HISTORY OF MOTION

AND TIME STUDY

IENG 301
FUNDAMENTALS OF
WORK STUDY AND ERGONOMICS 1

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Fredrick W. Taylor
He is generally conceded to be the founder of modern ‘Time Study.’
However, Time studies were conducted in Europe many years before
Taylor’s time. In 1760, Jean Rodolphe Perronet, a french engineer,
made extensive Time Studies in manufacturing, while 60 years later, an
english economist, Charles W. Babbage, conducted Time Study in
manufacturing.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Fredrick W. Taylor
Taylor began his Time Study work in 1881 at the Midvale Steel
Company in Philadelphia.
Taylor proposed that the work of each employee be planned out by the
Management at least one day in advance. Workers were to receive
 complete written instructions describing their tasks in detail and noting
the means to accomplish them. Each job was to have a Standard Time,
determined by Time Studies made by experts.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Fredrick W. Taylor
In june 1903, at the Saratoga meeting of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), Taylor presented his famous paper, ‘Shop Management’ which
included the elements of scientific management: Time Study,
Standardization of all tools and tasks, use of planning department, use
of slide rules and similar time saving implements, instruction cards for
workers, bonuses for successful performance, differential rates,
mnemonic systems for classifying products, routing systems, and
modern cost systems.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Fredrick W. Taylor
Taylor’s technique were well received by many factory
managers.
In 1917, 59 out of 113 plants that installed this
‘Scientific Management’ were comletely successful.
Taylor died in 1915 at the age of 59.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

They were the founders of the modern Motion
Study Technique, which may be defined as the
study of the body motions used in performing an
operation, to improve the operation by eliminating
unnecessary motions, simplifying necessary

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 motions, and then establishing the most favorable motion
sequence for maximum efficiency.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

They were the founders of the modern Motion Study
Technique, which may be defined as the study of
the body motions used in performing an operation,
to improve the operation by eliminating
unnecessary motions, simplifying necessary
motions, and then establishing the most favorable
motion sequence for maximum efficiency.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

They studied body motions to increase production, reduce fatigue, and
instruct operators in the best method of performing an operation.
They developed the technique of filming motions to study them, in a
technique known as Micromotion Study.
Additionally, they developed the Cyclegraphic analysis and
Chronocyclegraphic Analysis techniques for studying the motion paths
made by an operator.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

After the death of Gilbreth (at the age of
55), Lilian, who had received a PhD in Psychology
and had been a more than equal collaborator,
continued on her own, advancing the concept of

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 work simplification especially for the physically
handicapped.
Lilian was dead in 1972 at the age of 93.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Carl G. Barth
Developed a production slide rule for determining the most efficient
combinations of speeds and feeds for cutting metals of various
hardness, considering the depth of cut, size of tool, and life of the tool.
Investigated also the number of foot-pounds of work a worker could do
Đn a day.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Harrington Emerson
Applied scientific methods to work on the Santa
Fe Railroad and wrote a book, ‘Twelve Principles of Efficiency,’ in which
he made an effort to inform management of procedures for efficient
operation.
Reorganized the company, integrated its shop procedures, installed
standard costs and a bonus plan.
His effort, resulted in excess of $1.5 mililion.
His effort was recognized as the term ‘Efficiency Engineering.’
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Henry Laurence Gantt

Developed simple graphs that would measure performance while
visually showing projected schedules.
Invented a Wage Payment sytem that rewarded workers for above-
standard performance, eliminated any penalty for failure, and offered
the boss a bonus for every worker who performed above standard.
Emphasized Human Relations and promoted Scientific Managemet as
more than an in human ‘Speed up’ of labor.
GANTT CHART

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Motion and Time Study received added stimulus during

World War II.

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

In Summary;
Frederick W. TAYLOR, originated the Time study in year 1881.
Taylor’s real contribution to industry was his scientific method, his substitution
of fact-finding for rule of thumb procedure.
He understood that he was dealing with a human problem as well as with
materials and machines. He approached the human side of his investigations
with an understanding of its psychological aspects.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Taylor explained his objectives (known as Taylor’s

Principles of Management) in the following way:
First. The development of a science for each element of a man’s work,
thereby replacing the old rule of thumb methods.
Second. The selection of the best worker for each particular task and
then training, teaching, and developing the workman; in place of the
former practice of allowing the worker to select his own task and train
himself as best he could.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Third. The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between the

management and the men, in the carrying on of the activities in
accordance with the principles of the developed science.
Fourth. The division of the work into almost equal shares between the
management and the workers, each department taking over the work
for which it is the better fitted; instead of the former condition, in which
almost all of the work and the greater part of the responsibility were
thrown on the men.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

FRANK, B. GILBRETH and his wife LILLIAN, M. GILBRETH, originated the

Motion study. Mr. GILBRETH, saw how to make improvement, in

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 methods, by analyzing the motions used by workmen. He substituted
shorter and less fatiguing motions for longer and more tiring ones.
The photographs, he made, for his worker in motion, aided him to investigate
the motion study.
Mr. and Mrs. GILBRETH, developed the technique of Micromotion study.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

Micromotion study is the study of the fundamental element or sub-divisions

of an operation by means of a motion picture camera and a timing device
which accurately indicates the time intervals on the motion picture film.
GILBRETHs were concentrating on finding the very best way for doing work.
They wished to determine the shortest possible time in which the work would
be performed.
They used timing devices of great precision and selected the best operators
obtainable as subjects for their studies.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

F. GILBRETH, also, developed two techniques,

cyclegraphic and chronocyclegraphic analysis, for the
study of the motion path of an operator.
It is possible to record the path of motion of an operator by
attaching a small electric light bulb to the finger, hand, or
other part of the body and photographing, with a still
camera, the path of light as it moves through space. Such
a record is called a cyclegraph.

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CYCLEGRAPH

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

If an interrupter is placed in the electric circuit with the bulb, and if the light is flashed on
quickly and off slowly, the path of the bulb will appear as a dotted line with pear-shaped dots
indicating the direction of the motion. The spots of light will be spaced according to the speed
of the movement, being widely spaced when the operator moves fast and close together when
the movement is slow. From this graph it is possible to measure accurately time, speed,
acceleration, and retardation, and to show direction and the path of motion in three
dimensions. Such a record is called a chronocyclegraph.
From the chronocyclegraph, it is possible to construct accurate wire models of the motion
paths. GILBRETH used these records to aid in improving methods, to demonstrate correct
motions, and to assist in teaching new operators.

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CHRONOCYCLEGRAPH