21st CENTURY LITERATURE

Objectives
 Understand the meaning of literature
 Articulately explain the standards of literature
 Appreciate the literary developments history

Literature
 is derived from the Latin word "Litera" which means "letters".
 It is also associated with the French phrase “Belles Letres" which means "beautiful writings".

Literature is a combination of words (simple or complicated) such as when a particular reader reacts
either in sadness, hatred, happiness or loneliness
Asuncion 2015

Literature it is a product of life and about life

Reyes, 2011

Literature is literally "acquaintances with letter".

Marcos, Bantados Valdez, 2012

Standards of Literature
Universality — a fictional work that is ageless and sensible.
Suggestiveness — literature should carry many associations that lead beyond the sentence meaning.
Style— it is unique way in which an author sees life, form his or her ideas and expresses them.
Spiritual Value — a literary work must raise the soul within us by carrying our values into realm of the
physical world.
Permanence — a great literary work tolerates and can be read again as each reading gives fresh delights
and new insights.
Intellectual Beauty — each literary piece must stimulate thought.
Artistry — the literature should be well-written and appeal to our creative sides with beautifully crafted
phrases and sentences.

GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE

Prose - consists and follows the usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs
to express ideas, feelings and actions.
Two types of Prose
Fiction and Non-fiction
Fiction
literary work is a result of the author's imagination.
Novels - long narratives divided into chapters.
Example: Things Fall Apart by a Nigerian author Chinua Achebe
Short Stories - are narrative involving one or more characters.
Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marques Benite<
Play - which is a scripted story executed on stage.
Example: Hamilton is an example by Lin-Manuel Miranda.
Legends - a narrative about the origin of man, place, event and happenings.
Example: The Tales of Odysseus from Ancient Greece
Fables- the characters are animals and inanimate objects that speak and act like people.
Example: The Crow and the Pitcher by Aesop's fables

Non-fiction
are any document or content that aims in good faith to represent truth and accuracy regarding
information, events, or people.
Essay - used as an attempt to express the viewpoint and opinion of the writer on a particular problem or
event. An essay can either be formal or informal essay.
Orations - a formal treatment of the subject and intended to be spoken in front of a crowd.
Biographies - a literary work that gives the life account of a person written by another person.
Autobiographies - as a literary work where the author writes his own life account.
News - a report of expected and unexpected events in society and government, and incidents in the
field of science, business, etc.
Also included are letters, diaries and jornals.

Poetry
we commonly think of rhymes, lines, stanzas and rhythm.
Example:
The rose is red,
the violet's blue,
The honey's sweet,
and so are you.

3 Types of Poetry Narrative, Lyric and Dramatic

Narrative Poetry
- this form describes important events in life, either real or imaginary. In short, it tells stories.
EPIC an extended narrative about heroic exploits and about quests and exciting adventures of a hero
with unusual strength and power.
Example: The Epic of Gilgamesh
Ballad - intended to be sung.
Example of this is Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe

Dramatic Poetry
Comedy - the word comedy from the Greek term "komos" meaning festivity or revelry. This form is
usually light and written with the purpose of amusing, mostly having a cheerful ending.
Melodrama - usually used in musical plays with the opera. It arouses immediate and intense emotion
and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.
Farce - an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines; situations are too ridiculous
to be true.
Tragedy - involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets death or ruin without
success and satisfaction.

Lyric Poetry
This is a type of poetry that expresses emotions, thoughts and feelings of the poet. This is the most
common out of the three. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.
Folksongs or Awiting Bayan these are short poems intended to be sung originating among the people of
a country or area, passed by or oral tradition from one singer or generation to the next.
Example: Sitsiritsit
Sonnet — has 14 lines, with a certain pattern of rhyme and rhythm dealing with an emotion, a feeling,
or an idea. Each line is composed of 10 syllables.
Example: "Sonnet 18" by William Shakespeare
Elegy — a lyric poem of meditation on life and death which expresses feelings or grief and melancholy.
Many elegies mourn about the death of a famous person or a close friend.
Example: The Lovers Death by Ricaredo Demitillo
Ode - as a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in a stanza.
Example: Nightingale by John Keats
Psalms or Dalit - that is about a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
Example: Psalm 23
Song or Awit - which have measures of twelve syllables and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a
guitar or banduria.
Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco BalagTas
Corridos or Kuridos -that have measure or eight syllables and recited to a martial beat.
Example: Ibong Adarna.

LITERARY ELEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

Allegory: Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else.
Antagonist: Counterpart to the main character and source of a story's main conflict.
Characterization: The author's means of conveying to the reader a character's personality, life history,
values, physical attributes, etc.
Climax: The turning point in a story, at which the end result becomes inevitable, usually where
something suddenly goes terribly wrong; the "dramatic high point" of a story
Conflict: A struggle between opposing forces which is the driving force of a story.
Context: Facts and conditions surrounding a given situation.
Mood: The atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within the setting.
Motif: A recurring important idea or image.
Plot: Sequence of events in a story.
Point-of-view: The identity of the narrative voice; the person or entity through whom the reader
experiences the story
Protagonist: The main character in a story, the one with whom the reader is meant to identify.
Speaker. The "voice" of a poem; not to be confused with the poet him/ herself. Analogous to the
narrator in prose fiction
Structure: The manner in which the various elements of a story are assembled.
Theme: The main idea or message conveyed by the piece. A theme is generally stated as a complete
sentence; an idea expressed as a single word or fragmentary phrase is a motif.
Tone: The apparent emotional state of the speaker/narrator/narrative voice, as conveyed through the
language of the piece
Tragedy: Where a story ends with a negative or unfortunate outcome that was essentially avoidable,
usually caused by a flaw in the central character's personality.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
A figure of speech is a word or phrase that possesses a separate meaning from its literal definition. It
can be • a metaphor or simile designed to make comparison. It can be the repetition of alliteration or
the exaggeration of hyperbole to provide a dramatic effect.

FIGURES OF RELATIONSHIP
- it includes simile, metaphor and synecdoche
1. SimiIe - It- compare two unlike things with a common quality. The comparison is done using the
words such-as like or as.
2. Metaphor - A comparison that is done by stating that one thing is another in order to suggest there
similarity or shared qualities.
3. Metonymy - Refers to using a thing or idea that is not referred to by its own name but by a different
one, a name of something with which it is closely associated.

Metonymy is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something closely
associated.

The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword refers to military force).

It is sometimes confused with Synecdoche, but is different. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of
its port. Ex. New wheels refers to a new car

4. Synecdoche- It uses -a part of something to. represent the whole or the whole to represent a part.

FIGURES OF EMPHASIS
FIGURES OF EMPHASIS - Among the common figures of
emphasis are hyperbole, oxymoron and paradox..
1.Hyperbole - It -uses intentional exaggeration to achieve emphasis or produce-a comic effect.
Example:
I had. to wait in the situation for-ten days an eternity
- From Heart of Darkness by-Joseph

2.Oxymoron —it is a word or a combination of words with contradictory meanings, as bitter sweet and
open secret.
Example:
Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!
O anything, of nothing first create!
- From Romeo and Juliet.b9 Willian Shakepeare

3.Paradox - is a statement. that appears toe hold contradictory ideas but may actually be true.
 FIGURES OF SOUNDS
FIGURES OF SOUNDS. - Among the-figures off sound. are alliteration and anomatopeia
1.AIIiteartion- refers-to use of closely spaced words that have the same initials sounds.
Example:
Doubting, dreaming, dream no mortals. Ever dared to dream before
- From: The Raven by Edgar Allen Poe

2. Onomatopoeia - is the use of words chat imitate the sound of what they are referring
- the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to
FOR EXAMPLE:
1. Bang! Bang! into the roof. I know you want it.
(Bang Bang — Jessie J, Ariana Grande, Nicki Minaj)
2. Boom, badoom, boom,
boom, badoom, boom,
baby, he got that super bass.
(Super Bass — Nicki Minaj)
ONOMATOPOEIA
- the use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to

3. Assonance - is a figurative term used. to describe the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words of a
line of text.
For example, this stanza from 'Travel,' a- poem by American Edna St.-Vincent. Millay:
'The railroad track is miles away,
And the day is loud with voices speaking,
Yet there isn't a train goes by all day
But I hear its whistle shrieking.’

4.Consonance - refers to-the repetition of consonant sounds within a word but-may also include the
repetition of consonants either at the beginning or end of the word:
Example
'The Raven' (1845) by Edgar Allan poe
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each
purple curtain.
Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors
never felt before.'

5. Rhyme - the repetition of two-or more words in which the last-vowel

sound and the last consonant sound are the same

ACTIVITY
Choose one form of literature and identify
the figures of speech used of your chosen
literature.
- Novel - The Da Vinci Code
 FICTION & NON-FICTION
Reviewing the Forms and Genres of Literature
What are the different types of writings that you can identify and familiar with?

Non-fiction
it is presented in a format which tells a story that is based on fact.

Non-fiction Category
Biography
a composition or historic account of the series
of events in a person's life.

Autobiography
Writer is also the subject of the historical

Speech
speaking power-or oral communication with an ability to express his/her thoughts and emotions.

Essays
It is the author’s personal view about a particular subject or theme.

Fiction
is a form of literature that describes imaginary events and people.
 Famous genres of fiction
Drama
- stories composed in verse or prose and are usually presented or performed in theatre.

Fable
- It is a narration intended to enforce a useful truth and in which animals speak and act like
human beings.

Poetry
- written in verse imagery with rhythm writing that evokes the reader an emotional response in
the reader.

Fairy tales
- stories or any magical creatures that is exclusively written for children.

Fantasy
- written in fiction which invites suspension of reality that forms mental images with strange or
other wordly settings or characters.

Humor
- stories that are amusing or comical and are fun to read.

Science Fiction
- a literary composition that attempts to depict settings and events in highly advanced and futuristic
themes.
Short story
- a prose or narrative that is shorter than a novel and has less subplots.

Realistic Fiction
- a story that can actually happens and is true to real life.

Folklore
- songs, stories, myths and proverbs of a person's folk that is widely held but false and based on
unsubstantiated beliefs.
 REVIEWING THE FORMS AND GENRES OF LITERATURE
Objective:
 Understand the difference 6etween fiction and non-fiction
 Know different types of fiction and non-fiction
 Write an example of a non-fiction

Non-fiction
it is presented in a forward which tells a story that is based on fact.

Biography
a composition or historic account of the series of events in a person's life.

Autobiography
writer is also the subject of the historical account.

Speech
speaking power or oral communication with an ability to express his/her thoughts and "emotions.”

Essays
it is the author's personal view about a particular subject or theme.

Fiction
is a form of literature that describes events and people

Drama
stories composed in verse or prose and are usually presented or performed in theater

Fable
it is a narration intended to enforce a useful truth and in which animals speak and act like human beings.

Poetry
written in verse imagery with rhythm writing that envokes the reader an emotional response in the
reader.
Fairy tales
Stories about fairies or any magical creatures that is exclusively written for children.

Fantasy
Written in fiction invites suspension of reality that forms mental images with strange ot other wildly
settings or characters.

Humor
Stories that are amusing or comical and are fun to read.

Science Fiction
A literary composition that attempts to depicts settings and events in highly advanced and futuristic
themes.
Short story
a prose or narrative that is shorter than a novel and has less subplots.

Realistic Fiction
a story that can happens and is true to real life.

Folklore
songs, stories, myths and proverbs of a person's folk that is widely held but false and based on
unsubstantiated beliefs.

Historical Fiction
fictional characters and events in a historical setting stories.

Horror
a literary composition that is terrifying, shocking or revolting.

Tall tale
blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who can do impossible in a humorous story.

Legend
a national or folk hero that is based on fact but with imaginative material.

Mystery
a literary composition where characters solve a crime or a part of unraveling secrets.

Mythology
legend or traditional narrative based on historical events that reveals human behavior and natural
phenomena.
 Poetry: Nature, Structure, and Forms
Objectives
 Be able to show an appreciation for a poem
 Understand the different structure of poem
 Be able to express a justified opinion on a particular poem

A. Expressions to Appreciate Poetry

1. End Line
 A poet chooses to "pause” or open a line that can add white space to a poem that offers a break,
suspense, drama, or a time for the reader to think or to absorb a moment of irony.
2. Enjambment
 The flow of verse simply into the next line without break using period or a comma
3. CoupIet
 Two lines of rhyming verse intentionally meant to operate "as a couple".
4. Stanza
 how a poem group and order the lines of verse.
 describe the main building block of a poem.
5. Intentionally of Placement
 The individual word, stanzas or lines of verse are placed on the page enriches and complements
meaning of the poem.

B. Six Qualities of Poetry Writing

 The Idea
 The Organization
 The Voice
 The Word Choice
 The Fluency
 The Form

C. Three Genres of Poetry

Genre
is a classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics—
natural forms of literature by tradition.

1. Narrative Poetry
 is a poetry genre that tells a story.
 is the oldest type of poetry.
Epic
is a long narrative poem. It has two basic types:
 Primary Epic
 Secondary Epic
Ballad
Is a short narrative poem belonging to folk tradition
2. Lyric Poetry
is a genre that does not attempt to tell a story; but instead, is of a more personal nature.
ELEGY
is a type of contemplative lyrical poem written in-a sad, melancholy tone and meditating on the theme
of death and morality
ODE
is a relatively long lyrical poem that contains an element of reflection.

3. Dramatic Poetry
is a verse written in drama form to be sung or spoken.

D. Elements of Poetry
Prosody
is the study of the rhythm, meter and intonation of a poem
Rhythm
it vary across languages and between poetic traditions.
Meter
is determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats in each line.
Metrical patterns
is to provide emphasis or attention to a given foot or line to avoid boring repetition.
Rhyme
it consists of identical (hard-rhyme), or similar (soft-rhyme) sounds placed at the ends of lines or at
predictable locations within lines (internal rhyme).
End Rhyme
- occurs when the rhyming words come at the end of lines.
o True Rhyme (masculine)
o Feminine Rhyme
o Off-Rhyme (Slant Rhyme)
Internal Rhyme
- occurs when the rhyming words appear in the same line.
Visual Presentation
are visual appearance of poetry often added meaning or depth.
Diction
Referring not only to the sound but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound.
Rhyming Scheme
are described using letters that correspond to set of rhymes.
Form
is the physical structure of the poem.
 ΡΟΕΤRΥ
STANZAS, LINES, ΑΝD RHYME SCHEMES
LINES AND STANZAS
- Most poems are written in lines. A blue day Line
- A group of lines in a poem is called a stanza.
- Stanzas separate ideas in a poem. They act like paragraphs.
- This poem titled "March" has six lines and two stanzas.

RHYME SCHEMES
End rhyme
The rhyme is at the end of each line
Tulip, Tulip
Tulip is a flower, Tulip is a pug
When I adopted her she could fit into mug
Tulip is sweet, Tulip likes to suckle
However, she can't help but eat my boot buckle
I love my new puppy, yes I do
But if you met her, would you love her too?

Internal rhyme
The rhyme is within the same line
I Got a New Puppy
I got a new puppy, that much is true
She is crazy and never gets hazy
I got a new puppy, and boy, is it hard
She is black and likes to attack
I got a new puppy, I am so happy I did
She jumps in puddles and then wants to cuddle
Near rhyme
The rhyme uses sounds/words that are similar but not the same
The Tired Dog Mom
Tulip is a pug who wants to play the day away
She wants to play so long that my hair's turning grey
I just want to take a nap, let me tell you
But all I hear is Tulip's toy train going choo choo
Puppies are not easy. but I am okay with that
Since I got all this time, I guess that training isn't bad

Complexity
• Meaningful poem are richly layered and evoke a myriad of thoughts, responses and feelings.
• It will invite the reader to enter the world of poem and to add their own life experiences and
imagination.
• Meaningful poems are literal and figurative
Clarity
The purpose of all writings is to communicate effectively.
Translucent
Poems are interpreted more figuratively than literally.
Transparent
There are literal interpretation in both narrative poems and other lyrical poem
Opaque
A sense of mystery, free association of thought, or private myth-taking and symbolism is one of the
characteristic opaque poems.

Activity
Group Activity
Compose a poem of any form as long as it discusses your experience. Assign a title for your poem.
DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT FORMS OF POETRY
Poetry can be difficult to understand and require a lot of effort on the part of the reader. Students can be
forgiven for wondering what exactly the point of is this difficult to write and difficult to read a genre that
is apparently used to torture the less literary minded during their school years. It may be a hard sell to
some of our more reluctant students, but there is a point behind all this word-smithery.
Poetry’s purpose is essential to help us understand the world around us. It endeavors to show us things
anew that we may have previously taken for granted. It offers us new perspectives on the familiar.
Poetry’s purpose is to enable us to see the world with fresh eyes again, like those of a child. In doing this,
it helps us understand our world in a deeper way.
THEME

 is an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated indirectly or directly.

 is what the story teaches readers the life lesson, meaning, moral, or message about life or human
nature that is communicated by a literary work.
 it is a truth that exhibits universality as it stands true for people of all cultures.
TWO TYPES OF THEMES
1. MAJOR THEME – is an idea when a writer repeats his own work, making it the most
significant idea in a literary work.
2. MINOR THEME – refers to an idea that briefly appears in a work and gives way to another
minor theme.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A THEME AND A SUBJECT

 It is not to confuse a theme of a literary work with its subject.

 Subject is a topic which acts as a foundation for a literary work while a theme is an opinion
expressed on the subject.
 For example, a writer may choose a subject of war for his story and the theme of a story may be a
writer’s personal opinion that war is a curse for humanity.
PRESENTATION OF THEMES

 A writer presents themes in a literary work through several ways.

 A writer can express his feelings through his characters about the subject he has chosen to write
about.
EXAMPLES OF THEMES

 Love and Friendship – are frequently occuring themes in literature. An emotional twist can
generate and turns a narrative that can lead to a variety of endings: sad, happy, or bittersweet.
 The theme of war – has been explored in literature since ancient times. The literary works
utilizing it may either glorify or criticze the idea of war. Most recent literary works portray war as
a curse for humanity due to the suffering if inflicts.
 Crime and Mystery – are utilized in detective works. Such narratives also include sub-themes as
“evil is always punished”, “crimes cannot be hidden”, etc.
 Revenge – is another recurrent theme found in many popular literary works. Across certain
circumstances in making him aware of his needs for revenge is a character.
 1. TANAGA - is an indigenous type of Filipino poem, that is used traditionally in the Tagalog
language.
- a type of poetry with four lines consisting seven syllables each line, each with same
rhyme at the end of each line – a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme.
Example of Tanaga:

 The Tanagas do not have ay titles like Japanese haiku. They should speak for themselves and
handed down by oral history which consists of proverbial forms, morals, and excerpt of a code of
ethics.
 It is almost a dying art-form, but it is currently being revived by the Cultural Center of the
Philippines and National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Poetic groups, like the LIRA
(Linangan sa Imahen, Retorika at Anyo) have been promoting Filipino poetry in Tagalog and
Pinoy Poets for Filipino poetry in English.
 The syllabic quatrain is still used in modern Tanaga, but rhymes range from dual forms: AABB,
ABAB, ABBA to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA, or ABCD.

2. AWIT AND CORRIDOS

 The awit (Tagalog for "song") is a type of Filipino poem, consisting of 12-syllable
(dodecasyllabic) quatrains. It follows the pattern of rhyming stanzas established in the Philippine
epic Pasyon. It is sung slowly with the accompaniment of a guitar or bandurria and is similar in
form to the corrido.
 Corridos (kurido) – have eight syllable (octosyllabic) and they are recited in a material beat. An
example of Corrido is Ibong Adarna by Jose Dela Cruz.

3. HAIKU
 is a three-line Japanese verse form that seeks to convey a single vivid emotion by means of
images from nature. The one who is speaking the Haiku is called “Hai” while “Ku “ is a phrase or
verse.
 has 17 syllables and describes the beauty of nature.
 is not written in 3 fragments but in 3 completed lines as it is an open ended poem in a free verse
form.
 nature of any season (example: rainy or sunny, winter or fall) serves as a major subject matter of
a Haiku composition.
EXAMPLE OF HAIKU

 consists of three lines

 1st line has 5 syllables
 2nd lines has 7 syllables
 3rd lines has 5 syllables

DIFFERENT HAIKU PERIOD

HEIAN PERIOD (794-1192 AD) – they developed a fashion where poets would sit together (just like
having a meeting) taking turns composing poetry consisting of linked standard size verses (renga). One
person would begin by making a verse and then another would add a verse related to the preceding verse.
Muromachi period (1324-1549 AD) - the long renga reached its zenith with intricate rules about the
constructionof the poems, often with hundred verse long. The first verse set the tone or mood for the
whole poem and it was called as hokku and the most capable poet of renga group was selected to create
the hokku.
By 1356 AD – one famous collection of poetry included a volume of independent hokku.
BY 1461 AD – a separate term evolved to indicate those hokku which were not written as part of renga.
Through the years, the writing of hokku developed and matured in the art of haikku.
4. SONNET – is a 14-line lyric poetry with exact syllables (8, 10, 12 0r 14) in each line with pair of
ending in perfect rhymes.
-Sonnets are particulary associated with love poetry which often use a poetic diction that is heavily based
on vivid imagery and the twists and turns associated with the move from octave to sestet and finally, to
couplet make them a useful and dynamic form for many subjects.
- A sonnet usually follows an abab-cdcd-efefe-gg rhyme patterns.

EXAMPLE OF SONNETS IN LITERATURE

a) Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet – introduced by Italian poet Francesco Petrach of 14th century. The
rhyme scheme of these sonnets has first eight lines (octet) as abba-abba-cdc-dcd and the remaining
sestet(six lines) might have different rhyme scheme
b) Shakespearean Sonnet – generally written in an iambic pentameter of 10 syllables in each line
following abab-cdcd-efef-gg.
c.) Spenserian Sonnet – originally a modified Petrarch, this form introduced a new rhyme scheme abab-
bcbc-cdcd-ee which is specific to sonnets of the poet Sir Edmund Spenser

5. FREE VERSE

 is a poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter, but seeks to capture the rhythms
of speech. This kind of form can give you a wide array of information to make a poem more
attractive.
 a line break is the termination of the line of a poem, and the beginning of a new line, within the
standard conventions of Western literature. Line breaks may occur mid-clause, and may also
serve as signal in a change of movement or to suppress or to highlight certain internal features of
the poem, such as rhyme or slant rhyme.
EXAMPLE OF FREE VERSE POEM
YOUR RENFORCEMENT TASK
Read the poem “My Shadow” and then answer the question

“MY SHADOW”
by Robert Louis Stevenson
I have a little shadow that goes in and out with me,
And what can be the use of him is more than I can see.
He is very, very like me from the heels up to the head;
And see him jump before me, when I jump into my bed.
The funniest thing about him is the way he likes to grow----
Not at all like proper children, which is always very slow;
For he sometimes shoots up taller like an India- rubber ball,
And he sometimes get so little that there’s none of him at all.
He hasn’t got a notion of how children ought to play,
And can only make a fool of me in every sort of way.
He stays so close beside me, he’s a coward you can see;
I’d think shame to stick to nursie as that shadows sticks to me!
One morning, very early, before the sun was up,
I rose and found the shining dew on every buttercup;
But my lazy little shadow, like an arrant sleep-head,
Had stayed at home behind me and was fast asleep in bed.
Extract you own theme of the poem and explain.
The poem is written from the perspective of a kid who is attempting to figure out what his
shadow's purpose is. The child is naive and honest in his inquiry into the nature of his world, which is
adorable and transports an adult reader back to a time before science made everything so much clearer.
 NARRATIVE PERSPECTIVE POINT OF VIEW
What is narrative point of view?
• Narrative point of view refers to a set of features determining the way a story is told and what is
told.
• Narrative is a perspective of the narrator
• There are three types of point of view: first person, second person, third person.

First Person Narrative Point of View

• is an extension of the way that we tell stories every day.
• First person relatively simple to write.
• Common first-person pronoun are I, me, my, mine, our, ours, myself, we, ourselves.
Example:
o I poured my mother a glass of ice-cold milk.
o "Bring me the prisoner," I told my chief of police.
o That turkey sandwich was mine!
Benefits:
• Build an immerse experience.
• Create an unreliable narrator
• Establish a distinctive tone and style.
• Highlight another character.

Second Person Narrative Point of View

• Second person narrative point of view it endows the reader asking them to place themselves
directly in the headspace of a particular character.
• Second person pronoun are you, your, yours and yourself.
Example:
• You instruct the chief of police to bring the prisoner to your office.
• That turkey sandwich is yours!
Benefits:
• Bring the reader closer to the story
• Reinforce idea and theme.

Third Person Narrative Point of View

• Third person point of view when the narrator is not in the story.
• Pronoun used such as she, her, he, him, they, them, herself, hers, himself, his, themselves,
their, theirs.
Example:
• "Bring me the prisoner," she told her chief of police.
• He knew that turkey sandwich was his.
• Little did the twins realize, they were both being watched.
Types of Third Point of View
• The third-person limited point of view is when the narrator only has some access to the
experiences and thoughts of the characters.
 • Third person omniscient knows the thoughts and feelings of all character. It provides less
intimacy with character than closer points of view.
Benefits:
1. Gain the reader's trust.
2. Zoom in and out of a character's inner thoughts
3. Switch between multiple third-person points of view, if necessary.
Example:
• He thought that Sarah was fantastic, but she didn't think the same of him.
• Grace stood before the front window where, beyond the road, beyond the trees, Lake Michigan
lay calm and glistening. A lake view! Just wait until those so-called friends of hers with their
classy houses see this place.

Its 21st literature is better since it helps to develop a rational ideas rather than sticking to the past
literature
In old literature it didn’t help the modern generation to express their fellings/ideas

Privacy

Freedom Information
OBJECTIVES
 Generate effective critical thinking into primary issues the given topic
 THE PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO
THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
PRE-SPANISH PERIOD [BC-1564]
Pre-Spanish Literature
A. Legends
• Maria Makiling
• Legend of the Pineapple
• Alamat ng Sampalok
B. Folk Tales
• Monkey and the Turtle
• Langam at Tipaklong
C. Epic
• ZAM-ANG
• Biag ni Lam-Ang
D. Folk Songs
• Magtanim ay Di Biro
• Bahay Kubo
• Leron leron sinta
E. Proverbs or Saying
• Kung ano ang itinanim, siyang aanihin [You reap what you sow)
• Kapag maikli ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot (When the blanket is short learn to curl up)
• Daig ng maagap ang masipag (Punctuality beats diligence)

THE SPANISH PERIOD (BC – 1565 - 1898)

Spanish Literature
Literary forms
 Pasiong Mahal
 Urbang at ni Felissa
THE PERIOD OF ENLIGHTMENT (1872-1898)
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
The objective of this movement were to seek reforms and changes such as;
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish cortes.
4. To filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and grievances

Three principal leaders of propaganda movement

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

 NOLI ME TANGERE
 EL FILIBUSTERESMO

MARCELO H. DELPILAR
 La Solidaridad
 Diariong Tagalog

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

 FRAY BOTOD
1900-1942
The AMERICAN Period
Nationalism and the School during the American Regime
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Philippine Independence
• Philippine-American Conflicts
• 1900s-peace movements
THEMES OF LITERATURE
• Desire for freedom
• Love of Country
• Fight against colonialism and imperialism
CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE
• Nationalism
• Freedom of Speech
• Search and use of a new experience
INFLUENCES OF THE AMERICAN
• Schools
• New education system
• Cleanliness and hygiene
• English language
• Politics
• Freedom of speech
NEWSPAPERS

A. LITERATURE IN SPANISH
• CECILIO APOSTOL
• FERNANDO MARIA
• RAMIREZ GUERERO
o Father of Philippine Constitution
• MANUEL H. BERNABE
o King of Balagtasan in Spanish
• JESUS BALMORI
o Pen Name: Batikuling
Poet Laureate in Spanish
 B. FILIPINO LITERATURE
• FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
o FLORANTE AT LAURA
• MODESTO DE CASTRO
o Urbana at Felisa
• JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA

Classified three kinds of Tagalog poets

1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)

POET OF THE HEART (MAKATA NG PUSO)

• AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
o First King of Balagtasan
• CARLOS GATMAITAN
• PEDRO DEOGRACIAS DEL ROSARIO
• LOPE K. SANTOS
o Father of the Filipino Grammar
• NEMECIO CARABANA
• ILDEFONSO SANTOS
• MAR ANTONIO
POETS OF LIFE (MAKATA NG BUHAY)
• PATRICIO MARIANO
• AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
o First King of Balagtasan
• LOPE K. SANTOS
o Father of the Filipino Grammar
• JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
o The Legendary Lyric Poet
o King of Balagtasan
• CARLOS GATMAITAN
• FLORENTINO COLLANTES

POETS OF THE STAGE (MAKATA NG TANGHALAN)

• PATRICIO TOLENTINO
• AURELIO TOLENTINO
o Father of Tagalog Drama
• TOMAS REMIGIO
• SEVERINO REYES
o Pen-name: Lola Basyang
o Father of Tagalog Plays
o Father of Tagalog ZarzuelA
NICK JOAQUIN
- Republic Cultural Heritage Award (1961)
- National Artist of the Philippines for Literature (1976)
- MOST important Filipino Writer in ENGLISH
- Pen name-Quijano de Manila
- May Day Eve (1947), The Woman Who Had Two Novels (1961), A Portrait of
the Artist as a Filipino (1966), Summer Solstice (1971)

FRANCISCO BENITEZ
- First editor of Philippine Journal of Education
- Became the Dean of UP College of Education

PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ

- First Filipino Modern English language short story writer
- One of the founder of Philippine Women’s College
- Dead Stars (1925)

ZOILO GALANG
- A Child of Sorrow (1921) first Philippine novel written in English
- Nadia (1929), Encyclopedia of the Philippines (1957)
- Filipino encyclopedist and the 1st English-language Filipino Novelist

JOSE GARCIA VILLA

- National Artist of the Philippines for Literature (1973)
- Pen name-Doveglion
- Comma poet

MANUEL E. ARGUILLA
- How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (1940)
- Epilogue to Reconciliation (1936)
- Republic Cultural Heritage Award (1972)

CARMEN GUERRERO NAKPIL

- Lifetime Achievement Award 2005 for her outstanding achievement in
history
- Icon of Philippine Literature and Journalism

N.V.M GONZALES
- Palanca Memorial Awardee for Literature
- National Artist Award for Literature (19970
- Centennial Award for Literature (1998)
 - The Winds of April, The bamboo Dancers, A Season of grace, Children of the Ash-Covered Loam

TAGALOG DRAMA
Severino Reyes (1861-1942) - spearheaded a movement to supplant the komedya with a new type of
drama, the sarsuwela, a Filipino adaptation of the Spanish zarzuela.

OTHER FORMS OF LITERATURE

Ilocano Literature:
1. Pedro Bukaneg - Father of Ilocano Literature

2. Claro Caluya - Prince of Ilocano Poets

3. Leon Pichay - known as the best Bukanegero, also a poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist
and essayist

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) - a collection of poems by
Manuel Viray
2. PHILIPPINE CROSS SECTION (1950) - a collection of prose and
poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) - by Nick Joaquin
4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) - by T.D. Agcaoili
5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST - by Amador Daguio
6.HORIZONS LEAST (1967) - a collection of works by the
professors of UE, mostly in English (short stories, essay, research
paper, poem, and drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio
Baltazar)
7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP - by NVM Gonzales
8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO - by Conrado V. Pedroche
9. HAVE COME, AM HERE - by Toribia Mano, Edith L. Tiempo and Jose Garcia Villa
THE FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)

THE LITERARY REVOLUTION

The youth became completely rebellious during this period.

THE PLAY
The government led in reviving old plays and drama like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and Embayoka
of the Muslims.

FILIPINO FILMS
1. Maynila... Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of
Lino Brocka...Bembol Roco was the lead role.
2. Minsa'y Isang Gamu-Gamo; Nora Aunor was the principal performer.
3. Ganito Kami Noon...Paano Kayo Ngayon: led by Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz
4. Insiang: by Hilda Koronel
5. Aguila: led by Fernando Poe Jr.' Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon

COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Newspapers put on new forms, news on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism and the like
were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
OBJECTIVES
Do self—and/or peer assessment of the creative adaptation of a literary text
Differentiate the text's literary genre, elements structures, and traditions.

READING AND EXPLORING FICTIONAL WORKS

CHICK LIT
a written by women for women; uses strong female character who is trying to live in modern world.

HYPER-POETRY
a could not be presented without the aid of computers and the internet.

BLOGS
shortened of the term web blog; a regularly updated journal on the internet.

SPECULATIVE FICTION
the setting is futuristic and involves supernatural elements.

TEXTTULA
has its origins in tanaga
TANAGA
 Halimbawa:
Sa gubat na madawag
Tala'y mababanaag.
lyon ang tanging hangad,
Buhay ma'y igagawad.

-Bannie Pearl Mas

FLASH FICTION
notable for its brevity; also called as short

GRAPHIC NOVEL
utilizes pictures in narrating a long story.
Objective:
• Know and understand the meaning of the word "Essay"
• Identify the introduction, body and concluding paragraph of an essay
• Identify the various types of essays.
Essay and its Types
ILOCANO LITERATURE
- Ilocano literature pertains to the literature works of the writers of Ilocano ancestry regardless of
the language used.
- The terms “iloko” and “Ilokano” are different
- “Iloko” – language
- “Ilokano” – people or the ethnicity of the people who speak the Iloko Language.

ESSAY
A famous English essayist Aldous Huxley defines essays as. – a literary devise for saying almost
everything about almost anything.

THREE POLES - DIMENSIONS OF AN ESSAY

- Autobiographical essays and personal essays
- Objective essays (factual essays)
- Universal or abstract essays

How to write an essay?

- Introductory Paragraph
Thesis Sentence
- Body paragraph
- Concluding paragraph

REPORT TOPICS FOR 4TH QUARTER

 Week 1: Divine Comedy-Dante Alighieri
 Week 2: One Thousand and One Nights- Gabriel Garcia Marquez
 Week 3: Epic of Gilgamesh
 Week 4: Thirteen Reasons Why - Jay Asher
 Week 5: Iliad and Odyssey - Homer

REPORT PRESENTATION INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

 Title of Report
 Background of the author
 Energizer/Game (related with your topic)
 Summary of the story
 Important persons and events in the story
 Moral lesson and the theme of the story
 Provide at least 5 questions in presentation related to the topic
 Let your audience participate
 Don't just read your report!
 Canva, power point or google docs.
OBJECTIVES
• Produce a creative representation of a literary text by applying multimedia and ICT skills
 Discuss. how. different contexts enhance the text' s meaning and enrich the reader' s
understanding
 Identify the different kinds of novel

Reading and Exploring Fictional Works and The Literature of

the Philippine across Time
Kinds of Novel
Thesis
a novel that presents problems and argues in favor of a solution

Social Protest
a novel that aims to illuminate and draw attention to contemporary social problems.

Roman A Clef
a novel in which a historical people and events are represented as fictional.

Psychological Novel
a novel whose primary focus is on the character's emotions and internal motivation

Philosophical Novel
a novel serving as a vehicle to explore philosophical ideas.

Picaresque Novel
a realistic novel detailing the exploits of a scoundrel.

Local Color Novel

a work that incorporates cultural details of a particular region-dialect, mannerisms, thought patterns to
portray a community.

Kunslerroman
a novel portraying the artistic realization or development of a maturing protagonist.

Gothic Novel
a genre of literature popular in late 18th century in England; it features remote landscape, medieval
castles, and supernatural experience.

Epistolary Novel
a novel whose story is told through letters exchanged by its characters.

Dystopian
a novel set in an imagined future in an imagined society that purports to be utopian but is revealed to be
terrifying restrictive and inhuman.
Bildungsroman
a novel chronicling the intellectual, spiritual or moral development of a young protagonist. - coming-of-
age novel

UNDERSTANDING DRAMA
Tragedy
Is a serious drama in which the protagonist, traditionally of noble position.

Comedy
type of drama intended to interest and amuse the audience rather than to make deeply concerned
about the events that happen.

Tragicomedy
is a play that does not adhere strictly to the structure of tragedy and this usually a serious play that also
has, some of the qualities of comedy.

Some of the Well-known Elemental Creature in the Philippines

Batibat
is a folktale creature commonly known in the Ilocos province.

Sigbin
this elemental creature is believed to be found in Samar, Philippines. This creature lurks in the shadows
and can morph into different disguises.

Lutao
this creature looks like a regular peep who is about to attend a fancy schmancy formal event,
purportedly found in Central Mindanao

Kiwig
commonly believed to be seen in Aklan, Philippines. When crossing the road, you might encounter a dog
or a cat.

Mandurugo
it is believed that this elemental creature can be found in Capiz, Philippines. They say that you must not
trust anyone who is too friendly.

5 Philipproe Mythological Creatures

1. Sirena
2. Siyokoy
3. Kataw
4. Маmeleu
5. Beberoka
Group Activity: Ourlemental Creatures
Create your own elemental creatures using your imagination. Describe their looks, name, powers and
bad impression to mankind.

Wednesday