The mass curve of rainfall is a plot of the

accumulated precipitation against time,

plotted in chronological order.

The ratio of the amount of radiation reflected from

a surface compared to the amount of radiation
that strikes it is called the surface albedo.

"Stage" is the water level above some arbitrary

point in the river and is commonly measured in feet.

High accuracy is obtainable with

this method,, and its use is
recommended. However, the
method should not be used
where the depth is less than 2 ft.

Density current : A current that is produced by differences in density. Where a flow of sea water has
a greater density than that surrounding it, the denser water will dive beneath the less dense water.

A turbidity current is a rapid, downhill flow of water caused by increased density due to high amounts of
sediment.
 The maximum rate at which soil absorbs water is called infiltration capacity.
The phi – index is a rate of infiltration in which, the rate of infiltration exceeds the value at which volume of runoff
become equals to the volume of rainfall.
The phi-index is the average rate of rainfall such that the volume of rainfall in excess of that rate is equal to the volume of
surface runoff

Direct Runoff It is that part of runoff which enters the stream

immediately after rainfall. It includes Surface runoff, prompt
Direct runoff interflow and channel precipitation.
occurs promptly
Direct run off is the sum of Sub-surface
so answer is d not
run off and deep percolation.
c
streamflow or stream discharge, is a combination of surface-water runoff and baseflow. It is the total runoff.

As the duration of the unit hydrograph increases, the base period

also increases, and consequently, the peak ordinate decreases.

Area velocity method depends on measuring the average velocity of flow and the cross-sectional area of the channel

To obtain 12 hr UH, we lag 6hr UH by another 6 hours hence, base period of 12 hr UH is 84 + 6 = 90 hr.

Qp = k*I*A /36 where, Qp=Peak discharge in m3/s I= intensity in cm/hour A= Area in ha k= runoff coefficient

The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is a simple, predictable and stable conceptual
method for estimation of direct runoff depth based on storm rainfall depth.

12)
Non-recording rain gauges only display the amount of rain that has fallen. This type of rain gauge cannot tell you when the
rain started, when it stopped, what the intensity of the rain was, or how much the intensity of the rain varied over the course
of the storm.
 K subramanya book ko mcq
5th ed page 196, answer page 547

K.S. Book

K.S. Book

Probability (P) =q^n = (1-p)^n = (1-0.01)^50 = 0.605

Yt = -ln [ln (T/(T-1) ; T=100 years , Yt= 4.6]

K.S. Book page 196

 albedo or reflection coefficient
The Thiessen polygon is: a representative area used for
weighing the observed station precipitation.

The polygons are formed by the perpendicular

bisectors of the lines joining nearby stations.

infiltration rate is obtained by dividing infiltration volume by rainfall duration

The Rational method predicts the peak runoff rate according to the formula: Q=CiA, C= coeff , i=intensity , A= Area

Time of concentration (Tc) is the time required for runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant point in the watershed to
the outlet.

Answer is on : page 509 "a text book of hydrology by p. jaya rami reddy"

The correct answer both a b and c

Q = nva A = KiA where n is porosity va is actual flow velocity of ground water A is area of the aquifer
opening onto the wells K is permeability of soil
The yield of a well depends upon area of aquifer opening into the well actual flow velocity permeability of soil

If you have to tick here: tick on permeability of soil

peak flow of the hydrograph decreases and the time base of the hydrograph increases.
 or, drainage basin

Atmometer- instrument for measuring the amount of evaporation from a moist surface in a given time.
Aerometer- instrument designed to measure the density of the air and some gases.
Current
. meter: It is the device that is used to measure the velocity of the flow of fluid.
 This stage-discharge relationship is called a rating curve.

Rills are shallow drainage lines less than 30cm deep. They develop when surface water concentrates in
depressions or low points through paddocks and erodes the soil.

Specific.retention=The ratio of the volume of water that given a body of rock that hold against the pull of gravity.
Specific storage= quantity that which water well can produce
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the
total volume
 or isohyetal line

Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water consumed by the plant in the process
of interception, transpiration, and evaporation, during crop growth. These two processes (i.e.
transpiration and evaporation) collectively termed as evapo-transpiration.
-Wading rods are used with instruments that measure water flow rates and discharge in shallow rivers and streams.
-Hygrometer is used to measure the relative humidity of air, or the amount of invisible water vapor in a given environment.

-The mean depth of flow of is measured using sounding rods, sounding weights. Sounding weight is used in current meter
measurements
 A lysimeter is a measuring
device which can be used
to measure the actual
evapotranspiration which
is released by plants

A flow duration curve is a plot of discharge vs.

percent of time that a particular discharge was
equaled or exceeded.

Direct method of Discharge Measurement: Indirect method:

-Area velocity method -Slope area method
-Moving boat method -Hydraulic structures such as weirs, flumes and gated
-Dilution technique structures
-Electromagnetic method
-Ultrasonic method
one unit depth of rainfall excess (Direct runoff)
The fraction of radiation reflected by the surface is called the reflectivity. A measure of the reflectivity of a surface is called albedo