• To be introduced to the concept and principles of deformable bodies

• To accentuate actual testing of structural materials in the construction

industry.
• To analyse the behaviour of materials under given loading conditions using
Hooke’s Law
• To analyse the behaviour of materials being tested in actual construction
site condition.

Strength of Materials deals with the behaviour of solid objects subjected to stress
and strain. Strength of materials often refers to various methods of calculating the
stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, slab, walls,
and trusses.
The method is to predict the response of a structure under loading and its
susceptibility to various failure considering the properties of the materials such as
its yield strength, elastic modulus, and carrying condition.
In its general term Strength of material is the ability of a material to withstand an
applied load without failure or enduring plastic deformation.
In the Construction Industry, some protocols such as non-destructive and
destructive tests are in place to ensure that proper construction methodology are
undertaken prior to erection, project turn over, and occupancy.
Stress and Stain diagram is the graph produced by a monitoring equipment during
the actual testing, thus creating a line with respect to the force applied (stress) and
the deformation (strain) of the material.

- A graphic representation of the relationship between

unit stress values and the corresponding unit strains for a specific material

- The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external

force to change the shape of that body.

- The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force, about the
change in size to that of the original size.

-The region of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic

deformation.

-The region of unit stresses for which a material exhibits Plastic

deformation.
 - The stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase
in the load.

– Maximum stress that a material can attained without incurring

permanent deformation.

- Maximum stress below which the material does not return to

its original length but has incurred a permanent deformation.

- Maximum Stress that can be attained immediately before

actual failure or rapture.

- Stress at which material specimen breaks

- A push or pull that tends to move a body to the direction of its action.

- A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body

produced by a stress.

- A Permanent change in the dimensions or shape of a body

produced by a stress called permanent set.

- The property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an

applied force and to recover its original proportion upon removal of the force.

- The change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action
force.

- The measure of linear proportion or ratio of force per unit

deformation expressed as F= K X

- A longitudinal strain that tend to elongate an object.

- A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten an object.

 – (Normal stress) The tensile or compressive stress assumed to be
normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section.

- The lateral deformation produced in a body by an external force

that causes one part of the body to slide relative to an adjacent part in a direction
parallel to their plane contact.
Sir Robert Hooke (July 18, 1635 – March 3, 1703) Born in England, English Natural
Philosopher, Architect, and Polymath.
Robert Hooke discovered that the amount a spring stretches is proportional to the
amount of force applied to it.
Hooke's Law follows only the proportional and elastic limit of the material under
stress. Above that the material will suffer permanent deformation also called
permanent set.

= Force applied

= Spring constant

= Deformation

Deforming force that is directly proportional to change in length.

There is a restoring force resisting the deformation. When the body is equilibrium,
the restoring force (F Res) is equal in magnitude of deforming force (F Def).
All objects show both elastic and plastic deformation. It shows elastic deformation
up to an extent, all objects have an – comprises of deforming force
and properties of material.
Young's modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in
length when under axial tension or compression. Sometimes referred to as the
modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus is equal to the longitudinal stress divided by
the strain.
The property of material used is incorporated in the stress and strain phenomenon
to predict the deformation and ultimate carrying capacity of a material subjected
to loading.

= = The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an

external force to change the shape of that body. Defined as force per unit area.

= = The deformation of a body under the action of an applied force,

about the change in size to that of the original size. Defined as Change in length
divided by the original length.

- is the Elastic Modulus of the material

- is the applied load.

- is the original length of the material.

= the deformation (length - original length)

- the cross-sectional area of the material subjected to stress.

 • To analyse the behaviour of materials under Axial, Shear stress
• To calculate the maximum allowable force that a material can withstand
relative to Shear stress.
• To analyse the resisting forces acting assumed to exist along the cross-
sectional area of a horizontal resisting structure.
• To calculate the mass moment of areas in a rectangular beam.
• To develop analytical skills in solving problems involving forces acting on a
structure.

is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs

from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

refers to the area of the screw head that directly bears on the part
being fastened.
 is the internal force developed along the longitudinal axis of
member subjected to force, that causes it to elongate.

is the force that tend to cause deformation of a member by slippage

along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress.

is the tangential force applied to a member that causes the member

to slip past its adjacent side.

In Fig. 1, assume that an 8 mm. diameter bolt joins the plates that are 30 mm wide.
The allowable stresses are 80 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 45 MPa for
shearing of bolt. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the
largest average tensile stress in the plates.
Largest average tensile stress (Axial) in the plate
In Fig. 2 a lap joint is fastened by four 20 mm diameter bolts. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 96 MPa. and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 124 MPa.
Assuming that the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four bolts.
Moment of inertia is defined as the ratio of the net angular momentum of a
system to its angular velocity around a principal axis, that is. If the angular
momentum of a system is constant, then as the moment of inertia gets smaller,
the angular velocity must increase.
Moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of
rest or of a constant rotational velocity. Greater the moment of inertia, more
torque is required to change this state.
Moment of inertia is the resistance to angular velocity of a body about an axis of
rotation along its longitudinal axis when a body is at rest.
In statics, moment is to bending, while inertia is the state of a body whether in
motion or at rest.

Hence:
Moment of inertia is the angular velocity of a body about an axis of rotation along
its longitudinal axis when a body is at rest.
If moment of inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to remain in a state of
rest or of a constant rotational velocity.

Then:
In mechanics of materials, moment of inertia if applied to a body is its ability to
resist rotational force, which is rigidity, and it is attributed to the cross-sectional
area of the axis being considered.
It is also called the “Second moment of Area”, as the resistance happens at the
cross-sectional area.
 𝜋𝑑 2
The diameter of the shaft determines the cross-sectional area (𝐴 = ) hence the
4
greater shaft diameter translates to a greater cross-sectional area that will give a
greater resistance to bending as shown in the diagram.
Moment of Inertia can be calculated using numerical values. Every solid body or
construction material have a specific shape. The dimensions can be a basis for
Moment of Inertia value with a given formula within a geometric configuration of
its cross-sectional area.

Moment of Inertia can be calculated using numerical values. Every solid body or
construction material have a specific shape. The dimensions can be a basis for
Moment of Inertia value with a given formula within a geometric configuration of
its cross sectional area.
Where: L is the length of the log, r is the radius, and d is the diameter of the log.

A log with a diameter of 600 mm have a radius of 300 mm. assuming on that
particular region because log diameter slightly varies from base to top.
The moment of inertia of the log on that particular region is computed as;

Example # 2

Where: L is the length of the lumber, b is the breadth, and d is the diameter of the
lumber.
A lumber with a breadth (b) of 150 mm. and a depth (d) of 300 mm. assuming 1
inch is equal to 25 mm.
The moment of inertia of the lumber is computed as follows;
Every material can be balanced with respect to gravitational pull, and every
material have a central point within an area.

In figure 1, if two children of the same weight are balanced in a seesaw the
distance from the fulcrum should be the distance of the two divided by two (L/2).
Or the centroid of gravity will be 1/2 L.

Likewise, in Figure 2 the centre of gravity for a uniformly distributed weight such as
a piece of lumber is L / 2.
In figure 3, if three children of the same weight are balanced in a fulcrum one on
the left edge and two on the right edge the centroid of gravity will be 2/3 L on the
left and 1/3 L on the right as shown in figure 3.

Likewise, in Figure 4, the centre of gravity for a uniformly varying weight such as a
triangular piece of lumber is 2L / 3 and L / 3.
Centroid of an area is the centre of the sum of that area based on a thin plate
when translated to its mass to attain balance, or the principle of centroid of mass.
Determine the centroid of figure 5.

Solution: (Refer to Figure 6)

Break the figure into its geometrical figure with a known centroid.
(A=triangle, B=rectangle, and C= rectangle).

Create a reference point common to all.

Determine the area (A) of each geometrical figure, and the distance of
centroid from the Ref. Pt.
 (Figure 8)

Break the figure into its geometrical figure with a known centroid.
(A=triangle, B=rectangle, and C= rectangle).

Create a reference point common to all.

Determine the area (A) of each geometrical figure, and the distance of
centroid from the Ref. Pt.
In summary, Types of stresses are not limited to Axial, Shear, and Bearing Stress.
Other stresses that were not mentioned in the module is tensile stress which occur
during the stretching of the plates, and the tensile stress stretching the bolt
because you already know that in statics. Some are bending stress and torque.
In the module, Single Shear on the bolts occur because the cut perpendicular to
the bolt happens once, while on the introductory part is double shear.

The rigidity of a material subjected to bending is defined by its Elastic Modulus and
its cross sectional area tangential to the force applied along its longitudinal axis.
Moment of inertia is the resistance to angular velocity of a body about an axis of
rotation along its longitudinal axis, when a body is at rest.
Moment of Inertia (I) is an important factor in Bending Flexure (Fb).

Centroid of mass is a critical factor in bending moment determination, while

centroid of an area is critical in the determination of Moment of Inertia for I-beams
and T-beams, and other irregular cross sectional figures used as structural
members such as C purlins and the likes.
 • To understand Vertical Shear Force and Bending Moment,
• To calculate the reactions at the support of a beam,
• To calculate stresses on a beam using the Graphical Method for vertical
shear and bending moment determination.

In statics, their are 4 types of forces acting in a structure;

Shearing force is defined as the force transverse to the beam at a given section
tending to cause it to shear at that section.

Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific
direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces
are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces.

Example, when a piece of paper is cut by scissors.

When a structural member experiences failure by shear, two parts of it are pushed
in different directions.
Bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external
force is applied to the element causing the element to bend.
A bending force is a load that is applied to a portion of material a certain length
from a fixed position. Therefore, the units used to quantify a bending force are
typically a unit of length multiplied by a unit of load. (Distance X Force)

Shear and moment diagram is a graphical representation where the total lateral
forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting
system.
Shear and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with
structural analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of
shear force and bending moment at a given point of a structural element such as a
beam.

1. Density of wood = 600 to 900 Kg./M 3 - hard wood

2. Density of water = 1,000 Kg./M 3
3. Density of concrete = 2,400 Kg./M 3
4. Density of steel = 7,850 Kg./M 3

A concrete beam is an intermediate structure which possess weight. If the density

of concrete is 2,400 kg/m3, and the dimensions are 0.3 m, 0.7 m, and 10 m for
breadth, depth, and length respectively, the Total weight of the concrete beam is
5.04 metric tons.
To compute that, multiply the volume by its density.
(volume)(density) = total weight
{(L)(b)(d)} (density) = WT
{(10 m)(0.3 m)(0.7m)} (2,400 kg/m3) = 5,040 Kg or Equivalent to 5.04 metric tons

The applied force is equivalent to total weight multiplied by the acceleration due
to gravity.
The unit is in Newton.
(5,040 Kg.) (9.81 M/ s2) the amount of force required to accelerate 1 kg. of weight
per second per second.

The total dead load is 49.44 KN but how do we analyze this?

If the dead load is divided by its total length
49.44 kn/ 10 m = we get 4.94 KN/m
meaning for every 1 meter of chunk of the beam is 4.94 KN
Thereby the totality of that force working on the vertical direction 4.94 KN per
meter assuming that the cross sectional area of the beam is symmetrical
throughout the length of the beam. (Uniformly Distributed Load)

To make the analysis and computation easier, this is represented by a graphical

representation.

are horizontal structural elements, primarily designed to resist ben

moment.
are vertical and resist axial compressive loads.
 – forcing the beam to bend

– Transferring the forces to the column

– The beam and the columns are loads permanently attached to the
structure.
Horizontal Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+
→
Rotational ↶

Rotational ↶ Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+

Horizontal ∑FY=0 →+
→
None Vertical ↑ ∑FX=0↑+
Horizontal ∑FY=0 →+
→ Rotational ∑M = 0 ↶+
↶
A simple beam, 6 meters in length is loaded with a concentrated load of 120 Kilo
newton (Kn) as shown.
If the weight of the beam is neglected, plot the shear and moment diagram of the
figure.

Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) as in figure 2.

Apply the three equilibrium equations.

 Solve for the reactions at the supports

Solve for the forces as shown with the arrow direction as positive and reversed
direction as negative.

Equate all the variables to the left and the constant to the right of the
equation.
 Substitute the value of RBY in Step 3 No. 2

Graphical Method

Shear Diagram
A simple beam is loaded with point loads as shown in figure 5, plot the shear and
moment diagram of the force system, assuming the weight of the beam is
neglected.
Plot the Shear diagram following the arrows.

M0 = 0
M1 = 35 Kn (1 m) = 35 Kn .m
M2 = M1 + 23 Kn (1 m)
M2 = 35 Kn.m + 23 Kn.m = 58 Kn .m
M3 = M1 + 23 Kn (2 m)
M3 = 35 Kn.m + 46 Kn.m = 81 Kn .m
M4 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (1 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 27 Kn.m = 54 Kn .m
M5 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (2 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 54 Kn.m = 27 Kn .m
M6 = M3 + (– 27 Kn (3 m)
M4 = 81 Kn .m – 81 Kn.m = 0
The weight of a prismatic beam is a good example of a uniformly distributed load.
Where the distribution of weight is fairly distributed throughout its entire length.
Sample problem:
A simple beam with A loading (W) of 20 Kn/m is 6 meters in length as shown in
figure 1. Plot the shear and moment diagram.

Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) as in figure 2.

Apply the three equilibrium equations.

 Solve for the reactions at the supports

Solve for the forces as shown with the arrow direction as positive and reversed
direction as negative.

Equate all the variables to the left and the constant to the right of the
equation.
Apply Equilibrium Equation # 3 at Point A

Apply Equilibrium Equation # 3 at Point B

Check
Plot the Shear diagram using the Shear equation
• In summary, all forces acting on a structure causes the member to develop
internal force called stress. Those stresses vary in different types and
different variations of deformation, types of failure.

• Concentrate loads are also called point loads because the distribution apply
in a very small portion of the structure. In trusses, these point loads cannot
be supported by the length of the member, hence it can only hold its load
transfer at the nodes.

• Uniformly distributed loads are often termed as the columns and beams
that are prismatic throughout the entire length. It is also true to slabs and
sometimes to shear walls. Shearing occurs at the supports while breaking
due to excessive bending happen at the mid-span of the unsupported
length.

• Uniformly varying loads pick up its load through the varying cross-sectional
area decreasing linearly along the length of the beam. This type of beam is
commonly used in cantilever beams to reduce the weight of the
unsupported edge.
 • To calculate vertical shear and bending moment on a simple beam using the
integration method.
• To calculate vertical shear and bending moment on a cantilever beam using
the integration method.

The weight of a Girder beam carrying the beam of the elevated railway is a good
example of a uniformly varying load. Where the distribution of weight is linearly
varying along the length of the beam.

A simple beam with a loading (W) of 28 Kn / m is uniformly varying with 10 Kn / m

at its other end, plot the shear and moment diagram if the length of the beam is 3
meters.
Shear and Moment of a Uniformly Distributed load on Cantilever beam.

A Cantilever beam with a loading (W) of 12 Kn / m is uniformly distributed

throughout its entire length, plot the shear and moment diagram if the length of
the beam is 3 meters.
Integrate the Loading of the beam (W)
W = 12

“W” has no slope and negative for sign convention “going down”.
C is the Shear boundary condition at Point A “RAY”

C is the Moment boundary condition at Point A “MA”

In summary there are two types of forces acting in a beam due to bending. The
moment at the mid-span of a simple beam is positive, and a tensile force is acting
from the neutral axis to the extreme bottom fiber of the beam, while the top fiber
up to the neutral axis is in compression causing it to shorten.

The moment acting in a cantilever beam is negative, and a compressive force is

acting from the neutral axis to the extreme bottom fiber of the beam, while the
top fiber up to the neutral axis is in tension causing it to elongate.
 • To evaluate the determinacy of structurally loaded components using the
Three Equilibrium Equations.
• To evaluate structural connectivity of various structural elements in
assuming static determinacy.

There are generally 4 main variables that determine beam deflections. These
include:
• How much loading is on the structure
• The length of the unsupported member
• The material, specifically the Young’s Modulus
• The Configuration of the Cross Section, specifically the Moment of Inertia (I)

is calculated based on a variety of factors, including materials,

the moment of inertia of a section, the force applied and the distance from
support. There is a range of beam deflection formula and equations that can be
used to calculate a basic value for deflection in different types of beams.

, in structural engineering terms, refers to the movement of a beam or

node from its original position due to the forces and loads being applied to the
member. Deflection is synonymous to displacement. It can occur from external
applied loads or from the weight of the structure itself, and the force of gravity in
which it applies. It can occur in beams, trusses, frames and basically any other
structure.
Behavior of beams subjected to loading, dashed lines showing exaggerated
deflection of the beam.

, is the radius of curvature

, is the neutral axis when no deformation occurs

In theory of structural application
Tensile fibers are reinforced with steel.
The tendency of a part of a beam to slip past with respect to its adjacent part.
The amount of force varies from its vertical resisting element.
Can be determined by a shear diagram at any point along the longitudinal axis of
the beam.

Moment is the tendency in beams to assume deflected position due to load/s

acting on it.

Moment is the tendency in beams to assume deflected deformation due to load/s

acting on it. This deflection will cause positive and negative moment along the
longitudinal axis of the beam.
As the load is acted on the beam.

It will create a vertical shear force and a tendency to cut the beam.

If the beam yields without shear failure. So it will create bending moment
according to the shear stresses along its longitudinal axis.

Again, if the beam withstand the bending moment without failure, the beam will
assume a deflected position.
Inflection point of the beam is when the moment changes from positive to
negative.

And the deflection shows the placement of the reinforcing bars in tension. Bottom
reinforcing bar and top reinforcing bar

Whereas, the amount of deflection is dependent on the rigidity of the beam

(modulus of elasticity “E”), and the moment of inertia (“I”) along the cross
sectional area of the beam.
 is the loading of the beam

is the loading of the beam

is the modulus of elasticity of the material

is the moment of inertia about the x-axis

A 6 meter long, wide flange simple beam is loaded with a UDL of 12 Kn./m
including its own weight, if the modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa and the cross
sectional area of the beam is shown in the figure 1, determine the maximum
deflection of the beam.

𝑏𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑜3 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑖3
Ixx = -
12 12
(275 𝑚𝑚)(4003 )𝑚𝑚3 (2)(125 𝑚𝑚)(3503 )𝑚𝑚3
Ixx = −
12 12

Ixx = 573,437,500 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑛
5 𝑊𝐿4 )(64 )(𝑚4 )
(5)(12
𝑚
𝛿= = 𝑁
384𝐸𝐼 (384)(200 𝑥 103 )(573.44 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2

Convert Kn. to 1,000 n and m to 1000 mm

𝑛
(5)(12,000 )(6,0004 )(𝑚𝑚4 )
1,000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿= 𝑁
(384)(200 𝑥 103 )(573.44 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2

𝛿 = 1.76 mm answer
A 2 meter long, wide flange beam, unsupported at its free end is loaded with a UDL
of 7 Kn./m including its own weight, if the modulus of elasticity is 200 Gpa and the
cross sectional area of the beam is shown in the figure 1, determine the maximum
deflection of the beam.

𝑏𝑜 𝑥 𝑑𝑜3 𝑏𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑖3
Ixx = -
12 12
(220 𝑚𝑚)(3003 )𝑚𝑚3 (2)(100 𝑚𝑚)(2603 )𝑚𝑚3
Ixx = −
12 12

Ixx = 202,066,666.7 𝑚𝑚4

𝐾𝑛
𝑊𝐿4 )(24 )(𝑚4 )
(7
𝑚
𝛿= = 𝑁
8𝐸𝐼 (8)(200 𝑥 103 )(202.07 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2

𝑛
(7,000 )(2,0004 )(𝑚𝑚4 )
1,000 𝑚𝑚
𝛿= 𝑁
(8)(200 𝑥 103 )(202.07𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑚𝑚2

𝛿 = 0.35 mm answer
M + R is equal to 2 * J for internally statically determinate trusses, and M + R is
greater than 2 * J for internally statically indeterminate trusses, where M is the
total number of members in the truss, R is the total unknown reaction forces, and J
is the total number of joints in the truss.
In statics, a structure is statically indeterminate when the static equilibrium
equations (force and moment equilibrium conditions) are insufficient for
determining the internal forces and reactions on that structure
5.1 In summary there are generally four main variables that determine the
deflection in beams.
5.2 The deflection of a beam increases as the length of the beam increases due to
the moment arm, and it is also true to the unsupported beam suspended in space.
5.3 The weight of a beam determines part of the beam loading, therefore a plane
truss is stronger and stable compared to other types of beam in relation to its
weight.
5.4 The property (Modulus of elasticity) of a material to withstand bending is its
ability to balance its resistance to tensile force and compressive force, and the
composition of its atomic structure.
5.5 The moment of inertia of an object rely on the parallel axis theorem, as the
distance from the neutral axis to the extreme tensile or compressive fiber
increases, and the cross sectional area in where the force acts.
 • To analyze the behavior of columns subjected to loads and connectivity or
boundary condition.
• To determine the type of force acting on a beam given the least dimension
and type of fixity.
• To analyze the buckling of columns
• To determine the axial load needed to crash an ideal column

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element

that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below.

• The unsupported height of the column.

• The type of its connectivity.
• Span of the beam on which it supports.

Basically length of column can be said as vertical distance between two floors or
between two tie levels. According to structural point of view length of column is
the distance between two points where a column gets its fixity of support so its
movement is restrained in all directions.
 • While a column height is the floor to floor distance, the effective length of a
column depends on the type of support conditions the column is subjected
to.
• The effective column length can be defined as the length of an equivalent
pin-ended column having the same load-carrying capacity as the member
under consideration. The smaller the effective length of a particular column,
the smaller its danger of lateral buckling and the greater its load carrying
capacity.

In structural engineering, slenderness is a measure of the propensity of a column

to buckle. It is defined as where is the effective length of the column and is the
least radius of gyration, the latter defined by where is the area of the cross-section
of the column and is the second moment of area of the cross-section.
• In structural engineering, slenderness is a measure of the propensity of a
column to buckle.
• It is defined as where is the effective length of the column and is the least
radius of gyration.
• Defined by where is the area of the cross-section of the column and is the
second moment of area of the cross-section.

The column, whose least lateral dimension is very large when compared to its
unsupported height, it generally fails by crushing.
When the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension
is less than 12.
The column, whose least lateral dimension is very small when compared to its
unsupported height, it generally fails by buckling.
When the ratio of the effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension
is exceeds 12.

Distance between Long and Short column

Long column Short column
Height / Least dimension > 12 Height / Least dimension < 12
Load carrying capacity is less Load carrying capacity is more
Weaker than short column Stronger than long column
Subjected to buckling stress Subjected to compressive axial stress
Failure due to buckling Failure due to crushing
Pinned end Fixed and Fixed end Pinned and
K=1 free end K = 0.5 fixed end
K=2 K = 0.7
K=1 K = 2.1 K = 0.65 K = 0.7
A 3 meter column is pinned on both ends, determine the type of force acting on
the column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
A 3 meter column is fixed on 1 end and free on the other end, determine the type
of force acting on the column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.

A 3 meter column is fixed on both ends, determine the type of force acting on the
column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3 meters.
Determine the effective length factor (K) for fixity.
A 3 meter column is fixed on one end and pinned on the other end, determine the
type of force acting on the column if the dimensions are 0.2 meters and 0.3
meters.

A 3 meter column is pinned on both ends, determine least lateral size of the
column if one of the sides is 300 mm.
Statics

1 X 103 N/mm2

1 N/ mm²

Newton

Zero
Stress-Strain diagram

Stress-Strain Diagram***

Stress-strain diagram***

Shear and Bending moment diagram***

Elasticity

Elastic range

Elastic deformation

Plastic deformation
Axial stress

Axial stress

Axial stress
Moment

Moment***

Moment of arm

Moment of inertia

Moment of inertia

Force x Distance or M = (F)(d)

Area moment of inertia

Shear stress

Bearing stress

Force/Area

Stress

Stress

Strain

Strain
Tension

Compression

Compression

Tension

Centroid of mass

Centroid of an area

Centroid
Deflection

Ultimate strength

Rupture strength

Deformation/Length

Fatigue

Reaction

Yield point.
F=KX

77,884.62 mm2***

315 mm

1.73 Mpa

0.000067
Clear span

Effective span

Simply supported beam

Pin connection

Fixed end connection

Span

Fixed beam

Fixed support

Overhanging beam
Cantilever beam

Neutral axis

Equal

Reaction
Uniformly distributed load

Uniformly distributed load

Uniformly distributed load

Uniformly distributed load/Point Load

Uniformly distributed load

Uniformly varying load

Uniformly varying load

Diagonal
Shear diagram

Moment diagram

Moment diagram

Curved line

2L/3

L/3

L/2

L/3
Load

Loads

Point load

Concentrated load

Cables

Arches

Frames

Trusses
Beam

Column

2,400 kg

7,850 kg
X = 0, Y = 8
X = 6, 7 = 17

Where:
y=mx+b
8 = m(0)+b
b=8 Where:
y = mx+b
Where: y = 1.5x+b
y = mx+b
17 = m(6)+8
17-8 = m(6)
9 = m(6)
m = 1.5
X = 0, Y = 17
X = 6, Y = 8

Where:
y=mx+b
17 = m(0)+b Where:
b = 17 y = mx+b
y = -1.5x+b
Where:
y = mx+b
8 = m(6)+17
8-17 = m(6)
-9 = m(6)
m = -1.5
42 Kn

33 Kn

75 Kn