TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION…………….…………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………….…………………………………………. 4

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………......................... 4

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Background to the study…………………………………………………................. 5

Statement of the problem……………………………………………………………….5

Objective……………………………………………………………………………….……..6

Significance of the study………………………………………………………………6

Justification of the study………………………………………………………………6

Scope of the study……………………………………………………………............6

Operational definitions…………………………………………………………………6

Limitation………………………………………………………………………………………6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 7

Theoretical review………………………………………………………………………… 7

CHAPTER THREE: Methodology

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Gathering information……………………………………………………....…………… 11

Block diagram……………………………………………………………………………………. 12

Schematic diagram……………………………………….......................... …………….12

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Time frame………………………………………………………………………...................................................13

Budget………………………………………………………………………………………………..................................14

A CAR PARKING GUARD CIRCUIT USING INFRARED SENSOR

A car parking guard circuit is an intelligent circuit based on detecting obstacles in front and behind the car during
packing.

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Achieving an appropriate packing space one big challenge encountered by motorist in the packing yard as they
spend more time dodging surrounding vehicle and other obstacles in the parking yard.

Here we are providing a remedy of with an automatic system which is 30cm. If there is any obstacle in the beam it
will conduct and give a signal.

1.1 Back ground

While parking the car, the driver should be more careful because someone cannot see the back of the car while
parking or taking reverse, if there is any obstacle and ran over it may damage the car. Our project will help the
person in the driving seat by notifying him or her by giving an alarm and light display if there is any obstacle or a
wall while parking or driving in reverse. The circuit is incorporated with an IR sensor which is used to detect the
obstacle within 30cm. If there is an obstacle it will sense and give the signal to the tone detector which will enable
the LM555 timer to generate a PWM to the buzzer to buzz so that the driver can understand that there is an
obstacle.

The project of the same kind done was having IR sensor that was detecting an obstacle with in 150cm which
wastes a lot parking space.

1.2 Problem statement

A lot of accidents occur in the process of parking or driving in reverse. The effect of this to institutions or any
working places and residents is that they incur unnecessary expenses with regards to repairs, damage to property
and the car itself.

A lot of car parking space is wasted thus leaving little or no parking space for other cars and delay in achieving
accurate parking space.

1.3 Objective

1.31 Main objectives:

 The objective of this project is to design a circuit which will automatically detect the obstacle and give an
alarm and light display if there is any obstacle at a distance of 30cm which is going to help the problems
of accidents and accuracy in parking thus utilizing space for other cars to park in deferent fields of
interest like residential places, commercial place, industrial places and other parking places.
 To check, test and demonstrate the operation of this project.

1.32 Specific objectives

 Assist man kind to avoid accidents during parking or during parking or driving in reverse.
 To improve on our learning skills as students.
 To be able to use the various sources of information like internet, library, lecturers and other sources.
 To be able to identify different components and how to be used.

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1.4 Scope

This project is designed for residence, institutions, street parking and any other parking place.

This project has also some limitation in way that the photo darling transistor works slowly when compared to the
other transistors.

We are going to design a circuit which has IR sensor to produce a beam for a certain distance and its incident to
the obstacle. If there is any obstacle the beam will be reflected back and received by the photo darling tone
detector which sends a signal to the tone detector.

1.5 Significance

The following are the advantages of this project.

 The major benefit of a car parking guard circuit using infrared sensor with an alarm and light display to
save accidents and provide accuracy in parking places.

In institutions of a busy parking yard, the IR sensor will help the driver to detect obstacles there by aiding him to
achieve an appropriate parking space for a short time thus saving accidents and reducing expenses.

Demerits

For in IR sensor that detects the obstacle with in 150cm, there will be more space for other cars to park hence less
accuracy in parking.

NOTE: This problem is to be eliminated but using IR sensor that detect the obstacle with in 30com for more
accuracy.

1.6 Justification:

A major benefit of a car parking guard circuit using IR sensor is to reduce accidents, provide accuracy in parking
around the parking areas of institutions, street parking yards, colleges and others.

This project targets residential places, industrial places, commercial parking yards and others to help them in
controlling accidents and provide accuracy in parking.

2.0 Literature review:

Literature review gives the historical/background revised concerning the project done earlier and the technical
review that briefly describes the essential components used in the circuit diagram for the project.

The first reference to any of the form of detection or notice is the rear view mirrors mounted on the motor vehicle
which was introduced in 1914.

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Many accidents could be avoided if everyone had car side mirrors and rear view mirrors positioned correctly,
eliminating blind spots.

For proper view of the rear part of the car, convex mirrors instead of plane mirrors and concave mirrors where
used because they are bent outwards hence providing a full view of traffic behind the car or obstacle.

Our project allows even blind to be able to notice when there is an obstacle at the back without any adjustments
to the mirrors or worry that they are going to knock an obstacle.

By the use of the following components our circuit will work perfectly;

555 Timer IC:

Basics Concepts:
·         Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic component which compares the two input voltages i.e.
between the inverting (-) and the non-inverting (+) input and if the non-inverting input is more than the inverting
input then the output of the comparator is high. Also the input resistance of an ideal comparator is infinite.
·        Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the comparators is infinite hence the input voltage is
divided equally between the three resistors. The value being V in/3 across each resistor.
·         Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q) of the flip/flop is ‘high’ if the
input at ‘S’ terminal is ‘high’ and ‘R’ is at ‘Low’ and the output (Q) is ‘low’ when the input at ‘S’ is ‘low’ and at ‘R’ is
high.
Function of different Pins:-

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1.      Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the Integrated circuit to divide the supply potential
between the three resistors shown in the diagram.
2.      Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is V in/3, so if the trigger
input is used to set the output of the F/F to ‘high’ state by applying a voltage equal to or less than V in/3 or any
negative pulse, as the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is V in/3.
 3.      Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q’ (Q-bar) of the F/F with an inverter in between as
show in the figure.
 4.      Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F regardless of the initial condition of the F/F and also it is
an active low Pin so it connected to ‘high’ state to avoid any noise interference, unless a reset operation is
required. So most of the time it is connected to the Supply voltage as shown in the figure.
5.      Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected to the inverting input having a voltage level of
(2/3) Vin. It is used to override the inverting voltage to change the width of the output signal irrespective of the RC
timing network.
6.      Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the first comparator. The output of the
comparator will be high when the threshold voltage will be more than (2/3) V in thus resetting the output (Q) of the
F/F from ‘high’ to ‘low’.
7.      Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing capacitors (capacitors involved in the external circuit to
make the IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground when the output of Pin 3 is switched to ‘low’.
8.      Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply voltage for the functioning and carrying of the
different operations to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.
Uses:-
The IC 55 timer is used in many circuits, for example One-shot pulse generator in Monostable mode as an
Oscillator in Astable Mode or in Bistable mode to produce a flip/flop type action. It is also used in many types of
other circuit for achievement of various purposes for instance Pulse Amplitude Modulatin (PAM), Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) etc.

LM567 TONE DETECTOR

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Is a tone detector which can interpret the frequency generated by the other component and give the output
according to the application designed by the engineer? For example if a component is attached to the input of
LM567 which can generate a 40 kHz signal , but we to function the following circuit when the component has
reached to the 40KHz. At this decision making we will use tone detector. The tone detector is mainly used in touch
tone decoders, ultrasonic controls, frequency monitoring and control etc.

IR SENSOR

An Infrared (IR) sensor is used to detect obstacles in front or behind of the car or to differentiate between colors
depending on the configuration of the sensor.

The picture shown is a very simple black box model of the IR Sensor. The
sensor emits IR light and gives a signal when it detects the reflected light.

An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector and associated circuitry. The circuit required to make an IR sensor
consists of two parts; the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit.

The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive
to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, its
resistance and correspondingly, its output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.
This is the underlying principle of working of the IR sensor.

PIEZO BUZZER

An extremely loud PCB-mounting, piezoelectric buzzer designed to operate over a wide range of supply voltages. It
has a built-in driver circuit and requires only a DC voltage to drive it. Working with a 24 Vdc supply voltage, this tiny
unit can supply sound levels of over 95 dB at a 30 cm distance. The unit will operate well with 5V TTL voltages,
drawing only around 2 mA. It will therefore make an excellent ‘bell’ or warning alarm for digital systems. Two 1.5
mm dia. holes are required 16mm apart. The case is finished in a cream colour, and features a dot to indicate the
side with the positive terminal.

Darlington transistor basics

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The photodarlington transistor is uses the standard transistor Darlington configuration. Within this circuit
configuration, the gain of the Darlington transistor pair is that gain of the two individual transistors multiplied
together.

Current gaintotal     =     HFE1   x   HFE2

The basic Darlington transistor circuit is formed by taking the emitter of the input transistor and connecting it to
the base of the second and then connecting both collectors together. This circuit can be used as any single
transistor would be in a variety of circuits, but with a very much higher current gain.

The photo Darlington transistor will act as a photo detectors. They will conduct to the light or electromagnetic
signals. The main function of this transistor is to amplify the input signal of the transistor. But it will work slowly
when compared to the other transistors. It is having a maximum frequency of 20 KHz.

LM805/TO

7805 IC which regulates the output voltage at 5 volts. In this project, our interest is only with IC (LM805) based
voltage regulator. It is an integrated circuit whose basic purpose is to regulate the unregulated input voltage
(definitely over a predefined range) and provide with a constant, regulated output voltage.

A voltage regulator is one of the most widely used electronic circuitry in any device. A regulated voltage (without
fluctuations & noise levels) is very important for the smooth functioning of many digital electronic devices. A
common case is with micro controllers, where a smooth regulated input voltage must be supplied for the micro
controller to function smoothly. An IC based voltage regulator can be classified in different ways. A common type
of classification is 3 terminal voltage regulator and 5 or multi terminal voltage regulator. Another popular way of
classifying IC voltage regulators is by identifying them as linear voltage regulator & switching voltage regulator.  
There is a third set of classification as 1) Fixed voltage regulators (positive & negative) 2) Adjustable voltage
regulators (positive & negative) and finally 3) Switching regulators. In the third classification, fixed & adjustable
regulators are basically versions of linear voltage regulators. 

CHAPTER THREE

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 3.0 METHODOLOGY

Methodology includes the steps and approaches that are used in order to achieve the objectives of the project.

3.1 GATHERING

Internet: we got most of the information from the internet like relevant literature review. Some of the operation
of some components in the circuit e.g. the IR sensor, LM567 tone detector and LM555 Timer.

Consultation: we gathered most of the information through consultation of our supervisor on how different ICs in
the circuit works and as well as the whole circuit.

Books: Some of the information was acquired through reading the relevant books such as basic electronic book,
digital electronics.

3.2 MODIFYING THE CIRCUIT:

The following are the modifications:

Instead of using Infrared sensor that detect in the distance of 150cm we have to use IR sensor that detects in the
range of 30cm for accuracy. This is achieved by using the NPN transistor to provide more power to the LEDs in the
sensor for the better emission of the beam.

We include the alarm system in the circuit which is used for alerting the driver if there is an obstacle.

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Description:

The IR sensor will detect the obstacle with in 30cm, if there is any obstacle it will sense and give information to the
tone detector which will enable the LM555 timer to generate a PWM for the buzzer. The LM555 will generate the
pulse which helps to buzz the buzzer so driver can understand that there is an obstacle.

Schematic diagram of car parking guard circuit using infrared sensor.

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Explanation:

 The reverse indicator light supply is given to the 7805 regulator to give 5v to the rest of the circuit. The diode
D6 is used to eliminate the reverse current and wrong supply polarity.

 When the car is driving in reverse the car battery will provide DC supply the reverse light indicator at the back
of the car when this supply came to the reverse light indicator the circuit will have the power supply.7805 will
regulate the DC voltage to 5V and give to the IR Sensors through the transistor with 20 KHz modulating
frequency of the LM567 (TONE DETECTOR) available at Pin5. The resistor R1 will resists the IR senor current. At
this point the pin8 of LM567 is high which will enable the LM555 timer operating in astable multivibrator
mode. The output of the timer is enabled which can be assured by the LED (blinking) and also buzzer will beeps
at determined rate given by the resistors R6, R7 and capacitor C7. The timer output also is given to the lamp
through a transistor. The lamp will blink as a warning signal because of the PWM signal generated by the timer,
transistor will work as a switch and resistor R10 will limit the current. This condition is maintained until the 20
KHz signal is received by the pin3 of the LM567.
The above condition is when there is no obstacle in the path of the car while taking reverse. If there is an obstacle,
the IR beam will radiate back to the IR sensor and the 20 KHz modulated signal is given to the pin3 of LM567
through photo Darlington transistor, at this point the pin8 of the LM567 is turned to low and also gets locked to
detect the 20 KHz signal. By this the LM555 is turned low and disabled by this the led will remain lighting and
buzzer makes the continuous sound to alert the driver.