B. Sc.

(PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV

Gujarat University
Ahmedabad

B. Sc. Semester – IV
Syllabus for Physics Theory & Practical
(Academic Year 2012 – 13)

Unit Physics Theory Physics Theory Physics Practical

PHY – 204 PHY – 205 PHY – 206

4 Credit 4 Credit 2.5 Credit

Total 100 Marks Total 100 Marks Total 100 Marks
Internal : 30 Marks Internal : 30 Marks Internal : 30 Marks
External : 70 Marks External : 70 Marks External : 70 Marks

Unit – I Solid State Physics Sound & Optics A, B & C three groups :

Unit - II Heat & Statistical Mechanics Each group consists of 06

Thermodynamics experiments.

Unit - III Electronics Special Theory of Total 18 experiments.

Relativity & Quantum
Mechanics External Examination: 70 Marks
Group A : 23 Marks
Unit - IV Atomic Spectroscopy Quantum Mechanics Group B : 23 Marks
Group C : 24 Marks

Practical batch size: Maximum

15 students.

In order to give exposure of industry, research institute and higher learning in the field of physics,
industrial / institutional visit may be arrange. It is expected that students of S. Y. B. Sc. with Physics
as one of the subject must visit the industry / research institute / institute of higher learning during
either III or IV semester.

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 B. Sc. (PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV

GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B. Sc. (PHYSICS) Semester – IV
PHYSICS : PHY – 204
(4 Credit)

UNIT – I: Solid State Physics

A. Lattice Vibrations : Harmonic crystals : the “Ball & strings” model; Normal modes of one
dimensional monoatomic lattice, periodic boundary condition, concept of the first Brioullin zone, salient
features of the dispersion curve; Normal modes of one dimensional diatomic lattice, salient features of the
dispersion curves, optical and acoustical mode; Quantization of lattice vibrations-phonons; Measurement
of phonon dispersion by inelestic neutron scattering.

B. Thermal properties : Classical lattice heat capacity Quantum theory of lattice heat capacity, Einstein
model, phonon density of states; Debye continuum model; Anharmonic effects, Thermal expansion,
Gruneisen parameter; Phonon collision processes, Phonon thermal conductivity.

nd
Text book : Elements of Solid State Physics (2 Edition) by J. P. Srivastava, PHI Learning
For A - Chapter 4 : Article Nos. : 4.1, 4.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3, 4.3.1, 4.7, 4.8
For B - Chapter 5 : Article. Nos. : 5.1, 5.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.2.4, 5.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3

Reference Books :
th
1. Solid State Physics (6 Edition) by S.O. Pillai, New Age International Publishers
th
2. Solid State Physics (4 Edition) by S.L Kakani & C. Hemrajani, S. Chand & Sons
th
3. Introduction to Solid State Physics (7 Edition) by C. Kittle, Wiley (India)

UNIT - II: Heat and Thermodynamics

Entropy: Reversible part of the second law (clauis theorem), Entropy, Entropy of the ideal gas, TS
diagram, Application of the Entropy principle.

Pure substances: Volume expansitivity : Cubic Expansion coefficient, Compressibility.

Mathematical methods in thermodynamics: Characteristics functions, Enthalpy, Helmholtz & Gibb’s

functions, two mathematical theorems, Maxwell’s relations, Tds equations, Internal energy equations,
Heat Energy equations, Heat capacity equations.

Open Systems: Joule-Thomson expansion, Liquefication of gases by the Joule-Thomson expansion

Text book: Heat & Thermodynamics by Mark W. Zemansky and R.H. Dittman, McGraw Hill, Int.
th
Edition (7 edition)
Article Nos. : 8.1 to 8.5, 8.12, 9.6, 9.7, 10.1 to 10.8, 11.1, 11.2
Reference books: Thermal Physics by A. B. Gupta, H. P. Roy (New central Publication)

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 B. Sc. (PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV

UNIT - III: Transistor Circuits

Transistor Biasing:Factors contributing to thermal stability, effect of temperature increase, stability

factor S, common base stability, collector to base bias, disadvantage of collector to base bias, emitter bias,
voltage divider bias with emitter bias, emitter bypass capacitor, summary of stabilization circuit,
additional stability factors, bias compensation

Hybrid equivalent circuit for a transistor: conversion of a transistor to a standard form, general Black
box theory, Hybrid ‘h’ parameters, obtaing the hybrid h parameters, typical h parameter value, Amplifier
equation, voltage and current gains taking into account Rg of source, depedance of amplifier
characteristics on RL and Rg, comparison of CB, CC and CE

Text book : Electronics Devices and Circuits By Allen Mottershed , PHI

Article no. 12.1 to 12.12, 14.1 to 14.10

Number system: Binary number system, Binary to decimal conversion , decimal to binary conversion,
Hexadecimal numbers, ASCII codes, The Excess 3 code, Gray code

Text Book: Digital principle and Application By Malvino, Leach and Saha (6th edition)
Article no. 5.1 to 5.3, 5.5 to 5.8

Reference Books: Electronic Principles (7th Edition) by A. Malvino & D.J. Bates, TMcGHill Pub.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory (8th Edition) by Robert Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, PHI
Fundamentals of Digital Circuits by A. Anandkumar, PHI (2nd Edition)

UNIT – IV: Atomic Spectroscopy

Hydrogen atom spectrum, Orbital magnetic moment of hydrogen, Larmor precession, Stern-Garlach
experiment, Electron spin, The vector atom model, Spin-orbit interaction and fine structure, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and electronic configuration, Total angular momentum in many electron atoms, L-S
coupling, j-j coupling, Hund rules, Energy levels and transitions of Helium, Alkali spectra, Shielding of
core electrons, Spectral terms of equivalent electrons, Normal Zeeman effect, experimental arrangement
and theory, Anomalous Zeeman effect, Paschen-Bach effect, Stark effect, Characteristics X-ray spectrum,
Moseley’s law, Width of spectral lines.

Text Book: Modern Physics by G. Aruldhas and P. Rajagopal, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Article Nos. : 7.1 to 7.19

Reference books:
1. Principles of Modern Physics by A.K. Saxena, Narosa Publishing House
nd
2. Modern Physics (2 Edition) by Kenneth Krane, John Wiley & Sons
3. Atomic & molecular spectra by Rajkumar, Kedarnath Ramnath Prakashan Meerut

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 B. Sc. (PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV

GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B. Sc. (PHYSICS) Semester – IV
PHYSICS : PHY - 205

UNIT – I: Sound and Optics

Sound: Architectural Acoustics, Sabine’s formula, Reverberation time-theoretical treatment,

Reverberation time of a live room, Reverberation time of a dead room, optimum reverberation time.
Text book : A textbook on oscillations, waves & acoustics by M. Ghosh, D. Bhattacharya,
S. Chand Publishers
Article Nos. : 24.1 to 24.5

A. Polarization of light & double refraction : Plane polarized light, pictorial representation of light
vibrations, method to produce plane polarized light (only names), double refraction or birefringence,
geometry of calcite crystal, Optical axis principal section & principal plane, Nicol prism, Parallel &
Crossed Nicol prism, Huygen’s theory of double refraction in uniaxial crystals, refractive indices for o-
rays & e-rays, Polaroids.

B. Production & Analysis of Polarized light : Introduction, superposition of two plane polarized waves
having perpendicular vibrations, The elliptically & circularly polarized light, quarter wave plate, half
wave plate, production of plane elliptically & circularly polarized light, detection of plane elliptically &
circularly polarized light, systematic analysis of polarized light

Text Book : Optics & atomic physics by Singh, Agrawal (Pragati Prakashan, Meerat)
For A : Article Nos. : 10.2 to 10.4, 10.9 to 10.12, 10.14 to 10.16, 10.18, 10.21
For B : Article Nos. : 11.1 to 11.17

Reference book :
1. Optics by Ajoy Ghatak, Tata McGraw Hill Ltd.
2. A Textbook of Optics by N. Subrahmanyam & Brij Lal (S. Chand & Company Ltd.)

UNIT - II: Statistical Mechanics

Macroscopic and microscopic states: Macroscopic states, Microscopic states, Phase spaces, μ-space, Γ-
space, Postulate of equal a priori probabilities, Ergodic hypothesis, Density distribution in phase space,
Liouville’s theorem, Principle of conservation of density in phase and principle of conservation of
extension in phase, Condition for statistical equilibrium,

Statistical ensemble: Microcanonical ensemble, Canonical ensemble, Mean value and fluctuations,
Grand canonical ensemble, Fluctuations in the number of particles of a system in a grand canonical
ensemble.

Some applications of Statistical mechanics: Thermodynamics, Statistical interpretation of basic

thermodynamic variables, Ideal gas, Gibbs paradox, the equipartition theorem

Text books: Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics by B.B. Laud,

New Age International Publishers
Article Nos. : 4.1 to 4.11, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 6.3, 6.4, 6.8 to 6.10

Reference books:
1. Statistical Mechanics An Introduction by Evelyn Guha, Narosa Publications

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 B. Sc. (PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV
2. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics by S.K. Sinha, Narosa Publication
3. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics by F. Reif, McGraw Hill Book Co.

UNIT – III: Special theory of Relativity & Quantum Mechanics

Special Theory of Relativity: The Michelson- Morley experiment, The special theory of relativity, The
Gallelian Transformation, The Lorentz transformation, The Lorents Fitzerald Contraction, Time dilation,
Relativity of mass, mass & energy, some relativistic formulas, velocity addition, Doppler Effect in light

Text Book : Concepts of Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser, McGraw Hill Pub. Co.
Chapter 1 : Article Nos. : 1.1 to 1.10

Expectation values: Ehrenfest’s Theorem, Admissibility conditions on the wave functions, stationary
states : The time dependent schrodinger equation, A particle in a square well potential, bound states in a
square well (ε < 0) (a,b,c,d), The square well : Nonlocalized states (E > 0), square potential Barrier

Text Book : A Textbook of Quantum mechanics by PM Mathews & K. Venkatesan, Tata McGrew
Hill
Chapter 2 : Article Nos. : 2.7 to 2.14

UNIT – IV: Quantum Mechanics

General Formalism of wave mechanics : The schrodinger equation & the probability interpretation for
an N- particle system, the fundamental postulates of wave mechanics. The adjoint of an operator & self
adjointness. The Eigen value problem, Degeneracy, Eigen values & Eigen functions of self- adjoint
operators, The Dirac delta function, observables : Completeness & normalization of Eigen functions,
closure, physical interpretation of Eigen values, Eigen functions & Expansion coefficients, Momentum
Eigen functions : Wave functions in momentum space. The uncertainty principle, states with minimum
value for uncertainty product, Commuting observables, Removal of Degeneracy, Evolution of system
with time, constants of the motion, Non- interacting & interacting systems, systems of identical particles.

Text Book : A Textbook of Quantum mechanics by PM Mathews & K. Venkatesan, Tata McGrew
Hill
Article Nos. : 3.1 to 3.16

Reference Books :
1. Quantum Mechanics by G. Aruldhas, PHI Limited
2. Quantum Mechanics by H.C. Varma, Surya Publications
3. Quantum Mechanics- A text book for Undergraduates by Mahesh C. Jain, PHI Ltd.

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 B. Sc. (PHYSICS) – Semester – III & IV
GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
B. Sc. (PHYSICS) Semester – IV

PHYSICS PRACTICAL : PHY – 206

(2.5 Credit)

Group A:

1. Searl’s goniometer.
2. To study double refraction in calcite prism.
3. Resolving power of gratting.
4. Diffraction by single slit.
5. Wavelength of light by Biprism.
6. Phonon dispersion relation of monoatomic lattice.

Group B:

1. FET Characteristics.
2. C by ballistic galvanometer.
3. Gray to binary code conversion.
4. UJT
5. High Resistance by leakage method.
6. Load line and determination of Q point for BJT.

Group C:

1. Identification of elements in line spectra.

2. e/m by Thomson’s method.
3. Analysis of elliptical polarized light using photocell.
4. Wavelength of light by Adser’s A pattern.
5. L by Anderson’s bridge.
6. Least Square Method.

A, B & C three groups: (Total 100 Marks : Internal 30 marks , External 70 Marks)

Each group consists of 06 experiments.

Total 18 experiments.

External Examination: 70 Marks

Group A : 23 Marks
Group B : 23 Marks
Group C : 24 Marks

Practical batch size: Maximum 15 students.

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