5/18/2022

𝑷𝑷
MODULE 3 𝑥 𝑦 5. WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PROPERTY OF COLUMNS?
LECTURE 1
6. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE “EFFECTIVE LENGTH” OF A COLUMN?
𝑦
ANALYSIS AND 𝑥 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
HOW IS THIS DETERMINED.
𝑦
DESIGN OF 7. WHAT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT COLUMN SECTION?
AXIALLY LOADED 8. WHEN A COLUMN IS PART OF A BRACED SYSTEM WHAT IS ITS
COMPRESSION 𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔
EFFECTIVE LENGTH?
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
MEMBERS 9. WHEN A COLUMN IS PART OF A UNBRACED SYSTEM WHAT IS ITS
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 EFFECTIVE LENGTH?
Reading Assignment:
1. NSCP SECT. 502 10. A BUILT UP LONG COLUMN IS 8 m. LONG, FIXED AT ONE END AND
502.1 – 502.3.4 pp.5-40 to 5-41 HINGED AT THE OTHER END. MATERIAL STRENGTHS ARE,
2. Segui – Chap 4 Compression Members
𝐼 >𝐼 𝑤𝑒𝑎𝑘
pp. 109 to 120 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝐅𝐲 = 345 mPa, 𝐅𝐮 = 450 mPa. FIND THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY USING
LRFD NSCP 2015.

TO UNDERSTAND AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS: 1. LIST DOWN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TENSION MEMBERS
10 QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS. TABULATE.
1. LIST DOWN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TENSION MEMBERS AND
COMPRESSION MEMBERS. TABULATE. A. Refer to table shown below.
2. WHAT IS EULER’S COLUMN FORMULA? IS THIS FORMULA APPLICABLE TENSION MEMBER COMPRESSION MEMBER
TO ALL TYPES OF COLUMNS? IF NOT EXPLAIN WHY. Load tends to lengthen member Load tends to shorten member
3. DERIVE EULER’S COLUMN EQUATION. Failure mode of member: Failure mode of member:
• yielding • Yielding
4. WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF COLUMNS? WRITE DOWN THE EQUATIONS • Rupture • Buckling
FOUND IN THE SPECIFICATIONS USED TO COMPUTE AXIAL COLUMN • Block shear  Elastic
LOAD CAPACITY. • bearing  inelastic
 LRFD NSCP 2015
Holes have a significant effect in Bolts are assumed to fill holes and
the design are neglected in the design
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2. WHAT IS EULER’S COLUMN FORMULA? IS THIS FORMULA APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPES

OF COLUMNS? IF NOT EXPLAIN WHY. 1ST SOLUTION:
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
A1. Euler’s column formula is an equation that quantifies the critical buckling Use equation of a simple vibrating body. 𝒎 + 𝒌𝒙 = 𝟎
load of an axially loaded compression member assuming hinged end supports. 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐼=𝑟 𝐴 SOLUTION:
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 4𝜋 𝐸𝐼
𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 = 𝑃 =
𝑃 =𝑛 𝐿 𝐿 𝑘 𝑘
𝐿 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝑃 𝑛 𝜋 𝐸 𝜋 𝐸 4𝜋 𝐸 𝑚 𝑚
𝐹 = = 𝐹 = 𝐹 =
𝐴 𝐿 𝐿 ⁄𝑟 𝐿 ⁄𝑟
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑟 𝑑 𝑦
D𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 − 𝑜𝑓 − 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀 = −𝑃𝑦
𝑑𝑥
A2. No the formula is NOT applicable to all columns. It is only applicable to long columns.
Euler’s column formula computes elastic buckling failure load only and will NOT yield 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 similar 𝑑 𝑦
correct results when failure is inelastic as in the case of intermediate columns. 𝒎 + 𝒌𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐸𝐼 + 𝑃𝑦 = 0
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝑑𝑥

2 APPROACHES/SOLUTIONS OF EULER’S FORMULA

3. Derive Euler’s column equation.
1. Equation of a simple vibrating body 2. Equation of Elastic Curve
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑦
𝑑 𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 𝐸𝐼 + 𝑃𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀 = −𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚
𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑴 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙.

1ST SOLUTION:
Use equation of a simple vibrating body.

2ND SOLUTION:
Rewrite the equation to obtain perfect
differentials.
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𝑑 𝑥 𝑘 𝑘
𝑚 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 4. WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF COLUMNS? WRITE DOWN THE EQUATIONS
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚
FOUND IN THE SPECIFICATIONS USED TO COMPUTE AXIAL COLUMN
𝐵𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦: LOAD CAPACITY.
𝑑 𝑦 𝑃 𝑃  LRFD NSCP 2015
𝐸𝐼 + 𝑃𝑦 = 0 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.

0 A1. There are 3 kinds of columns:

𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝐶 =0 1. Short column Is rare and not considered in this study

𝑃
𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 0 = 𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐿 2. Intermediate Most common type of column. Fails by
𝐸𝐼
column inelastic buckling.
𝑃 𝑃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐿 =0 𝐿 = 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … 3. Long column Fails by elastic buckling.
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝐶 =0 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 A2. LRFD NSCP 2015 SECT. 505 p. 5-55
𝑃 5
𝑃 =𝐹 𝐴 𝑃 =∅ 𝑃 ∅ = 0.9 𝑃 = Ω= = 1.67
𝑃 𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰 Ω 3
𝐿 = 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … 𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝒏𝟐
𝐸𝐼 𝑳𝟐
SLENDERNESS RATIO COLUMN TYPE CRITICAL STRESS EQUATION
𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟒𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
𝑷 𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝟐 𝑷 𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐼 = 𝑟 𝐴 𝐾𝐿 Intermediate 𝑃 ⁄
𝑳 𝑳𝟐 < 𝐶 = 4.71 𝐸 ⁄𝐹 𝐹 = = 0.658 𝐹
𝐿 𝑟 column 𝐴
2 𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝒓𝟐 𝑨
𝐿 𝑷𝒄𝒓 = 𝒏𝟐 𝑃
𝑳𝟐 𝐾𝐿 Long
𝐿 > 𝐶 = 4.71 𝐸 ⁄𝐹 𝐹 = = 0.877𝐹
𝑟 column 𝐴
2 𝑷𝒄𝒓 𝒏𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑬 𝜋 𝐸
𝑭𝒄𝒓 = = 𝐹 =
𝑷 𝑷 𝑨 𝑳 𝟐 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟
𝑛=1 𝑛=2 𝒓
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5. What is the most important property of columns? AISC TABLE C-C2.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTORS
A. Slenderness ratio 𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

6. What is meant by the “effective length” of a column? How is

this determined. Buckled shape 0.25𝐿

of column 0.7𝐿
A.1 Effective length of a column, KL, is the length between points of shown by 0.5𝐿 𝐿
inflection i.e. hinge to hinge length. Where K, the Effective length dashed line
factor is the coefficient of L to locate these points of inflection.
0.25𝐿 0.2𝐿
A.2 Effective length, KL, is determined by use of the AISC tables or by
analysis. Theoretical K 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
7. What is the most efficient column section? Recommended
0.65 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0
A. Pipe or circular section Design K

8. When a column is part of a braced system what 10. A BUILT UP LONG COLUMN IS 8 m. LONG, FIXED AT ONE END AND
is its effective length? HINGED AT THE OTHER END. MATERIAL STRENGTHS ARE, 𝐅𝐲 = 345 mPa,
A. Its effective length is equal to 1 or less than 1. 𝐅𝐮 = 450 mPa. FIND THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY USING LRFD NSCP 2015.

Section Properties:
PL450x12 𝐴 = 450𝑥12 = 4500 𝑚𝑚
9. When a column is part of an unbraced system L152x102x14.3 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
what is its effective length?
A Ix (10^6) y (mm) Iy (10^6) x (mm)
A. Its effective length is equal greater than 1. 3430 7.98 50.8 2.91 25.8
The column behaves longer than its actual
length.
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CLASS WORK (CW) #1 ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF

A. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑢𝑝 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. AXIALLY LOADED COMPRESSION MEMBERS
𝐴 = 4500 + 4𝑥3430 = 18,220
Use LRFD NSCP 2015 for all problems
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼: 𝐼 = 𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝑑
PROB. 1 Which of the given sections would you use on the column?
12𝑥450
𝐼 = + 0 + 2.91𝑥10 + 3430 225 − 25.8 4 = 647,183,381 A242 steel Fy = 290 mPa.
12
450𝑥12 𝐷 = 875 𝑘𝑁 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇. 1 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑇. 2
𝐼 = + 0 + 7.98𝑥10 + 3430 6 + 50.8 4 = 76,248,813 𝐿 = 1450 𝑘𝑁 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔
12
𝑟 = 𝐼 ⁄𝐴 = 188 𝑟 = 𝐼 ⁄𝐴 = 65 𝑆
5.6𝑚
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜: 𝐾 𝐿 = 𝐾 𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿 = 0.7𝑥8000 = 5600 𝑆
𝐾𝐿 5600 𝐷 = 380𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆 = 380𝑚𝑚
= = 86.15 𝑡 = 16𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = 16𝑚𝑚
𝑟 65

 LRFD NSCP 2015

PROB. 2
𝐾𝐿
= 86.15 < 4.71 𝐸 ⁄𝐹 = 113.40 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒! A W310x38.7 consisting of A36 steel is used in the column
𝑟 shown that is provided with support against weak axis
𝜋 𝐸 𝑃 5.6𝑚 buckling at a point 2.4 m. from the bottom. Find the axial load
𝐹 = = 265.96 𝐹 = = 0.658 ⁄ 𝐹 = 200.46 𝑀𝑃𝑎 capacity.
𝐾𝐿⁄𝑟 𝐴
A d 𝑡 𝑏 𝑡 𝑆 10 𝑆 10 𝑟 𝑟
𝑃 = 𝐹 𝐴 = 200.46𝑥18.22 = 3,652.36 𝐾𝑁
2.4𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
∅ = 0.9 𝑃 = ∅ 𝑃 = 3,287.13 𝐾𝑁 4940 310 5.8 165 9.7 549 88.2 131 38.4

ASD NSCP 2015 Ω = 1.67 𝑊310𝑥38.7

𝑃 3,682.36
𝑃 = = = 2,187.04 𝐾𝑁
Ω 1.67