theta) - Hinge property definition

 
 
Table 1 illustrates the definition of hinge properties for various components and the initial stiffness used
when moment-rotation (M-Theta) is selected.
 
2.5.1 When Moment-Rotation (M-Theta) is selected, the skeleton curves available are as
follows:
 
midasType
Bilinear Bridge 
Trilinear Type

GSD Import Type

Figure 4. Moment-Curvature (M-phi Lumped) - Skeleton curves

 
 
Component Definition of hinge properties Initial stiffness Location of hinge

Fx (Axial) Axial force - Strain EA Integration point

Fy, Fz (Shear) Shear force- Shear strain GAs Integration point

Mx (Torsion) Torsional moment - Curvature GJ Integration point

My, Mz (Flexure) Flexural moment - Curvature EI Integration point

Table 2. Moment-Curvature (M-phi Lumped) - Hinge property definition

 
 
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Table 2 illustrates the definition of hinge properties for various components and the initial stiffness used
when moment-curvature (M-Phi Lumed) is selected.
 
2.5.3 When Moment-Curvature (M-φ Distributed) is selected, the skeleton curves available
are as follows:
 

Bilinear Type

Trilinear Type

Figure 5. Moment-Curvature (M-phi Distributed) - Skeleton curves

 
 
Component Definition of hinge properties Initial stiffness Location of hinge

Fx (Axial) Axial force - Strain EA Integration point

Fy, Fz (Shear) Shear force- Shear strain GAs Integration point

Mx (Torsion) Torsional moment - Curvature GJ Integration point

 My, Mz (Flexure) Flexural moment - Curvature EI Integration point
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Table 3. Moment-Curvature (M-phi Distributed) - Hinge property definition 
 
 

Table 3 illustrates the definition of hinge properties for various components and the initial stiffness used
when moment-curvature (M-Phi Distributed) is selected.
 
The direction properties of the pushover hinge are automatically calculated using the section and
reinforcement information already provided in the program, if the Input Method is set to Auto-Calculation
(Or) the user may enter the values of Yield Moment manually if Input Method is set to User-Input. The
coordinate system follows the Element local Coordinate System.  
 

 
3. Example of GSD Import Type Hinge
 
When Moment-Curvature (M-phi Distributed) and P-M/P-M M in the status determination are selected, then
“GSD Import Type” skeleton curve can be defined for My component and will be identical to that of Mz
component.
 
The confinement of concrete by suitable arrangement of transverse reinforcement in the form of spirals or
circular hoops or of rectangular arrangement of steel results in a significant increase in both the strength
and ductility of concrete columns. The concrete model confined by transverse rebar, which was suggested
by Mander (1988) can be defined in Midas GSD as shown in figure 6.

 
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Figure 6. Mander model

 
Detailed confinement properties can be defined as shown in figure 7.
 
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midas Bridge 
 midas Bridge Figure 7. Mander confined concrete property 
 
 
 
Once the material data (unconfined and confined concrete properties), sectional information, reinforcement
data are specified in Midas GSD module, then we can obtain the moment-curvature data as shown in figure
8. Please note that Options> Design Code > “Eurocode2:04” needs to be selected for GSD Import type hinge
though the moment-curvature data is not affected by the design code selected.
 

Figure 8. Midas GSD - Moment-Curvature curve

 
 
Once we link Midas GSD to Midas Civil, we can click on “Export” and then the Hinge is automatically
exported to Midas Civil with the relevant Yield surface properties as shown in figure 9. The yield surface of
the two axes can be checked by the table. The Interpolation Method: My-Mz is used to develop the full Yield
surface, as figure 10 explains the interpolation types.
 
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Figure 9. GSD import type hinge - Yield surface properties

 
 

Figure 10. Interpolation methods

 
Directional properties of the hinge like Axial Load vs Yield Moment My, Axial Load vs Yield Moment Mz are
generated automatically as shown in figure 11. The yield curvature (DY) is not considered directly from
Midas GSD, instead, it will be recalculated for each axial load by using the formula Myo/EI. (Myo is taken
directly from Midas GSD). So, It is important to note here that we have a choice of entering 1) EI value or 2)
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Yield Curvature (DY0). Moreover, we can see that this DY0 user input remains the same for all axial loads as
only one value of EI is calculated and taken into Hinge calculations.
 

Figure 11. GSD Import Type Hinge - Directional properties

 
Once, the hinge properties are reviewed, we can assign the GSD Type Hinge to the pre-determined/predicted
location of the plastic hinge and then run pushover analysis and check the plastic hinge formation.
 
 

 
4. Summary
  
midas Bridge
Pushover hinges are assigned in structural models at the regions where one expects cracking and yielding 
to occur in relatively higher intensity under lateral/cyclic loading. So it is important to understand which type
of hinge needs to be selected and then define the appropriate hinge properties to capture the plastic
behavior at that region.

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About the Author

Suman Dhara | Senior Bridge Engineer | MIDAS IT India

Suman has pursued his Master's Degree in Structural Engineering from IIT Hyderabad and has
6+ years of extensive Technical Consulting experience for Bridge & Building Projects. He
enjoys providing solutions to engineers on sophisticated projects ranging from bridge
engineering, building engineering, and special mechanics problems. 
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 Topics

midas Civil Pushover Analysis Plastic Hinges Nonlinear Analysis midas GSD

 Comments

Chen Wai Peng

10/11/2021, 8:02:29 AM
Reply to

For user dfine hinge to Eurocode 8 ,rc members how do I specify the m/my and d/dy for moment
rotation hinge

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