BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04

Question 05: An asphaltic concrete is laid while

Hello, before we proceed to your hot over a prepared base that is placed, shaped
next module, let’s have an exercise and compacted used as a paving material.
of our previous discussion. a. Asphalt Overlay
b. Asphaltic Macadam
c. Hot Mix Asphalt
I will be asking few questions from our previous d. Cold Mix Asphalt
topic to test your memory and how much you
understand your Module 03.
Good Job!
Encircle the correct answer of your choice.

Question 01: This is a chemical type of

termite proofing used to control termites.
a. Steel Mesh
b. Hexaflumuron Hi, I am your course facilitator for this
c. Hexaflumuron subject Building Technology 01.
d. Termiticide

Question 02: Small rocks were placed on a

baskets fabricated from a wire mesh that is Each topic will be divided in what you call
advantageous when constructing rock lining in “MODULES”. Each module contains discussions
areas inaccessible trucks or large construction and exercises to test your knowledge and
equipment. understanding based on what you will learn in
a. Riprap this module.
b. Gabion System
c. Geotextiles Here in your Module 04,
d. Base Coarse Materials YOU WILL YOU’LL LEARN:
1. The master format of 1995 edition, division 03-
Question 03: A special class of large concrete.
aggregates that is placed on a soil to prevent 2. To gain considerable knowledge of the basic
erosion defined as a stone lining used to properties and composition of building
construct such lining. construction and finishing materials including
a. Coarse Aggregates their application and articulation in the
b. Gabion System
building envelope;
c. Riprap
3. To know the practical application of building
d. Geotextiles
materials – its application, installation,
fabrication and maintenance methods and
Question 04: It is produced by the physical and
chemical disintegration of rocks. techniques relative to building design and
a. Soil construction;
b. Boulders 4. To specify appropriately building materials
c. Gravel considering its applicability, practicability and
d. Coarse Sand

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
its functionality and in accordance with the
standard and uniform system of specification;
5. To express well the language of building
materials, both English and local, as used in the
building construction industry.

Your Module 04 will be divided into 4 topics:

1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
Before quicklime can be used, it must
2. STORAGE OF CONCRETE
first be mixed with water in the process
3. CONCRETE
called slaking or hydration.
4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
Quicklime is sold in 80-lb, multi walled
bags, steel drums and in bulk

Let’s start our discussion now.

A. CEMENTING MATERIALS

There 3 materials used in making a cement, we The lime has now become calcium
have the following: hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
1. Lime lime or hydrated lime.
Hydrated lime mixed with water to
make lime putty, is used as an
ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-
and three-coat Portland cement
plasters. It is also used for mixing with
Lime is one of the oldest manufactured cement mortar or concrete to:
building materials used as a mortar and plaster * increase its workability
by all the early civilizations as early as the
Egyptian civilization, Greek and Roman *decrease its permeability to water
Civilization. *reduce cracking due to shrinkage
Lime is manufactured by the calcination of Hydrated limes are marked in 50 lb. per
limestone (carbonates of calcium and bag.
magnesium).
A type of lime which will set under
Quicklime is produced when carbonates water is hydraulic lime, used only
decompose into carbon dioxide, which is where slow underwater setting is
expelled, and calcium oxide (CaO). required.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
Keene’s Cement

Because of its quick setting property, it is

Hydraulic lime, will set under water always used with lime putty to slow the set
and used only where slow underwater somewhat. Keene’s cement is the densest and
setting is required the hardest gypsum that can be applied with a
2. Gypsum trowel.
Gypsum, like lime, was used as a plaster by the
Gypsum plaster
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans.

“Plaster” from the Greek word for both the

raw material and calcined product. In
architectural terminology the words “Plaster”
and “gypsum” are often used interchangeably.
Gypsum plaster is rendered more plastic by the
addition of hydrated lime.
Fiber or hair is also sometimes added for
greater cohesiveness. The fiber may be hemp,
sisal or jute; the hair is generally cleaned goat
or cattle hair.

Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated Gypsum is good a good plaster for ceiling
(calcined) to between 325 F. to 340 F. when
it loses about three-fourths of its combined
water.
The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if
pure gypsum is used, or hard wall plaster if 3. Cement
39.5 % impurities are present or added to Romans were the first one to discover concrete
retard the set and improve the setting by mixing slaked lime with pozzolana (volcanic
qualities. Hard wall plaster is harder than lime ash) which hardened under water.
plaster, sets more quickly and thoroughly. With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of
cement-making was lost and for several
centuries.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
* white cement (or stainless cement
which is free of iron impurities).
COMPONENTS OF A PORTLANG CEMENT
1. Tricalcium Silicate: has half of the volume of
cement, responsible for the hardening or early
gain of strength of the cement.
In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
rediscovered hydraulic cement but it was not 2. Dicalcium Silicate: has about one quarter of
until 1824 that Aspdin, an English bricklayer the volume of cement, responsible for the
and mason, invented and patented Portland gaining or long term gain in strength of
cement. the cement.
Today, the word “cement” generally refers to 3. Tricalcium Aluminate: has about one tenth
Portland cement which is the principal type of of the volume of the cement, responsible for
cement in use. the initial setting of the cement.
Portland cement PORTLAND CEMENT TYPES
1. TYPE I: Normal. For general construction
2. TYPE II: Moderate.Having a reduced content
of tricalcium aluminate, making it more
resistant to sulfate and causing it to
generate less heat of hydration. It is for general
construction where resistance to moderate
Portland cement is obtained by finely
sulphate action is required or when
pulverizing clinker produced by calcining a
heat buildup can be damaging
proportioned mixture of argillaceous (silica,
alumina) and calcareous (lime) materials with 3. TYPE III: High Early Strength. Having an
iron oxide and small amounts of other increased content of tricalcium silicate causing
ingredients. it to cure faster and gain strength.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT: 4. TYPE IV: Low Heat: Surface Resisting.Having
a reduced content of tricalcium silicate and an
There are different types of a Portland cement,
increased content of dicalcium silicate,
here are the following:
causing it to generate less heat of hydration.
* Slow-setting cement
5. TYPE V: Sulfate Resisting.Having reduced
* Quick-setting cement content of tricalcium aluminate, lessening the
need for gypsum, a sulphate is normally
*Sulfate-resisting cement for
added to retard its setting time.
applications where alkaline water and
soils occur

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
White Cement The type of cement is indicated in the upper
right or left portion of a cement bag. Let’s take
an example at the picture below:

A type of Portland cement which has wide

application today is white cement which is free
of iron impurities which stain porous marbles,
some granite and limestone and other light
colored stones.
It is label red at the right corner of the cement
OTHER CEMENT
bag means it is a cement with a combination of
Here are some cements used in construction: a Portland material. Thus, it is called a
Portmand cement.
1. Alumina Cement
*Cement bags packing are made out of plastic
or paper. The paper type is mostly sold
commercially and makes it very useful
compared to the plastic one.

2. Masonry Cement
Let’s proceed to the next
topic. I hope you learned
something today.

We will be discussing on how to handle and

store a cement. Let’s proceed now!

3. Natural Cement
B. STORAGE OF CEMENT

Why do we need proper storing of cement?

Cement should be protected at the building
site from injury through contact with
dampness. They should be stored in shed with
4. Pozzolanic Cement a wood floor raised about 300mm (12”) from
the ground.
Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has
lumps do not readily break, the cement has

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
already absorbed a damaging amount of When mixed with water, fine aggregate and a
moisture. large aggregate of more than 6mm (¼”) in size,
it produces concrete.
Cement should be used as soon as possible
after delivery. When it is strengthened by embedded steel, it
is called reinforced concrete.
When storing cement, piles of cement should
be limited to twelve sacks in height. But when it is without a reinforcement, is
called plain or mass concrete.

A CONCRETE SHOULD BE:

12” a. Strong. A good concrete should not break

easily; it means it should not be weak.
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in
b. Durable. A durable concrete means it can be
high piles for long periods, there is a tendency
able to withstand to any pressure or damage.
for the lower layers to harden caused by the
It should be resilient.
pressure above.
c. Of uniform quality. A good concrete should
That’s it! Simple way of have the right amount of mixture all through
storing a cement. Let’s go out.
deeper to know more d. Thoroughly sound. A concrete can be a
about CONCRETE. sound proof material thus making a good
concrete an acoustically sound proofed
material.
C. CONCRETE
1. CONCRETE 2. GOOD QUALITIES OF CONCRETE
WHAT IS CONCRETE? HOW DO WE OBTAIN GOOD QUALITIES OF A
A concrete is a proportioned mixture of CONCRETE?
cement, aggregate and water where a plastic In order to have a good quality of concrete,
mass which can be cast, molded or formed these are obtained through:
into predetermined size or shape. Upon
hydration, it becomes stone-like in strength, a. Careful selection of materials. When making
hardness and durability. a concrete, it is best to carefully select good
qualities of materials to make your concrete
The hardening of concrete is called setting. strong and firm.
When it is mixed with water and a fine b. Correct proportioning. Using the right
aggregate of less than 6mm (¼“) is known as amount of cement, sand and gravel and the
mortar, stucco or cement plaster. right consistency of your concrete mix.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
c.Thorough mixing. You have to combine all Each bag of cement is equivalent to
your materials thoroughly. But, you have to approximately 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
make sure not to mix it too much nor to less.
2. Aggregates
d. Careful transporting and caring. Proper Aggregates are the inert mineral fillers
handling of concrete must be observed most used with cement and water in making
especially when the site is too far from the concrete, should be particles that are
batching plant. durable strong, clean, hard and uncoated,
and which are free from injurious amount
e. Proper curing or protection of the concrete
of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
after it is placed. A concrete takes time to cure.
shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other
Upon curing the concrete, there should not be
deleterious substances.
a heavy load present into the concrete. It may
affect the curing process of a concrete.
AGGREGATES ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
3. CONCRETE MATERIALS ✓ Fine aggregates

WHAT ARE THE MATERIALS IN MAKING A

CONCRETE?
As discussed above, a concrete is a
combination of a cement, sand and gravel.
Without any of the three, you cannot produce
a concrete.
Fine aggregates smaller than 6mm (¼”) in
size consists of sand, stone screenings or
Let’s discuss it one by one. other inert materials of similar
characteristics.
When doing a specification of aggregates,
The following are the materials needed to it should be like this:
make a concrete:
Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass a No. 4 wire
1. Cement
cloth sieve and not more than 30% nor less
Reinforced-concrete construction should
than 10% shall pass a No. 50 sieve.
be high-grade Portland cement conforming
to the “Standard Specifications and Test for ✓ Coarse aggregates
Portland Cement” of the American Society
for Testing Materials (ASTM).

The kind of tests usually made are:

✓ soundness, or constancy of volume
Coarse aggregates larger than ¼” in size)
✓ time of setting consists of crushed stones, gravel or other
✓ fineness inert materials of similar characteristics.
✓ tensile strength

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
Coarse aggregates should be well graded in WHAT IS WATER-CEMENT RATIO?
size to a size which will readily pass between
The water-cement ratio is the amount of water
all reinforcing bars and between
used per bag of cement.
reinforcement and forms but not exceed
25mm (1”) in size for reinforced beams, This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5
floor slabs, & thin walls. gallons as average for ordinary job conditions.
The less water used in mixing, the better the
They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less
quality of concrete.
highly reinforced parts of the structures
such as footings, thick walls, and massive The ideal mix is one that is plastic and
work. workable. It should not be too dry that it
becomes too difficult to place in the forms, nor
✓ Special Aggregates
too wet that separation of the ingredients
result.

Special aggregates such as cinders, 4. SLUMP TEST

blast furnace slag, expanded shale or
WHAT IS A SLUMP TEST?
clay, perlite, vermiculite, and sawdust,
may produce: A slump test is used for measuring the
consistency of a concrete mix.
* lightweight, nailable concrete
Consistency may be defined as the “state of
* thermal insulating concrete fluidity of the mix”, and it includes the entire
range of fluidity from the wettest to the dries
3. Water
possible mixtures.
Water should be free from oil, acid, alkali,
In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”,
vegetable matter, or other deleterious
or reduce its height due to gravity action, is
substances. It should be reasonably clear and
measured. The apparatus consists of metal
clean.
cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8”)
The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
in diameter, the top opening being 100mm
Water combines with the cement to form a (4”), and the height exactly 300mm (12”).
paste which coats and surrounds the inert
particles of aggregates.
Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass
together.
The strength of the mixture therefore depends
directly upon the strength of the paste. If there In making the test, the slump tester is placed
be an excess of water the paste becomes thin on a flat, smooth surface and is filled with
and weak and its holding power is reduced. newly mixed concrete from mixer. In filling
the mold with concrete, the latter is tamped

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
in with a 12mm (½”) rod pointed at one end sample fails by being outside the tolerance, that is
and the top of the concrete is smoothed off the slump is too high or too low, another must be
exactly level. The mold is then slowly raised taken. If, this also fails, the remainder of the batch
vertically and the height deducted from the should be rejected.
original height of 300mm (12”) represents the
slump.

Here are the step by step on

how to do a slump test.

HOW TO DO A SLUMP TEST? Slump test is a harsh mix is efficient for slabs,
Here are the step by step on how to do a slump pavements, or mass concrete where the lowest
test. possible water-cement ratio is desirable.
1. Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place The following table gives the permissible slump for
on the slump test. The slump test should be clean, various types of concrete in relation to their uses:
firm, level and non-absorbent. Collect a sample of
concrete to perform the slum test.
2. Stand firmly on the foot pieces and fill 1/3 the
volume of the cone with the sample. Compact the
concrete by “rodding” 25 times. Rodding means to
push the steel rod in and out of the concrete to
compact it into the cylinder or slump cone. Always
rod in a definite pattern, working from outside into
the middle.
3. Now, fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into
the top of the first layer.
4. Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time into
the top of the second layer. Top up the cone till it
overflows. Here is a video for you to
5. Level off the surface with the steel rod using a watch on how to do a
rolling action. Clean any concrete from around the Slump Test. Check the link
base and top of the cone, push down the handles below.
and step off the foot pieces.
6. Carefully lift the cine straight up making sure not
to move the sample.
https://www.youtube.com/
7. Turn the cone upside down and place the rod
watch?v=yzpWGrh9j6Y
across the up-turned cone.
8. Take several measurements and report the
average distance to the top of the sample. If the

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TESTS DONE IN laboratory where it is cured and crushed to test
CONCRETE? its compressive strength.
Other tests are done through the following:
a. Compressive test Here is a video for you to
watch on how to do a
Compressive Test. Check
the link below.

https://www.youtube.com
A compressive test is the most widely used test for /watch?v=pTsLuaXOJWY
concrete compressive test.
b. Concrete Core Test

Have you wonder how do

they do a compressive test?

A concrete core test is usually employed to test

I’ll be discussing you step by step on how to do a
existing concrete structures by drawing out a core
compressive test for concrete.
cylinder
HOW TO DO A COMPRESSIVE TEST?
1. Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside Here is a video for you to
lightly with form oil then plave on a clean level watch on how to do a
and firm surface, that is a steel plate. Collect a Compressive Test. Check
sample. the link below.
2. Fill ½ the volume of the mould with concrete
then compact by rodding 25 time. Cylinders
may also be compacted by vibrating using a
https://www.youtube.com
vibrating table.
/watch?v=6sG-_NL5eko
3. Fill the cone to overflowing and rod 25 times
into the top of the first layer, then top up the
mould till overflowing. 5. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
4. Level off the top with the steel float and clean
any concrete form around the mould. WHAT IS THE PROPER PROPORTIONING OF
5. Cap, clearly tag the cylinder and put it in a cool CONCRETE?
dry place to set for at least 24 hours. Briefly stated, the principles of proper
6. After the mould is removed, the cylinder is proportioning are as follows:
soak in water prior to sending the same to the

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
a. Use good quality materials: Portland cement, cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Enough water is
water, and aggregate. used to give the desired consistency.
b. Determine the strength of the concrete using One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
the water-cement ratio. (The strength increases as Enough water is used to give the desired
the water-cement ratio decreases). consistency.
c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the
slump test using as dry a mix as practicable. Common mixes expressed in proportions by
d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the volumes of cement to fine aggregate to coarse
cement and water as will give a mix of the desired aggregate are as follows:
consistency. Let me teach you how to read the proportions of
e. Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh. concrete.

The strength of a workable concrete mix depends

upon the water-cement ratio.
The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.

WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF PROPORTIONING

A CONCRETE?

There are several methods of proportioning

concrete:

a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions Do you know how to read

proportions of concrete?

HOW TO READ THE PROPORTIONS?

Let’s take an example this one with a red box on it.

Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary

selection of the proportions is the oldest, the
most commonly used, the most convenient
and the least scientific method.
In this method, the aggregates are measured
by loose volume, that is, its volume as it is
thrown into a measuring box. One sack of

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
The proportion is to be read: cement and water to produce a mix of the
desired consistency of slump.
Class A: 1-part cement is to 2-parts sand is to 4-
parts gravel. Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a
Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is lesser total surface to be covered with cement
the measure of the box constructed to be 1 foot paste and, therefore, is more economical.
(12 inches) on each of the three sides. However, there must be enough fine aggregate
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately present to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate,
one cubic foot. or extra cement paste will be needed for this
purpose. A well-graded aggregate contains all
b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump sizes of fine and coarse particles in such
test proportions that the voids in the combined
There are two steps to be observed: aggregate will be a minimum.
* Select the amount of water to be
added to the cement to give the desired
6. MIXING OF CONCRETE
strength (see Table)
* Add just enough mixed aggregate to Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by
the water and cement to give a concrete mix machine
the desired consistency.
Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more
It is customary to specify the following: uniform quality than that mixed by hand and is
generally less expensive when in large volume.
* The cement in sacks
The strength of concrete is very largely dependent
* The water in gallons per sack of
upon the thoroughness of mixing.
cement and
WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO MIX A CONCRETE?
* The mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack
of cement. The following are the ways to mix a concrete:
a. Machine Mixing
Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch
coarse aggregate may be given if desired.
should continue not less than one minute after
c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and all the materials are in the mixer and whenever
fineness modulus practicable, the length of the mixing time
should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes. The
This method is the same as the second except entire contents of the drum should be
that the proportions of the fine and coarse discharged before recharging the mixer. The
aggregate are determined by the fineness mixer should be cleaned at frequent intervals
modulus method. while in use.
WHAT ARE THE TWO GENERAL CLASSES OF
For economy, proportion the fine coarse CONCRETE MIXER?
aggregates so that the largest quantity of mixed Concrete mixers may be divided into two
aggregate may be used with a given amount of general classes:
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
✓ Batch mixers Cement and fine aggregate shall first be mixed
dry until the whole is a uniform color.
Water and coarse aggregate shall then be
added and the entire mass turned at least
three times, or until a homogeneous mixture of
the required consistency is obtained.
since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3
Batch mixers into which sufficient
hours after mixing, a batch may be used any
materials are placed at one time to
time before initial set takes place, provided
make a convenient size batch of
that the mix is plastic.
concrete, the whole amount being
discharged in one mass after it is mixed. Regaging or retempering of concrete that has
✓ Continuous mixers been allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not
to be permitted.

7. TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

HOW DO WE TRANSPORT CONCRETE?
Continuous mixers into which the
materials are fed constantly and from Fresh concrete should be transported from the
which the concrete is discharged in a mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that will
steady stream. permit the placing of the concrete in the forms
WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATION OF A before initial set occurs and without loss or
CONCRETE MIXER? separation of materials.

Concrete mixers may also be classified as:

✓ Drum mixers
✓ Trough mixers
✓ Gravity mixers, and
✓ Pneumatic mixers.
The drum mixers are the most common type.
The delivery of the concrete from the mixer to the
b. Hand Mixing forms should be fairly continuous and
uninterrupted.
The time of transportation should not exceed 30
minutes.

Hand-mixing must be done on a water-tight

platform.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04

Concrete should never be allowed to drop freely

over 5 ft. for unexposed work and over 3 ft. for
The concrete may be transported by means of
exposed work.
barrows, buggies, buckets, cableways, hoists,
chutes, belts and pipes.
8. SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE
CHANGES
Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and
contraction from temperature changes, causes
cracks the size of which depends on the extent of
the mass. They cannot be counteracted
successfully but they can be minimized by placing
When chutes are used, the slope should not be
reinforcement so that large cracks can be broken
more than 1 vertical to 2 horizontal or less than 1
up to some extent to smaller ones.
vertical to 3 horizontals. The delivery end of the
chutes shall be as close as possible to the point of In long continuous length of concrete, it is better
deposit. to place shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage
cracks are likely to occur at joints where fresh
concrete is joined to concrete which has already
set, and hence in placing the concrete,
construction joints should be made on horizontal
and vertical lines.
Drying Shrinkage is a reduction of volume in
concrete or mortar or plaster caused by a loss of
moisture
Before placing concrete, the forms shall be cleaned
Setting Shrinkage is a reduction in volume in
and inspected, surfaces wetted or oiled, and
concrete prior to its final set, caused by hydration
reinforcement properly secured.
of the cement paste.
Concrete should be deposited in approximately
9. CURING OF CONCRETE
horizontal layers in wall, column and footing
forms. They should not be piled up in the forms Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden
which may result in the separation of the cement after it is placed.
mortar from the coarse aggregate.
Hardening is a rather slow process in which the
cement and water unite to form compounds that
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
give strength and durability to the concrete. It
continues as long as the temperatures are
favorable and moisture is present.
Three main factors that affect hardening are:
✓ age or time
✓ temperature, and
✓ moisture.

In order that the hardening may proceed

favorably, the fresh concrete, for about 7 days
after placing, should be protected from, excessive
vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too rapid
drying, and contact with impurities which may
interfere with the chemical action.
The strength of the concrete increases with age
when the curing conditions remains favorable.

The increase in strength is rapid during the early

ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of its
own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
about 80% at an age of 3 months.
Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete
from drying out too rapidly. This may be done by:
a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be
covered with paper sacking wetted down at
the edges or with burlap, sand or earth that is

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
kept moist, after the concrete is hard enough Admixtures may be grouped into three
to walk on. categories:
b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. ✓ those for mixing into concrete
Forms shall not be removed until after the time ✓ those for mixing into mortar
specified. ✓ those for surface application or finish.
c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns
Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid
and walls are sprinkled or sprayed with water
form, and are usually patented and sold under
as soon as the forms are removed.
trademark names.
d. Using curing compounds (see
ADMIXTURES). WHAT ARE THE CONCRETE ADMIXTURES?
Concrete admixtures includes:
Here are curing period of a concrete or the
a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time,
minimum time it requires to remove the forms
to develop earlier strength, and to
into the concrete.
reduce length of time for protection.
10. ADMIXTURES Principal ingredients are calcium
chloride. Maximum amount added is 2
Substances added to cements, mortars, and
lbs. per bag of cement.
concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
Disadvantages: they increase the
particular properties, such as:
expansion and contraction of concrete,
✓ To improve workability of concrete, e.g. reduce resistance to sulfate attack, and
hydrated lime increases efflorescence and corrosion
✓ To improve durability by entertainment of high tension steels.
of air b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration
✓ To accelerate setting or hardening of the cement during very hot weather.
(accelerators) e.g. calcium chloride Principal ingredients include zinc oxide,
✓ To retard setting (retarders). calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of
✓ To improve wear resistance adipic acid.
✓ To impart water-repellant or water- Disadvantages: may cause some loss of
proofing qualities e.g. hydrated lime, early strength and will therefore
KAOLINE, CELITE require careful control and more
✓ To impart water-repellant or frequent slump tests, also reduces the
waterproofing qualities, e.g., hydrated expansion and contraction of concrete.
lime, waterproofing compounds, c. Air-entraining agents - introduce
KAOLINE, CELITE. minute air bubbles to greatly increase
✓ To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, the resistance of concrete to freezing
COLORCON, METALICHROME. and thawing, increase plasticity and
reduce bleeding. Addition of air-
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF AN entraining admixtures is usually in the
ADMIXTURE? proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
concrete. They are manufactured from surface is then finished with a steel
such ingredients as rosin, beef tallow, trowel.
stearate, foaming agents (soap). ✓ Integral colors. For body coloring.
Disadvantages: These require careful Integral color pigments are
control and more frequent slump tests. incorporated in the mortar topping.
They may also cause some loss of They are mixed dry with the cement
strength. and aggregate before water is
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as added. Amount of color pigment
powdered glass, silica sand, stone required is not more than 10% of
dust, hydrated lime - are added to the cement by weight, generally 3
improve workability, used as per to 6 lbs. per bag of cement.
manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated
lime is usually in the proportion of 10 to
15% of the cement by volume. Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:
✓ Accelerators
e. Waterproofing (permeability-
✓ plasticizing agents (correctly called
reducing) compounds - reduce the
water-reducing agents) to lower water
capillary attraction of the voids in the
cement ratio and make the mix more
concrete or mortar, but while it may
workable
decrease water absorption of the
✓ waterproofing agents, and
concrete or mortar, it does not render
✓ color pigments
concrete waterproof. They are
manufactured from stearic acid or its
Surface application finishes for concrete consist
compounds, mainly calcium stearate,
of:
and include asphalt emulsions. They
are introduced usually in the amounts ✓ Hardeners
of 0.1 to 4.0% of the weight of cement. ✓ color pigments
✓ special aggregates
f. Colored pigments are mainly used to ✓ sealers
give color to concrete floors. ✓ abrasive materials
✓ waterproofing agents, and
✓ fillers and patchers.
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF COLOR
PIGENTS? Various hardeners also give color as follows:
The two types of a color pigments are:
✓ Truscon “ART-ROC”. Hardener and
✓ Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on. For built in color
surface coloring. They are dusted ✓ FLOR-HARD-hardener and built-in
on, usually in two coats, after all color.
surface water has disappeared. The ✓ METALICORN- metallic hardener for
moderate duty floors

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
✓ COLORCRON- for colored floors where the removal and cleaning of the
intended for moderate traffic areas forms are necessary for re-use.
✓ Sheathing lumber dressed on all four
sides shall be used in face work, where
11. FORMS
smooth and true surface is important.
WHAT ARE THE FORMS IN MAKING A ✓ Tongue-and-groove lumber will
CONCRETE? achieve tight joints between boards in
Concrete forms are the following: floor and wall panel construction.
a. Lumber Forms ✓ Simply dressing the lumber true to
edge form square of butt joints in the
forms for columns, beams, and girders.

WHAT ARE THE SIZES OF LUMBER?

Sizes of lumbers that are frequently used are the
Lumber used in form construction should only be following:
partially seasoned.
✓ 2-inch thick for columns, beams and
Kiln-dried lumber has a tendency to swell when
girder bottoms
soaked by the concrete, and this swelling causes
✓ 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam
bulging and distortion of the forms.
and girder sides
Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and
✓ 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and
shrinks if allowed to stand too long before the
uprights
concrete is placed. This tendency of green lumber
✓ 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
to check and warp may, however, be prevented to
some extent by keeping the boards thoroughly
saturated with water.

When using natural, well-seasoned lumber, care

Use nails sparingly in the construction of forms
should be taken not to drive the work up too close,
because unnecessary nailing not only adds to the
since forms should always be left in a position to
labor of wrecking but also renders the lumber unfit
experience some slight swelling without any
for continued use. Where nails must be used, leave
undesirable results.
the head protruding so that they may be
withdrawn without injury to the lumber.
TAKE NOTE ON THIS:
✓ Sheathing lumber dressed at least one All forms for concrete require a coating of some
side and both edges even are used lubricant to prevent concrete from adhering to the

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
wood and thus make a rough, unpleasant c. Steel Forms
appearance. Crude oil and petroline preserve the
forms against damage by alternate wetting and
drying. The forms should preferably be oiled
before they are set in place. Oil should not be used,
however, on forms against surfaces which are to
be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of the
plaster. In such cases, wetting with water will be Steel forms may be in the form of pans for
sufficient. concrete joist construction or steel decking or
corrugated steel for concrete slabs and slab-and-
The inside of forms which have been used once joist construction.
and are to be used again shall be coated an
approved soap or other approved material, or d. Plastic Forms
thoroughly wetted before concreting. No
application of soap or other material should be
made to forms after the reinforcements are in
place.
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should
be well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot
occur. The joints should be made tight enough to
prevent leakage of the mortar. Polystyrene forms are now available for concrete
work.

b. Plywood Forms CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE

Consolidation is the process of eliminating voids
other than entrained air within newly placed
concrete and ensuring close contact of the
concrete with form surfaces and embedded
reinforcement.

Plywood forms work best where a smooth surface WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO CONSOLIDATE
is required. The plywood should be waterproof, CONCRETE?
Grade “A” and at least 12mm (½”) thick. Ways to consolidate concrete are the following:

Size of a plywood is 4’x8’ and it varies from 1. Spading. It is done by the repeated insertion
different thickness from 1/8” up to 1” thick. and withdrawals of a flat spade-like tool
2. Rodding. It is done by the repeated insertions
and withdrawals of a rod
3. Vibration. It is done by moderately high-
frequency oscillations of a vibrator.

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
WHAT ARE THE COMMON DEFECTS OF A Honeycomb are the voids on a formed
FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE? concrete surface caused by segregation during
placement or by insufficient consolidation.
Freshly poured concrete have defects too, these
2. Spalling
are the following:
1. Segregation. It is the separation of coarse
aggregates from the mortar or of water from
the other ingredients of freshly mixed concrete
resulting from excessive horizontal movement
or free fall of the mix or from over vibration
after placement.
Spalling is the chipping or scaling of a hardened
2. Stratification. It is the separation of an
concrete or masonry surface caused by freeze-
excessively wet or over vibrated concrete mix
thaw cycles. Spalling is also called as scaling.
into horizontal layers with increasingly lighter
3. Crazing
material migrating toward the top.
3. Bleeding. It is the emergence of excess mixing
water on the surface of newly placed concrete
caused by settlements of solids within the
mass. It is all known as water gain.
4. Laitance. It is a milky deposit containing
cement and aggregate fines on the surface of a
new concrete caused by the bleeding of excess
mixing water, overworking of the mix or Crazing is the appearance of numerous hairline
improper finishing. This can also be caused by cracks occurring in the surface of newly
slab curling. hardened concrete slab as a result of rapid
drying shrinkage.
WHAT ARE THE COMMON DEFECTS OF A
CURED CONCRETE? Almost there! Hang on
A concrete has defects to after it is cured or after and let’s proceed to our
you remove its formworks, these are the following: last topic
1. Honeycomb

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
D. PROCESSED CONCRETE GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PROCESSED reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain
CONCRETE? walls. Ideal for swimming pool construction.
There different types of processed concrete, the 3. Porete
following are: A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical
1. Aerocrete foam is added to generate gases in the process of
deposition, resulting in light weight precast or
shop-made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It
is manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs
and siding of industrial buildings.
4. Haydite
This is a light–weight, expanded structural This is processed concrete added with lightweight
concrete produced by adding a small amount of aggregate.
metallic aluminum powder to the mixture of
Portland cement and sand of cinders. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF AGGREGATES
On the addition of water, a gas is generated which FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE?
expands the wet mix and forms small air cells Advantages are the following:
throughout the material. ✓ Reduction of dead loads saves
It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, structural steel, reduces bearing on
partition blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, foundation and cuts cost of concrete
in rooms of refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on forms
top of structural floor and roof slabs. ✓ High insulating value is provided by
In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire- numerous dead air spaces.
resistive qualities. ✓ Rough texture of surfaces has good
2. Gunite acoustical properties.
✓ Lightweight allows easier handling of
precast slabs and blocks
✓ Lightweight plaster has less tendency
to crack and its heat resistance makes it
a good material for fireproofing
structural steel

This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF
under high pneumatic pressure with a machine AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE?
manufactured under the trade name CEMENT The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates
GUN, to which the required supply of water is are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
added just before the dry constituents emerge which make them weight saving and good
from nozzle. insulators
✓ Porosity requires changes in the usual
formulas for water and slump, and
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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
closer supervision of mixing. Very light ✓ Pumice
aggregates tend to float out of the
mortar and some coarse aggregate
concrete mixtures require the addition
of a fine aggregate like sand to prevent
harsh working and serious bleeding.
✓ As aggregates become lighter they
become structurally weaker so the Weighing from 25 to 60 lbs. per cu. ft. is
strength of the matrix must be well qualified as a lightweight
modified by adding more cement. aggregate when dry and well graded. It
More cement is needed, also to “wet” is hard to be handled and mixed
the greater aggregate surface area, due without excessive breakdown.
to the irregularity of the particles. Undesirable feature, however, is its
✓ The cost of raw aggregates is higher water absorption. This can be mitigated
than for gravel, rock, and sand because by wetting the aggregate before it is
of small production facilities and the mixed with cement.
additional processing that is sometimes
✓ Perlite
necessary.
✓ Concrete using lightweight aggregate
should not weigh more than 75% of
ordinary concrete. Since the aggregates
compromise about 50 percent of the
Perlite is composed of stable silicates,
usual mixes, its weight should not be
and is inert and thus durable for use as
more than 50 percent of that of rock or
a lightweight aggregate or for
gravel aggregates for the same volume.
insulation. Its disadvantages are its
Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a
friability, small particle size, and
little less than 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a
extreme lightness. The small particle
good lightweight aggregate should
size requires more cement, while its
weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft.
increases the tendency to float out of
WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF
the mortar.
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGRATES?
Perlite is useful where maximum
Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four
strength is not required, as in precast
general classifications:
slabs and blocks and in floor fill,
a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
fireproofing and plaster.

Page | 65
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
b. Micaceous Minerals d. By-Product Aggregrates
✓ Vermiculite ✓ Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are
made by treating molten blast furnace
slag with controlled quantities of water
or steam. Some slags are expanded are
expanded in pits in the ground; others
Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral are made in machines. Close control of
which expands on application of heat to steam is very important because too
as much as 30 times its original volume. much granulates the slag, yielding soft,
friable particles; too little gives a heavy
Dried ground ore is subjected to about aggregate.
1,800 degrees heat for 4 to 8 seconds, ✓ Foamed slag has been used for precast
after which it weighs only 6 to 12 lbs. blocks, cast-in-place walls of houses
per cubic ft. and for panel filling of steel-framed
buildings.
It is used as an aggregate in concrete ✓ Cinders are composed of the ash
fireproofing steel, for floor and roof fill, components of the coal along with the
and for acoustic and fireproof plaster. various quantities of unburned or
partially burned combustible matter.
c. Expanded Shales and Clays Cinders containing a minimum amount
✓ Lightweight aggregates from shales and of combustible material are satisfactory
clays require heating the material in a for use in concrete but are not
kiln to a temperature near its fusion particularly weight saving. Lightweight
point. The material softens and cinders often have unsound physical
coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping and chemical properties.
gases are trapped, forming cellular
structures and expanding the volume of
the material about 50%.
The crushing and firing operations are
varied with different processes. In
some, the material is fired to a clinker,
then crushed and sized; the process is
often reversed with crushing operation
first.
Examples of clay, shale aggregates are
“AIROX”, “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite,
“HAYDITE”.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
End of Module 04

Here in your module 04,

I EXPECT YOU:
1. Understand the master format of 1995 edition,
division 03-concrete.
2. Gained considerable knowledge of the basic
properties and composition of building
construction and finishing materials including
their application and articulation in the
building envelope;
3. Have kknow the practical application of
Finally, we are done with building materials – its application, installation,
our Module 04. Know fabrication and maintenance methods and
more about our topic by techniques relative to building design and
watching the videos I have construction;
provided for you. Check 4. Specified appropriately building materials
the link below considering its applicability, practicability and
its functionality and in accordance with the
standard and uniform system of specification;
5. Have express well the language of building
materials, both English and local, as used in the
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Zjqv-Q90Tc
building construction industry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_kxomnUY10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvDo5XTYjec References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4V-bbodvPU 1. Architectural Materials for
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmIgkbyzolA Construction - Rosenand
2. Building Construction Materials-
I have also provided you Marotta
a link, something for you 3. Building Construction Illustrated - D.K.
to read. Check the link Ching
4. Building Construction: Materials and
below
Types of Construction – Huntington
5. Architectural Contract Document
Production – Berg
6. Building Construction Specifications -
https://archive.org/details/FrancisD.K.ChingBu Rathburn
ildingConstructionIllustratedWiley2014_201606
/page/n433/mode/2up

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
7. Building Cost: Materials and Types of
Construction – Huntington, Whiting Question 01: This material is used as a mortar
and Clark or plaster and regarded as the oldest building
8. Fundamentals of Building Construction material manufactured during the early
and Materials – Allen civilizations.
9. Sweets Catalog File: International a. Lime
Construction b. Gypsum
10. Home Improvement Manual – The c. Cement
Editors of Reader’s Digest d. Concrete
11. Materials of Construction- Smith
12. CDEP Review Center Notes, 2017 & 2018 Question 02: It is referred to us the densest and
13. https://archive.org/details/FrancisD.K. hardest gypsum that can be applied with a
ChingBuildingConstructionIllustratedW trowel because of its quick setting property.
iley2014_201606/page/n433/mode/2u a. Hydraulic cement
p b. Pozzolanic cement
14. http://arki- c. Keene's cement
reviewer.weebly.com/building- d. Gypsum
materials--building-tech.html
15. Instructional Material by Ar. Queenie
Quintinita
Question 03: Romans were the first to develop
cement made by mixing slaked lime with
Let’s test what you have pozzolana which harden under the water. It
learned in our Module 04. was in 1824 where portland cement was
Let’s have a quiz. invented and patented by an English
Goodluck! bricklayer and mason. Who is this person?
a. William Aspdin
b. Joseph Aspdin
Challenge yourself and have a timer with you c. Joseph Smeaton
to see if you can finish the quiz on time. d. William Smeaton

Instructions of the Quiz:

Question 04: In order to have a good condition
1. Your quiz is a 20 item multiple choice
of cement, it should be stored in shed, away
type question.
from dampness and must be raised with a
2. You have 15 minutes to answer your
quiz. You can use your cellphone or wooden floor for about _______ from the
anything to set the timer. Remember, ground.
DO NOT CHEAT. This is for your self- a. 12 feet
improvement. b. 1 foot
3. Encircle the correct answer of your c. 1 meter
choice. d. 1 inch
e. 12 meters
15 Minutes. Timer starts now!

Page | 68
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
Question 05: It is the process of hardening a c. Class "B"
concrete. d. Class "C"
a. Setting
b. Hardening Question 10: Drum mixers are the most common
c. Reinforced concrete type used in mixing a concrete. Drum mixers are
d. Curing classified as________.
a. Continuous mixers
b. Pneumatic mixers
Question 06: The basic materials in making a
c. Batch mixers
concrete are…
d. Hand mixers
a. Water, Fine Aggregates & Cement
b. Cement, Sand & Gravel Question 11: The delivery of a concrete should not
c. Gravel, Water, Aggregates be put on hold and should be uninterrupted not
d. Aggregates, Cement & Water exceeding how many minutes?
a. 20
b. 15
c. 30
Question 07: Slump test is used for measuring
d. 25
the consistency of a concrete mix. How many
e. 35
times do you need to rod the metal cone when
f.
having a slump test?
a. 15 Question 12: Concrete should never be allowed
b. 24 to drop freely over _____ for unexposed work
c. 25 and over _____ for exposed work.
d. 34
a. 5 ft, 3 ft
b. 3 ft, 5 ft
Question 08: It is the most convenient that c. 5 ft, 7 ft
takes least scientific method and the oldest d. 5 inches, 3 inches
practice of proportioning a concrete. e. 7 inches, 5 inches
f. 3 inches, 5 inches
a. Arbitrary proportion
b. Water-ratio Proportion
c. Concrete proportion Question 13: A shrinkage of concrete where
d. Slump test proportion reduction in volume of concrete prior to its final
set caused by hydration of the cement paste is
called?
Question 09: A concrete proportion of 1:2:4
used for slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs a. Setting shrinkage
and walls having 4" thick. b. Drying shrinkage
c. Hydration shrinkage
a. Class "A"
d. Moisture shrinkage
b. Class "AA"

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01 MODULE 04
c. Segregation
d. Laitance
Question 14: A concrete admixture used during
very hot weather to slow down the hydration of Question 18: What do you call this common
the cement. defect of a hardened concrete where chipping
or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry is
a. Accelerator
visible caused by freeze-thaw cycles?
b. Retarder
c. Hardener a. Spalling
d. Color pigments b. Honeycomb
c. Crazing
d. Spading
Question 15: What do you call this type of color
pigment that are mixed dry with the cement
and aggregate before gauging water is added?
Question 19: What do you call this common
a. Dust-on defect of a hardened concrete where voids on
b. Broadcast a formed concrete is seen caused by the
c. Dry-cast segregation during placement or insufficient
d. Integral colors consolidation of concrete?

a. Spalling
Question 16: What do you call this common b. Spading
defect of a freshly poured concrete where c. Honeycomb
separation of an excessively wet or over d. Crazing
vibrated concrete mix occurs into horizontal
layers with increasingly lighter material is
Question 20: What do you call this common
migrating towards the top?
defect where appearance of numerous hairline
a. Laitance occurs in the surface of a newly hardened
b. Bleeding concrete slab as a result of rapid drying
c. Segregation shrinkage.
d. Stratification
a. Spading
b. Crazing
Question 17: What do you call this common c. Honeycomb
defect of a freshly poured concrete where d. Spalling
emergence of excess mixing water on the
surface appears on a newly placed concrete
caused by settlements of solids within the Congratulations! For
mass? taking this far and for
finishing your quiz.
a. Stratification
b. Bleeding

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