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Networking Basics: Types of Networks

This document provides an overview of networking basics including devices, characteristics, data communication, network topologies, addressing, and the OSI model. Key points include: - A network consists of interconnected nodes that send and receive data, including end devices used by users and intermediary devices that transmit data. - Basic networking characteristics are fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security. - Data communication involves the exchange of data between nodes via mediums, with different types of data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. - Common network topologies are bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid combinations of topologies. - IP

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Arjun Domle
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41 views2 pages

Networking Basics: Types of Networks

This document provides an overview of networking basics including devices, characteristics, data communication, network topologies, addressing, and the OSI model. Key points include: - A network consists of interconnected nodes that send and receive data, including end devices used by users and intermediary devices that transmit data. - Basic networking characteristics are fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service, and security. - Data communication involves the exchange of data between nodes via mediums, with different types of data flow including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. - Common network topologies are bus, ring, star, mesh, tree, and hybrid combinations of topologies. - IP

Uploaded by

Arjun Domle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking basics 

 
Network is a set of interconnected notes that send and receive data. 
Devices  
 End devices – one who sends and receives data eg : users 
 Intermediatory devices -medium of transmission 
Basic characteristics of networking 
Fault tolerance  :ability of a network to continue working without any hardware or software failure 
Scalability : ability to increase load more nodes in network 
Quality of services : set priorities .real time activities should not be pending or delayed. 
Security : no data should be stolen. 
 
Data communication 
Exchange of data between two nodes via some mediums. 
Data flow : it is the flow of data or direction of data from one node to another. 
 
Types of data flow 
1. Simplex :communication is unidirectional .only one device can send the data. 
2. Half duplex : communication in both direction but not at the same time.  eg : walkie
talkie 
3. Full duplex : communication can be in both direction simultaneously. 
Types of networks 
LAN : local area network it interconnects the computers within a limited area . 
CAN :campus area network. almost like LAN .interconnects local area networks within a limited
geographical area 
WAN : it covers two or more cities. 
MAN :covers two or more countries 
Network topologies 
Bus topology 
All the computers are connected to a single main cable .its is slower and depends on the main
cable .if the main cable is failed all the other networks will get fail. 
Cost effective 
Used in small networks 
Easy to expand 
Ring topology 
Data flow is unidirectional .if one computer is failed all other will get fail. 
Unaffected by traffic 
Cheap to install 
 Star topology  
There will be a hub or switch to that all the other computers are connected.it is completely depend
on the hub . if the hub goes down all the other computers will  fail. 
Dedicated connection 
Fast performance 
Installation and high cost 
Mesh topology 
lot of networking cables are used.all devices are connected to each other .its a complex topology 
Tree topology 
Combination of bus topology and star topology 
Maintenance is easy 
Used in WAN  
Hub depended 

Interna
l to
Wipro
Hybrid topology 
More than two topologies are connected .handles large volume. Easy to detect and remove fault.
improved network performance.it is expensive. 
Unicast  
It’s a one to one communication. sender can send the data to only one person 
Multicast  
Data can be send to many but only to group of computers in the network 
Broadcast 
Sending the data to all  
Ip address 
It an address which uniquely identify a device on the network 
IPV4 (32 bits) and IPV6(128 bits) are the 2 types of IP address 
Static IP address :manually allocating the address to the device 
Dynamic IP address :it is allocated to the computer automatically . these are temporary address and
change overtime. 
IP address has mainly  5 classes 
Classes                          range of first octant 
 Class A                         0-127 
Class B                         128-191 
Class C                        192-223 
Class D                        224-239 
Class E                        240-255 
IP address mainly has 2 parts network part and host part 
Subnet masks helps to know the which portion is network and node. 
 
OSI stands for open system interconnection 
The objective of OSI model is to ensure networks of different vendors could communicate each
other. 
It’s a 7 layered architecture 
Application layer: enables the user to access the network. email services ,FTAM ,directory services 
Presentation layer: taking care of encryption decryption compression translation etc. 
Session layer: managing all the opening and closing of connections and communications  
Transport layer :it is known as the heart of OSI model . responsible for process to process delivery of
the entire message.it make sure that the message is reaching the destination intact and in
order ,overseeing both error control and flow control 
Network layer :responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet 
Datalink layer :it makes the physical layer appear error free to the network layer. Framing of bits,
error control ,flow control 
Physical layer :coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a physical medium 
First 3 layers are know as upper software layer and last three layers are known as bottom hardware
layer.

Interna
l to
Wipro

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